大学化学英语论文范文

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

基本上没有完整的文章.但是我帮你找到了椰子的相关资料,你作文条件里要求的东西也都有介绍,你可以用自己的话组织一下,写成文章.材料已经具备,其实不难写,好好构思组织一下.材料如下:椰子为热带喜光作物，在高温、多雨、阳光充足和海风吹拂的条件下生长发育良好。要求年平均温度在椰子开花24-25℃以上，温差小，全年无霜，椰子才能正常开花结果，最适生长温度为26-27℃。一年中若有一个月的平均温度为18℃，其产量则明显下降，若平均温度低于15℃，就会引起落花、落果和叶片变黄。水分条件应为年降雨量1500-2000mm以上，而且分布均匀，但在地下水源较丰富或能进行灌溉的地区，年降雨量为600-800mm也能良好生长；干旱对椰子产量的影响长达2-3年，长期积水也会影响椰于的长势和产量。椰子适宜在低海拔地区生长，我国海南岛在海拔150-200m以下的地方才能生长发育良好。适宜的土壤是海淀冲积上和河岸冲积土，其次是砂壤土，再次是砾土，粘土最差。地下水位要求，排水不良的粘土和沼泽土不适宜种植。就土壤肥力来说，要求富含钾肥。土壤PH值可为，但以最为适宜。椰子具有较强的抗风能力，6-7级强风仅对其生长和产量有轻微的影响。8-9级台风能吹断少数叶片，并撕破小叶。10-12级以上强台风对椰子有严重的危害。条件适宜，椰子植后了年开始给实，15-18年为盛产期，单株结果40-80个，多者超过100个，经济寿命超过80年。椰树每年产生的叶片数，随树龄不同而异，盛产期前，有随树龄增加而增加的趋势，盛产期后略有降低，但仍可保持恒定。大致幼苗期年抽叶约3片，未结果幼树10-13片，幼龄结果树14-15片，成龄树12-13片。随着植株衰老，年产生叶片数相应减少。一年内，由于季节的变化，每月的抽叶数也有一定的变化。幼龄结果树每年抽出的花苞数较成年树少，前者平均为个后者为12个。一年中，抽苞数以5-6月为最多，11-12月最少。花苞抽出后经个月露出花序，称为开花，开花最多的7-9月，并且所开放的花苞中雌蕊最多，11月至次年3月最少。椰子自受精至果实发育成熟需12个月时间。[编辑本段]栽培技术繁殖：采用种子繁殖。完全成熟的椰子，只要有适当的温湿条件，两个多月的时间就开始发芽。海南普遍采用预备苗圃催芽法。选择半荫蔽、通风、排水良好的环境，清除杂草树根，耕深15-20厘米，开沟，宽度比果稍宽，将种果一个接一个的斜靠沟底45°角，埋土至果实的二分之一至三分之二。当芽长10-15厘米时，移芽到有适度荫蔽的苗圃中椰子，注意浇水、排水、除草和施肥。一般一年左右，苗高约1米便可出圃定植。管理：护苗、补苗栽后要加强管理，植后初期要适当遮荫，并要灌水保湿，缺株要及时补植。耕作、培土和间种1年耕作两次，即在11-12月结合施肥耕作1次，在8-9月再中耕1次。随着植株长大，树干茎部长出大量的气根，进行培土，加固树体。椰园可间作短期作物，如花生、豆类等。起到活覆盖和提高园内湿度的作用，利于幼树生长。椰子树需施全肥，以钾肥最多，其次为氮、磷和氯肥，但必须注意平衡施肥。椰树缺钾时，茎干细、叶短小，树冠中部叶片首先萎焉，上部叶片向下簇伸，低部叶片干枯， 下垂悬挂于树干；缺氮时，幼叶失绿，少光泽，老叶出现不同程度的老化，产量降低；缺磷时会引起根系发展不良和过腐；缺氯会影响椰果大小以及氮的吸收和植株对水分的利用。因此，施肥时要以有机肥为主，化肥为辅并施一些食盐。每年可在4-5月及11-12月施肥，在距离树基部米处开施肥沟，效果较好。若用撒施法，应全面除草松土后再施肥。[编辑本段]椰子品种椰子栽培历史悠久，在长期自然选择和人工选择中，形成许多类型和变种。近年来以栽培品种角度分析、鉴别认为有野生种和栽培种，栽培品种中又可分为高种、矮种和杂交种。 高种椰子品种介绍：该品种是目前世界上最大量种植的商品性椰子，植株高大粗状，树干围径90-120厘米，树高可达20多米，茎干基部膨大称"葫芦头"。树冠圆形、半圆形、Y形，由30-40片叶组成；叶长5-6米。结果迟，植后7-8年开花结果，经济寿命达60-80年，自然寿命长达100多年。雌雄同序，花期不同，先开雄花，后开雌花，异花授粉。所有植株均为杂合体。椰果较大，椰干品质率高。椰干产量吨/公顷。 1、 高种椰子根据叶片和果实颜色差异可分为：红椰、绿椰两种。 高种椰子以果实形状和体积又可分为：大圆果、中圆果、小圆果三个类型。 （1）大圆果：果实围径70-90厘米，果重公斤，椰子重公斤，椰水重公斤，椰壳重公斤，果实圆形、椭圆形、椭圆形。单株产量低。在高种中为数不多。 （2）中圆果：果实围径60-70厘米，果重公斤,椰肉重公斤,椰子重公斤，椰壳重公斤，果圆形、椭圆形。产量中等，在高种椰子中为数最多。 （3）小圆果：果实围径50-60厘米，果重公斤，椰肉重公斤,椰水重公斤,。果实圆形、椭圆形。产量高，为数少。 2、 高种椰子特殊类型： （1）雄性树（雌雄不育）又称超优势公树：其特征是椰叶不完全羽裂。4-5片小叶粘合在一起，小叶较宽7厘米左右（正常4-5厘米），叶片长度较短400厘米（正常450-500厘米），花序较短70-90厘米（正常110-120厘米），雄花数量多，雌花少或没有，发育不正常，植株不结果。 （2）雌性树（雄性不育）：花序较短40-80厘米，花轴较短17-25厘米（正常40厘米），花枝数量少15-17条（正常36-40条），花枝较短12-15厘米（正常36-40厘米），花枝上仅着生雌花，雄花极少或没有，植株结果，产量低，植株之间差异大。 （3）雌花行特多椰树：特征是花序上雌花特别多，每个花序雌花达104-214个，每个花枝雌7-12个，比正常高种椰子树多3-4倍。花枝和花序较短，雄花数量少，产量低。 （4）多层花苞椰树：佛焰花苞双层（正常单层），有的双层花苞一样长，有的一层长一层短，叶片和花序及花枝较短，单株差异较大。 （5）多层花苞椰树：佛焰花苞多层，花序较短，80厘米，花枝多层分枝（正常不分枝）。花序枯干之后不随叶片枯干脱落，树干上挂满残留花序，有的花序全是雄花，有的雌雄同序，产量低，罕见。 （6）早熟椰子：苗龄仅3-4个月就开花，苗高约40厘米，叶片约10片，全是船形叶（未羽裂）。从中心抽出花序，雌雄同序,雌、雄体积比正常小，开花后不久植株亡，不能繁殖后代。 （7）多胚椰苗：正常椰果只有一个胚发育成一株苗，但有的椰果二个胚以上发育成苗。双胚苗常见，4-6株苗少见，最多达20多株苗，罕见。高种椰子最高可达25米，矮种椰子最高只有15米左右。高种椰子的经济寿命比矮种椰子长得多：高种椰子经济寿命约80年，而矮种椰子只有20-40年左右。但矮种椰子结果早，产量高：矮种椰子只需3-4年方可开花结果，年产量约每棵80个左右，而高种椰子要6-8年才开花结果，年产量约每棵40-60个。杂交种椰子则吸收了高种、矮种椰子的优点，具有高度低、寿命长、产量高的特点。杂交椰子的年产量约每棵180-200个。此外，杂交椰子还具有很强的抗风、抗虫害的特点。[编辑本段]地理分布椰子为古老的栽培作物，原产地说法不一，有说产在南美洲，有说在亚洲热带岛屿，但大多数认为起源于马来群岛。现广泛分布于亚洲、非洲、大洋洲及美洲的热带滨海及内陆地区。主要分布在南北纬20°之间，尤以赤道滨海地区分布最多。其次在南北纬20°°范围内也有大面积分布。我国种植椰子已有2000多年的历史。现主要集中分布于海南各地，台湾南部、广东雷州半岛，云南西双版纳、德宏、保山、河口等地也有少量分布。[编辑本段]营养价值椰汁及椰肉含水量蛋白质、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、脂肪、维生素B1、维生素E、维生素C、钾、钙、镁等。椰肉色白如玉，芳香滑脆；椰汁清凉甘甜。椰肉、椰汁是老少皆宜的美味佳果。[编辑本段]食疗作用椰子性味甘、平，入胃、脾、大肠经；果肉具有补虚强壮，益气祛风，消疳杀虫的功效，久食能令人面部润泽，益人气力及耐受饥饿，治小儿涤虫、姜片虫病；椰水具有滋补、清暑解渴的功效，主治暑热类渴，津液不足之口渴；椰子壳油治癣，疗杨梅疮。[编辑本段]饲用价值椰子作为饲料主要是椰肉榨油后剩下的椰子油饼。一般每个椰子能生产椰干，可榨油，同时可以获得椰子油饼。利用椰子油饼饲喂家畜，需逐渐添加于其日粮中，家畜习惯后十分喜食。奶牛的饲用量为每天，饲喂椰子油饼，可以提高奶牛的乳脂含量。在猪日粮中，以添加25％最好，此外，椰子树叶和椰干也为家畜喜食，但一般不做饲料利用。新鲜椰子水可以作为家畜人工授精稀释精液的一种成分。[编辑本段]药用价值以果肉汁和果壳入药。果实成熟时采集，随时取肉汁及果壳供用。椰子性味甘，平。功能与主治：果肉汁补虚，生津，利尿，杀虫，用于心脏病水肿，口干烦渴，姜片虫；果壳祛风，利湿，止痒，外用治体癣，脚癣。用法与用量：椰汁或椰肉适量；外用椰壳放炉上烧，用碗覆盖收集其蒸气，冷凝得馏油，加30％酒精混合后涂患处。备注：生长9个月的椰子，曾取汁试用于临床，紧急时作为静脉输液的代用品。中药化学成分：椰子含油35%-45%。油中含游离脂肪酸20%、羊油酸(caproic acid)2%、棕榈酸(palmitic acid)、羊脂酸(caprylic acid)9%、羊蜡酸(capric acid)、油酸(oleic acid)2%、月桂酸(lauric acid)；还含豆甾三烯醇(stignastatrienol)、豆甾醇(stig-masterol)、岩藻甾醇(fucosterol)、α-菠菜甾醇(α-spinasterol)及甾醇(sterol)。碳水化合物约15%，主要有水苏糖(stachyose)、蔗糖(sucrose)、葡萄糖(glucose)。蛋白质不到5%，其中包括清蛋白(albumin)、球蛋白(globulin)、醇溶蛋白(proamine)等。含维生素B1 173μg%、B5 103μg%、B2微量、α-生育酚(α-toco-pherol)700μg%、γ-生育酚γ-tocopherol)250μg%。维生素C的含量以未成熟果中较高。果核含甘露聚糖(mannan)。[编辑本段]椰子的应用树木本身是优良的园林树木，可作为行道树、风景树木以及反映热带亚热带风光的庭院树木等。椰子纤维：拥有多种用途，如可作衬垫填料、扫帚、毛刷及海上缆绳等。特别在园艺、绝缘、腐蚀控制和农业方面。由于它吸水能力超强，在防腐方面比塑料和铁丝更为有效，而且还能为蔬菜和树木提供生长环境，已经被美国、德国、日本和欧洲用于覆盖堤岸。椰木：质地坚硬，花纹美观可做家具和建筑材料。椰叶：可用于编织，制作日常生活用品，也是日常燃料。椰花苞：可割取椰花汁酿制椰花酒，或提炼椰汁糖等。椰壳：质地坚硬，冷热不变形，可制优质活性炭，或加工成椰雕、乐器等工艺品。椰肉：可制成椰干、椰奶粉、椰蛋白、椰子汁、椰蓉及无色椰子油等。椰子水：含有维生素B和C、激素、糖等成分，是天然的清凉饮料，也可用于加工其它食品。椰油：主要是工业用油，为制皂的优质原料，发泡力强可制高级香皂、牙膏。椰子的养生功效 椰子的用途广泛，素有“生命树”、“宝树”之称，其味甘性寒，含蛋白质、糖类、维生素C、钙、钾等。椰子的汁液多，营养丰富，可解渴祛暑、生津利尿、主治热病，其果肉有益气、祛风、驱毒、润颜的功效。成熟的椰果肉富含蛋白质、脂肪，常被制成罐头、椰干等。椰子汁虽含钾量高，但含镁量也高，可增加机体对钾的耐受性。用来治疗胃肠炎脱水均有效。 椰子的营养价值 椰子是棕榈科植物椰子树的果实，它的树为重要的热带木本油料作物。椰子，原产于亚洲东南部、中美洲，目前全球有80多个热带国家有种植，菲律宾、印度、马来西亚及斯里兰卡更是椰子的主要产区。我国南方的很多省份也有栽培，其中以海南省的椰子最为著名，椰子已成为海南的象征，海南岛更被誉为“椰岛”。 椰子长在其树叶的根部，一棵椰子树一般可以结十几串椰子，每串可挂果一、二十个。椰子果为核果，一般为椭圆形或卵状，有的呈三棱。未成熟的椰子为青绿色，成熟后呈暗褐棕色，一个成熟的中等大小的椰子果有1500———2000克。椰子外皮厚滑且软，可保护果实落地时不致于破碎，又可以防止水分的侵入。在吃椰子时，要先剥掉外皮，落出硬壳，硬壳上有几个白点，将其捅开，用吸管吸椰汁，之后再用刀刮取内侧的白色果肉，冷冻后吃味道更佳。而且食用椰子的学问也很多，如椰汁离开椰壳味道则变；上午倒出的椰汁较甜，下午较淡。新鲜的椰汁“清如水甜如蜜”，饮后清凉、甘甜、可口，风味独特，营养价值高，是解暑的最佳饮品。椰肉芳香滑脆，它除可作为水果食用以外，还可以做成菜肴或蜜饯：海南人常用海南优质糯米、天然椰肉及椰汁制成“椰子饭”，也称做“椰子船”。另外用椰子做成的菜肴还有：椰子炖鸡，琼州椰子盅等。 椰子的营养价值很高。我国的中医认为，椰肉味甘，性平，具有补益脾胃、杀虫消疳的功效；椰汁味甘，性温，有生津、利水等功能。现代医学研究表明，椰肉中含有蛋白质、碳水化合物；椰油中含有糖份、维生素 B1、维生素 B2、维生素 C等；椰汁含有的营养成分更多，如果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素 B、维生素 C以及钙、磷、铁等微量元素及矿物质。由此可以看出椰子是药食两用的佳品。当脾胃倦怠、食欲不振、四肢乏力、身体虚弱时，将椰肉切碎，并加入适量的鸡肉和糯米，蒸熟后饮食，效力更佳，因为鸡肉、糯米及椰肉三者皆滋补，用炖汤的方式处理，补益功效更加显著；椰子中加入冬瓜子可泻肺火；加性凉的雪肉或清补的黄耳可中和椰子的温燥；患寒咳时，也不妨吃些椰肉，能起到止咳、化痰的作用。体内热盛的人不宜吃椰子；如果您长期夜睡，爱吃煎炸食物，容易发脾气，口干舌燥的话，也要切记请勿多吃椰子。 椰子除了其果实有很大的作用外，其它部分的功用也不小：椰壳可以烧制活性炭或加工椰雕、乐器；椰干可加工成椰油；椰木质地坚硬，花纹美观，可做家具或建筑材料。椰子综合利用产品达360多种，在国外有“宝树”、“生命木”之称.[编辑本段]文献记载《海药本草》：“主消渴、吐血、水肿，去风热。”《本草求原》：“治夹阴风寒邪热。”《本草纲目》：“椰子瓤，甘，平，无毒，益气，治风，食之不饥，令人面泽。椰子浆，甘，温，无毒，止消渴，涂头，益发令黑，治吐血水肿，去风热。”《全国中草药汇编》：‘“补虚，生津，利尿，杀虫。主治心脏性水肿，口干烦渴，姜片。”宋·秦观。《醉乡春》：“社瓮酿微笑，阗缺椰瓢共舀。”宋·黄庭坚。《椰子》：“浆成乳酒醺人醉，肉载鹅肪上客盘。”民间传说：相传林邑王与越王有怨，使刺客乘其醉，取其首，悬于树，化为椰子，其核犹有两眼，故俗谓之越王头，而其浆犹如酒也。[编辑本段]后记椰子是热带地方之宝，脂肪和蛋白质含量特多。随手摘来树上熟的椰子，已能提供一份好的营养餐。人们对椰子最大的误会，莫过于以为它清润。其实椰肉性温，能补阳火，且能强身健体，最适合身体虚弱、四肢乏力、容易倦怠的人享用，尤其是椰子糯米炖鸡，效力特佳，因为椰肉、糯米和鸡肉皆滋补，以炖汤方式处理，补益功效更加显著。不过，依然是老话一句，体内热盛的人不宜常吃椰子。如果你长期夜睡，爱吃香口煎炸食物，容易发脾气、口干舌燥的话，就要切记勿多吃椰子。另外，一向被誉为清热清润的海底椰，其实一样性温带补。要是你真爱椰香，可选清凉消暑的椰青水，或者弄椰子甜品时，加入其它配料来平衡，例如用沙参、百合、石斛，可清热养阴；加冬瓜子可泻肺火；加性凉的雪耳或清补的黄耳又可中和椰子的温燥。前人相信椰子能驱虫，特别是姜片虫。不过，今时今日，这种天然杀虫剂相信没有多大市场，反而是患寒咳时，不妨吃些椰肉，能止咳化痰补火。如果你不晓得分辨何谓寒咳，忽略了本身体虚、喉痒、无痰等征状，碰巧又喝了白菜汤而寒上加寒、咳个不停的话，椰肉或椰子炖鸡可以有效地舒缓这些症状。 椰子综合利用产品达360多种，在国外有“宝树”、“生命木”之称。椰子如何剥壳？如果你买的是青椰子，一般是只喝椰子汁不吃椰肉，因为椰肉太嫩，吃起来口感不好。 椰子那层厚厚的壳，要用大刀（劈柴刀或大菜刀），顺着纤维一刀一刀砍下来，见着椰子上面有三个小孔，有两个长象一样的，有一个不一样的，把不一样的小孔表面用刀刮一下，然后拿吸管一插就行了，那水你就尽情喝吧。 如果你不想浪费椰肉，把椰子放在砧板上，拿刀背在椰子的硬壳上敲几下，裂开了，就用小刀起肉，不过一般椰子汁好喝的椰子肉就不好吃，椰子肉好吃的椰子汁就不好喝。 把外层的椰棕剥开,看见上面有品字形的地方,然后用筷子或小刀在其中两个位置戳穿,将里面的水倒清,这是极品,不要浪废;再用锤子敲开,或干脆将椰子敲在地上,直至裂开为止,用小刀小心的将椰子肉剥下来,就可以吃到美味的椰子肉了

在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]：《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题，诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来，宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微，水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情，最后水手内心发生转变，以新的态度对待自然，为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]：老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父，被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学，熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学，与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命，但又都害怕革命暴力，于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区，致力于写诗，并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，于是远离城市，隐居于昆布兰湖区，寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇，以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年，两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ，被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区，与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾，故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加，1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物，令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真，并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设，不仅影响过他的同时代人，也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈，而且，对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者，仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位，是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事：一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开，赶快去赴宴，却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住，不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风，暴风过后，这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此，厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中，那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动，老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去，仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船，水手们一个个都死在甲板上，每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人，只有他没有死。后来，他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦，使死尸们站了起来，仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风，船却渐渐地移动。于是，这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸，出来迎接。但在他到这船之前，它却突然地沉下了，留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来，他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦，便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着，一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来，方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张，又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用，而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步，因为它否定了人身依附关系，肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权，肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话，肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以，它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展，对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在，万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为：上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下，作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁，表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物，他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物，也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意，违反自然规律，射死了无辜的信天翁，必然要受到惩罚。于是，灾难来了：风停了，船无法前进，阳光酷热，水手们口干舌燥。这时候，有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆，将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时，老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是，他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为，在道德情感系统中，羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后，就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为，道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说：“凡出自不公正的情感所作的，就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好，并且情感的内容有益于社会，而且还是以有益于社会方式施行，或有所感动，这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现，表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制，常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中，痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的，是低级形式的羞耻感，可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么，羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚，只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物，它激活潜在的思维和力量，专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为，促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏，那他将对道德不屑一顾，达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时，羞耻感要以自尊为前提，一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的，更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近，没有自尊的防卫，就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻，惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误，于是惶惶终日，不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展，在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了，但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去，只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重，导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中，一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析，是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情，感情是对需要的体验，是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素，推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素，推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后，良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为，它便于进行自我谴责，使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责，往往能形成一种力量，促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来，老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法，他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤，孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔，从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸，并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析，是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下，从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思，要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案，明白来者可追，逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中，要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思，主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后，老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕：他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人，让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众，承认自己的错误，说出自己的故事，解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔，但还是有种负罪感难以释怀，于是他渴望被人理解，宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样，当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候，不要封闭自己，找一个忠实的听众，把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之，柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称，其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶，生与死等哲学问题，宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上，而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面：时而风平浪静，沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起，一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时，柯尔律治并不熟悉大海，但他能凭借想象，使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织，把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体，充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上，长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉，炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体，而长诗的音韵与节奏之美，也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]： 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段，为适应社会生产活动的需要，在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智，19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里，它的功能是计算，秩序严谨，职司分明，是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中，它的功能是表义，许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦，1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响，数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ，但也存在着共性，有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数"，而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦，1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文， 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆，1998)，英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文，并开展过学术探 讨。如，王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页， 语文出版社，1991，1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上，英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人，尤其是中国人，自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三"，也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国，人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字， 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning)，在我国可 以说历时最久，涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字，在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字，它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字，继而演化出"神 圣" 之意，于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋，便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层，极言其高，天证/诞日为正月初 九，天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如，北京 城有九门，天安门城楼面阔九问，门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓，如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系，万物之根均为数，宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10，五行也是数，按传统的五行 理论来划分，则1、2为木：1为阳木，2为阴 木。以3、4为火：3为阳火，4为阴火。以5、6为土：5为阳土，6为 阴土。 以7、8为金：7为阳金，8为阴金。以9、10为水：9 为阳水，10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化，用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来，"九"是最大的阳数，象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层，九层天是天的最高处，汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空， "九霄云外" ，"九天揽月"，"九天九地"等。另外，天坛，这个明清两代 祭天的场所，其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数，刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道："凡数 指其极者，皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说："天地之数，始于一，终于 九。"因此，汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限，故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎"，避讳有“九”之 岁。例如：“ 老太太因明年八十一岁，是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征，因 为"九"与"苦"同音，因此忌讳 "九"。然而，《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ，采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计，结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占)，而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来，日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外，《词源》中说："九：虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时，是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中，"九"的意思有三个：(1)数目，八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九"，从一"九" 数起，二"九"、三 "九"，一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九，夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次： 九泉，三 弯九转等。因此， 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如："九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国，数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如，"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划，后用作"中国"的代 称。因此，有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns)，古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子，各有所好"。因此，《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种，种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多，龙蛇混杂，好坏不一，各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外，在文娱、体育等词汇中，数字"九"也比比皆是。如， 许多歌名都以"九"开头："九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中，"九柱戏"(nine pins)，兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的，如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外，中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时，人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如，湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方，数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说， "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多，分别有： 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有： a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律：数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如， 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞：跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来，数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之，在东西方文化中，数字"九"含有以下主要共性： 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字， 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中，数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于：对中国人来说，其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过："翻译不是字当句对，而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数"，"实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论，结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性，可采用如下的翻译方法，并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有： (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了，它并没死，只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来，人们很容易接受，因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语， 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现"， 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如，"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ，"九九归一，还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字，转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有： (一)民族性原则 比如，汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力"，《汉英词典》(外研社，1996)的译 文有三个："strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”，成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如："匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子，月下嫦娥，那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》)， 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则"， 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时，一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时， 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如："飞流直下三千尽，疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 "，因此，可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢： 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文