信用卡论文外国文献

先声明一下,下面的中文并不是翻译,而是另一片文章.不好意思,内容太多,没帮你翻译.不过这都是维基里面比较权威的解释.A credit card is part of a system of payments named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. It is a card entitling its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the cards are issued after an account has been approved by the credit provider, after which cardholders can use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a personal identification number (PIN). Also, many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a 'Card/Cardholder Not Present' (CNP) verification systems allow merchants to verify that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase in a few seconds, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or Point of Sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is in the United Kingdom and Ireland commonly known as Chip and PIN, but is more technically an EMV variations of verification systems are used by eCommerce merchants to determine if the user's account is valid and able to accept the charge. These will typically involve the cardholder providing additional information, such as the security code printed on the back of the card, or the address of the month, the credit card user is sent a statement indicating the purchases undertaken with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed. After receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect (see Fair Credit Billing Act for details of the US regulations). Otherwise, the cardholder must pay a defined minimum proportion of the bill by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount up to the entire amount owed. The credit provider charges interest on the amount owed if the balance is not paid in full (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt). Some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the user's bank accounts, thus avoiding late payment altogether as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds.信用卡是一种非现金交易付款的方式（参见信用卡交易），是简单的信贷服务。信用卡一般是长毫米、宽毫米、厚1毫米的塑料卡片（尺寸大小是由ISO 7810、7816系列的文件定义），由银行或信用卡公司依照用户的信用度与财力发给持卡人，持卡人持信用卡消费时无须支付现金，待账单日时再进行还款。除部份与金融卡结合的信用卡外，一般的信用卡与借记卡、提款卡不同，信用卡不会由用户的帐户直接扣除资金。申请多数情况下，具有完全民事行为能力（中国大陆地区为年满18周岁的公民）的、有一定直接经济来源的公民，或没有直接经济来源的在校大学生（仅限本科生，部分银行更限于中国“211工程”之重点大学），可以向发卡行申请信用卡。有时，法人也可以作为申请人。申请方式一般是通过填写信用卡申请表，并提交一定的证件复印件与证明等给发卡行。申请表都附带有使用信用卡的合同，申请人授权发卡行或相关部门调查其相关信息，以及提交信息真实性的声明，发卡行的隐私保护政策等，并要有申请人的亲笔签名。核发通常，银行会根据申请资料，考察申请人多方面的资料与经济情况，以及各银行内部的信审政策之标准，来判断是否发信用卡给申请人。考虑的因素有，申请人过去的信用记录、申请人已知的资产、职业特性等。发卡行审核的具体因素与过程属于商业机密，外界一般很难了解。各个发卡行的标准也不尽相同，因此，同样的材料在不同的银行可能会出现核发的信用额度不同，信用卡的种类不同，甚至会出现有的银行审核通过，而有的银行拒发的情况开卡由于信用卡申请通过后是通过邮寄将卡片寄出等方式，所以并不能保证领取人就是申请人。为了使申请人和银行免遭盗刷损失，信用卡在正式启用前设置了开卡程序。开卡主要是通过电话或者网络等，核对申请时提供的相关个人信息，符合后即完成开卡程序。此时申请人变为卡片持有人，在卡片背后签名后可以正式开始使用。

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1. Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Thomas L. Sporleder, Robert R. Wilson American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Feb., 1974), pp. 129-134Abstract:This article treats the theoretical consequences of consumer credit card use. A delayedrepayment model provides consumer optimization and indifference conditions between cashand credit card transactions. Under realistic interest and opportunity cost rates, consumerscan rationally let a balance revolve about 39 percent of the time and maintain indifferenceover words: credit; consumer behavior; . Credit Cards and Interest Rates: Theory and Institutional Factors Robert F. Stauffer Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Winter, 2003-2004), pp. 289-301 Published by: . Sharpe, The Effect of Credit on Spending Decisions: The Role of the Credit Limit and Credibility Dilip Soman and Amar Cheema Marketing Science, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), pp. 32-53 Published by: INFORMSAbstractThe objective of the present research is to study consumerdecisions to utilize a line of credit. The life-cycle hypothesisfrom economics argues that consumers should intertemporallyreallocate their incomes over their life stream to maximizelifetime utility. One form of intertemporal allocation isto use past income (in the form of savings) in the future. Asecond form is the use of future income in the present. Thiscan only be done if consumers have access to a temporarypool of money that they can draw from and replenish in thefuture-a function performed by consumer credit. However,our research reinforces prior findings that consumers areunable to correctly value their future incomes, and that theylack the cognitive capability to solve the intertemporal optimizationproblem required by the life-cycle hypothesis. Instead,we argue that consumers use information such as thecredit limit as a signal of their future earnings , if consumers have access to large amounts ofcredit, they are likely to infer that their lifetime income willbe high and hence their willingness to use credit (and theirspending) will also be high. Conversely, consumers who aregranted lower amounts of credit are likely to infer that theirlifetime income will be low and hence their spending willbe , based on research in the area of consumer skepticismand inference making, we also argue for a moderatingrole of the credibility associated with the credit , we argue that the above effect of credit availabilitywould be particularly strong for consumers who believethat the credit limit credibly signals their future earningspotential (., a naive consumer who has limitedexperience with consumer credit). However, as consumersgain experience with credit, they start discounting creditavailability as a predictor of their future and start questioningthe validity of the process used to set the credit , with experience the effect of credit limit on the willingnessto use credit should be test these predictions in five separate studies. In thefirst experimental study, we manipulate credit limit andcredibility and pose subjects with a hypothetical purchaseopportunity. Consistent with our prediction, credit limit impactedthe propensity to spend, but only when the credibilitywas high. In the second experimental study, we rep-MARKETING SCIENCE ? 2002 INFORMSVol. 21, No. 1, Winter 2002, pp. 32-53licate these findings even when subjects were giveninformation about their expected future salaries, and alsoshow that the credit limit influences their expectation of futureearnings potential. In the third study, we show that themere availability (and increase) of current liquidity cannotexplain our findings. In the fourth study, we conduct a surveyof consumers in which we measure a number of demographiccharacteristics and also ask them for their propensityto spend in a given purchase situation. In the fifthstudy we use the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) dataset,a triennial survey of . families that is designed toprovide detailed information on the use of financial services,spending behaviors, and selected demographic from both studies 4 and 5 provide further supportfor our proposed framework-credit limits influencespending to a greater extent for consumers with lower credibility:younger consumers and less-educated all studies we achieved triangulation by using a varietyof approaches (surveys and experiments), subjectstypes (young students and older consumers), nature of predictorvariables (manipulated and measured), dependentmeasures (purchase likelihood, credit card balance, newcharges), and methods of analysis (ANOVA and regression),and consistently found that increasing credit limits on acredit card increases spending, especially when the credibilityof the limit is paper joins a growing body of literature in marketingand behavioral decision theory that goes beyond the traditionaldomains of inquiry (., product choice, effects ofmarketing mix variables) and focuses on consumer decisionsrelating to the appropriate use of income to finance framework differs from prior research on theeffect of payment mechanisms on spending in two significantways. First, we are interested in the effects of the availabilityof credit on spending, and not necessarily in the effectof the transaction format that is associated with eachpayment mechanism. Second, while prior research has studiedthe point-of-purchase and historic (., prepurchase) effectsof credit, the present research is concerned with theavailability of credit in the future. Specifically, our frameworkis invariant to the current and prior usage of credit bythe consumer.(Consumer Credit; Credit Cards; Intertemporal Choice; MentalAccounting; Self-Control)不够的话吱一声