大肠菌群并非细菌学分类命名,而是卫生细菌领域的用语,它不代表某一个或某一属细菌,而指的是具有某些特性的一组与粪便污染有关的细菌,这些细菌在生化及血清学方面并非完全一致,其定义为:需氧及兼性厌氧、在37℃能分解乳糖产酸产气的革兰氏阴性无芽胚杆菌。一般认为该菌群细菌可包括大肠埃希氏菌、柠檬酸杆菌、产气克雷伯氏菌和阴沟肠杆菌等。
大肠菌群主要包括畅杆菌科中韵埃希氏菌属、柠檬酸绑菌属、魔雷伯氏菌属和肠杆菌属。这些属的细菌均来自于人和温血动物的肠道,需氧与兼性厌氧,不形成芽孢;在35~37℃条件下,48 小时内能发酵乳糖声酸产气,革兰氏阴性。大肠菌群中以埃希氏菌属为主,埃希氏菌属教俗称为典型大腑杆菌。大肠菌群都是直接或间接地来自人和温血动物的粪便。本群中典型大肠杆菌以外的菌属,除直接来自粪便外,也可能来自典型大肠杆菌排出体外7~30 天后在环境中的变异。所以食品中检出大肠菌群J表示食品受动人寝温血动物的粪便污染,其中典型大肠杆菌为粪便近期污染,其他菌属则可能为粪便的陈旧污染
1 Riley LW, Remis RS, Helgerson SD, et al. Outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rate Escherichia coli serotype. N Engl J Med, 1983, 308:681-685.2 权太淑,徐建国,范天锐,等.首次从出血性结肠炎病人中分离到O157∶H7大肠杆菌.中华流行病学杂志,1988,9(特刊4号):24-27.3 WHO. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichic coli infection in Japan. Wkly Epid Rec, 1996,30:229.4 Chapman PA. Isolation, identification and typing of Vero cytotoxin-producting Escherichia coli O157. PHLS Microbiol Digest, 1994,11:13-17.5 Boyce TG, Swerdlow DL, Griffin PM. Escherichia coli O157∶H7 and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med, 1995,333:364-368.6 Trevena WB, Willshaw GA, Cheasty T, et al. Vero cytotoxin-producing E coli O157 infection associated with farms. Lancet, 1996,347:60-61.7 Parry SM, Salmon RL, Willshaw GA, et al. Haemorrhagic colitis in child after visit to farm visitor centre. Lancet, 1995, 346:572.8 Krause U, Thomson-carter FM, Pennington TH. Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157∶H7 by pulsed-field gel electro-phoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing. J Clin Microbiol, 1996,34:959-961.9 March SB, Ratnasm S. Sorbitol-mac conkey medium for detection of Escherichia coli O157∶H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis. J Clin Microbiol, 1986,23:869-872.10 Padhye NV, Doyle MP. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of serotypes O157∶H7 and O26∶H11. J Clin Microbiol, 1991,29:99-103.11 Park CH, Vandel NM, Hixon DL. Rapid immunoassay for detection of Escherichia coli O157 directly from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol, 1996,34:988-990.12 Levine MM, Xu Jianguo, Kaper JB, et al. DNA probe to identify enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157∶H7 and other serotypes that cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Infect Dis, 1987,156:175-181.13 徐建国,黄力保,吴纪民.聚合酶链反应检测出血性大肠杆菌.中华医学检验杂志,1995,18:225-228.14 Sowers EG, Wells JG, Strockbine NA. Evaluation of commercial latex reagents for identification of O157 and H7 antigens of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol, 1996,34:1286-1289.15 Cimolai N, Carter JE, Morrison BJ, et al. Risk factors for the progression of Escherichia coli O157∶H7 enteritis to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediatr, 1990,116:589-592.16 Proulx F, Turgeon JP, Delage G, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of antibiotic therapy for Escherichia coli O157∶H7 enteritis. J Pediatr, 1992,121:299-303.
大肠杆菌
Escherichia coli
大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)通常被称为大肠杆菌,是Escherich在1885年发现的,在相当长的一段时间内,一直被当作正常肠道菌群的组成部分,认为是非致病菌。直到20世纪中叶,才认识到一些特殊血清型的大肠杆菌对人和动物有病原性,尤其对婴儿和幼畜(禽),常引起严重腹泻和败血症,它是一种普通的原核生物,根据不同的生物学特性将致病性大肠杆菌分为6类:肠致病性大肠杆菌(EPEC)、肠产毒性大肠杆菌(ETEC)、肠侵袭性大肠杆菌(EIEC)、肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)、肠黏附性大肠杆菌(EAEC)和弥散粘附性大肠杆菌(DAEC).。大肠杆菌属于革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)
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