先声明一下,下面的中文并不是翻译,而是另一片文章.不好意思,内容太多,没帮你翻译.不过这都是维基里面比较权威的解释.A credit card is part of a system of payments named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. It is a card entitling its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the cards are issued after an account has been approved by the credit provider, after which cardholders can use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a personal identification number (PIN). Also, many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a 'Card/Cardholder Not Present' (CNP) verification systems allow merchants to verify that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase in a few seconds, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or Point of Sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is in the United Kingdom and Ireland commonly known as Chip and PIN, but is more technically an EMV variations of verification systems are used by eCommerce merchants to determine if the user's account is valid and able to accept the charge. These will typically involve the cardholder providing additional information, such as the security code printed on the back of the card, or the address of the month, the credit card user is sent a statement indicating the purchases undertaken with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed. After receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect (see Fair Credit Billing Act for details of the US regulations). Otherwise, the cardholder must pay a defined minimum proportion of the bill by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount up to the entire amount owed. The credit provider charges interest on the amount owed if the balance is not paid in full (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt). Some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the user's bank accounts, thus avoiding late payment altogether as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds.信用卡是一种非现金交易付款的方式(参见信用卡交易),是简单的信贷服务。信用卡一般是长毫米、宽毫米、厚1毫米的塑料卡片(尺寸大小是由ISO 7810、7816系列的文件定义),由银行或信用卡公司依照用户的信用度与财力发给持卡人,持卡人持信用卡消费时无须支付现金,待账单日时再进行还款。除部份与金融卡结合的信用卡外,一般的信用卡与借记卡、提款卡不同,信用卡不会由用户的帐户直接扣除资金。申请多数情况下,具有完全民事行为能力(中国大陆地区为年满18周岁的公民)的、有一定直接经济来源的公民,或没有直接经济来源的在校大学生(仅限本科生,部分银行更限于中国“211工程”之重点大学),可以向发卡行申请信用卡。有时,法人也可以作为申请人。申请方式一般是通过填写信用卡申请表,并提交一定的证件复印件与证明等给发卡行。申请表都附带有使用信用卡的合同,申请人授权发卡行或相关部门调查其相关信息,以及提交信息真实性的声明,发卡行的隐私保护政策等,并要有申请人的亲笔签名。核发通常,银行会根据申请资料,考察申请人多方面的资料与经济情况,以及各银行内部的信审政策之标准,来判断是否发信用卡给申请人。考虑的因素有,申请人过去的信用记录、申请人已知的资产、职业特性等。发卡行审核的具体因素与过程属于商业机密,外界一般很难了解。各个发卡行的标准也不尽相同,因此,同样的材料在不同的银行可能会出现核发的信用额度不同,信用卡的种类不同,甚至会出现有的银行审核通过,而有的银行拒发的情况开卡由于信用卡申请通过后是通过邮寄将卡片寄出等方式,所以并不能保证领取人就是申请人。为了使申请人和银行免遭盗刷损失,信用卡在正式启用前设置了开卡程序。开卡主要是通过电话或者网络等,核对申请时提供的相关个人信息,符合后即完成开卡程序。此时申请人变为卡片持有人,在卡片背后签名后可以正式开始使用。
1. Ausubel, Lawrence M., The Failure of Competition in the Credit Card Market, American Economic Review, 1991, 81(1):50-812. Ausubel, Lawrence M., Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, working paper, University of Maryland, 19993. Berlin, Mitchell and Mester, Loretta J., Credit Card Rates and Consumer Search, Review of Financial Economics, 2004,13:179-1984. Brito Dagobert L. and Hartley Peter R., Consumer Rationality and Credit Cards, Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:400-4335. Calem, Paul S. and Mester, Loretta J., Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit-Card Interest Rates, American Economic Review, 1995, 85(5):1327-13366. Gross, David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., Do Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence From Credit Card Data, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,117:149-1857. Gross,David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., an Empirical Analysis of Personal Bankruptcy and Delinquency, Review of Financial Studies, 2002,15:319-3478. Stango, Victor, Competition and Pricing in the Credit Card Market, Review of Economics and Statistics, 2000,82:499-5089. Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information, American Economic Review, 1981,71:393-409
1. Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory Thomas L. Sporleder, Robert R. Wilson American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Feb., 1974), pp. 129-134Abstract:This article treats the theoretical consequences of consumer credit card use. A delayedrepayment model provides consumer optimization and indifference conditions between cashand credit card transactions. Under realistic interest and opportunity cost rates, consumerscan rationally let a balance revolve about 39 percent of the time and maintain indifferenceover words: credit; consumer behavior; . Credit Cards and Interest Rates: Theory and Institutional Factors Robert F. Stauffer Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Winter, 2003-2004), pp. 289-301 Published by: . Sharpe, The Effect of Credit on Spending Decisions: The Role of the Credit Limit and Credibility Dilip Soman and Amar Cheema Marketing Science, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter, 2002), pp. 32-53 Published by: INFORMSAbstractThe objective of the present research is to study consumerdecisions to utilize a line of credit. The life-cycle hypothesisfrom economics argues that consumers should intertemporallyreallocate their incomes over their life stream to maximizelifetime utility. One form of intertemporal allocation isto use past income (in the form of savings) in the future. Asecond form is the use of future income in the present. Thiscan only be done if consumers have access to a temporarypool of money that they can draw from and replenish in thefuture-a function performed by consumer credit. However,our research reinforces prior findings that consumers areunable to correctly value their future incomes, and that theylack the cognitive capability to solve the intertemporal optimizationproblem required by the life-cycle hypothesis. Instead,we argue that consumers use information such as thecredit limit as a signal of their future earnings , if consumers have access to large amounts ofcredit, they are likely to infer that their lifetime income willbe high and hence their willingness to use credit (and theirspending) will also be high. Conversely, consumers who aregranted lower amounts of credit are likely to infer that theirlifetime income will be low and hence their spending willbe , based on research in the area of consumer skepticismand inference making, we also argue for a moderatingrole of the credibility associated with the credit , we argue that the above effect of credit availabilitywould be particularly strong for consumers who believethat the credit limit credibly signals their future earningspotential (., a naive consumer who has limitedexperience with consumer credit). However, as consumersgain experience with credit, they start discounting creditavailability as a predictor of their future and start questioningthe validity of the process used to set the credit , with experience the effect of credit limit on the willingnessto use credit should be test these predictions in five separate studies. In thefirst experimental study, we manipulate credit limit andcredibility and pose subjects with a hypothetical purchaseopportunity. Consistent with our prediction, credit limit impactedthe propensity to spend, but only when the credibilitywas high. In the second experimental study, we rep-MARKETING SCIENCE ? 2002 INFORMSVol. 21, No. 1, Winter 2002, pp. 32-53licate these findings even when subjects were giveninformation about their expected future salaries, and alsoshow that the credit limit influences their expectation of futureearnings potential. In the third study, we show that themere availability (and increase) of current liquidity cannotexplain our findings. In the fourth study, we conduct a surveyof consumers in which we measure a number of demographiccharacteristics and also ask them for their propensityto spend in a given purchase situation. In the fifthstudy we use the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) dataset,a triennial survey of . families that is designed toprovide detailed information on the use of financial services,spending behaviors, and selected demographic from both studies 4 and 5 provide further supportfor our proposed framework-credit limits influencespending to a greater extent for consumers with lower credibility:younger consumers and less-educated all studies we achieved triangulation by using a varietyof approaches (surveys and experiments), subjectstypes (young students and older consumers), nature of predictorvariables (manipulated and measured), dependentmeasures (purchase likelihood, credit card balance, newcharges), and methods of analysis (ANOVA and regression),and consistently found that increasing credit limits on acredit card increases spending, especially when the credibilityof the limit is paper joins a growing body of literature in marketingand behavioral decision theory that goes beyond the traditionaldomains of inquiry (., product choice, effects ofmarketing mix variables) and focuses on consumer decisionsrelating to the appropriate use of income to finance framework differs from prior research on theeffect of payment mechanisms on spending in two significantways. First, we are interested in the effects of the availabilityof credit on spending, and not necessarily in the effectof the transaction format that is associated with eachpayment mechanism. Second, while prior research has studiedthe point-of-purchase and historic (., prepurchase) effectsof credit, the present research is concerned with theavailability of credit in the future. Specifically, our frameworkis invariant to the current and prior usage of credit bythe consumer.(Consumer Credit; Credit Cards; Intertemporal Choice; MentalAccounting; Self-Control)不够的话吱一声
TOPIC 1: Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market (信用卡市场的逆向选择)作者及写作年份:Lawrence M. Ausubel June 17, 1999部分摘要:trading situations where one (informed) party possesses information which is relevant to his (uninformed)trading partner, the informed party may find it advantageous to engage in trade only in states of informationwhich are relatively unfavorable from the viewpoint of the uninformed party. Thus, a firm which offers acontract to the general population may find that the composition of the pool of customers who accept thefirm's contract is inferior to the composition of the general population. The particular contractual termsoffered by the firm may influence the composition of the customer pool and, in some informationalenvironments, adverse selection may lead to a complete unraveling of the market (George A. Akerlof,1970).Many of the economically-richest implications of adverse selection have been drawn in creditmarkets. High interest rates charged to borrowers may induce adverse selection on default probability,leading banks to engage in credit rationing in high-interest environments (Joseph E. Stiglitz and AndrewWeiss, 1981). Competition along particular dimensions in credit card pricing may result in adverseselection, blunting the usual effects of competition, and contributing to sticky interest rates and extranormalprofits (Lawrence M. Ausubel, 1991). And, when borrowers have the opportunity to engage in signalingbehavior, the same structure of asymmetric information as in adverse selection models yields signalingstories which have important implications for corporate investment and the capital structure of firms (see,for example, Sudipto Bhattacharya, 1979, and Stewart C. Myers and Nicholas S. Majluf, 1984).Yet despite a burgeoning economics and finance literature consisting of literally hundreds of articlesexploring the implications of adverse selection in credit markets, there remains little in the way of empiricalstudies which convincingly document the existence of adverse selection in credit markets as a real-worldphenomenon. The objective of the current paper is to present compelling direct evidence of adverseselection in one specific credit stakes in such an empirical exercise are quite considerable. It is frequently argued that virtuallyany conclusion may be reached from a suitably-chosen economic model of incomplete , to the extent that adverse selection can be shown to be a genuine empirical phenomenon in creditmarkets, then we can have confidence that at least one important component 阅读全文PDF格式: 阅读全文word格式: 2: Consumer Search Behavior in the ChangingCredit Card Market (不断变化的信用卡市场中,消费者的行为研究)作者及写作时间:Sougata Kerr & Lucia DunnSeptember 2002 部分摘要:Credit card balance switching has become an important issue in the banking community as cardholders seek to move their revolving credit to the lowest-cost lenders. This kind of “search and switch” behavior would be expected to put downward pressure on credit card interest rates. Previous research on the credit card market focused on why its interest rates persisted at levels greater than those for other types of consumer loans, and one explanation put forward was the inhibiting nature of high search costs in this market, especially for large-balance cardholders whose probability of credit rejection is high. Recent developments in the credit card industry – in particular the Truth-in-Lending Act of 1988 together with a large increase in direct solicitations – have changed the environment of this market substantially. Because of this new environment, as well as improvements in data availability, the issue of credit card search needs to be revisited. The current paper identifies those consumers whose probability of rejection is high and tests whether this probability has any impact on their search propensities. It does this by analyzing (i) the effect of large balances on the consumer’s probability of credit application rejection and (ii) how these factors – large balances and rejection probability –affect consumers’ search propensities. In testing the search-cost hypothesis, the issue of endogeneity between consumers’ search and the likelihood of rejection is dealt with by estimating a simultaneous equations model. The results presented here show no evidence that search costs deter consumer interest rate search in the credit card market of the 1990s, either for high-balance. This is officially known as the Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act of 1988. cardholders with a greater probability of rejection or for low-balance cardholders. In the next section we review the relevant literature on this market and discuss recent changes in the market environment. Section III discusses our methodology and improvements in the recent data. Section IV presents our results. Finally, Section V concludes by summarizing our find......................阅读全文PDF格式: 阅读全文word格式:
1. Ausubel, Lawrence M., The Failure of Competition in the Credit Card Market, American Economic Review, 1991, 81(1):50-812. Ausubel, Lawrence M., Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, working paper, University of Maryland, 19993. Berlin, Mitchell and Mester, Loretta J., Credit Card Rates and Consumer Search, Review of Financial Economics, 2004,13:179-1984. Brito Dagobert L. and Hartley Peter R., Consumer Rationality and Credit Cards, Journal of Political Economy, 1995,103:400-4335. Calem, Paul S. and Mester, Loretta J., Consumer Behavior and the Stickiness of Credit-Card Interest Rates, American Economic Review, 1995, 85(5):1327-13366. Gross, David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., Do Liquidity Constraints and Interest Rates Matter for Consumer Behavior? Evidence From Credit Card Data, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,117:149-1857. Gross,David B. and Souleles Nicholas S., an Empirical Analysis of Personal Bankruptcy and Delinquency, Review of Financial Studies, 2002,15:319-3478. Stango, Victor, Competition and Pricing in the Credit Card Market, Review of Economics and Statistics, 2000,82:499-5089. Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information, American Economic Review, 1981,71:393-40910. 叶德珠,基于时间偏好不一致的信用卡利率结构设计[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2004,8:134-14211. 胡少华,信用卡市场消费者行为研究:文献综述[J],新金融,2005,10:57-6212. 吴恒兵. 信用卡业务风险的防范[J]. 河南科技 , 2003,(11)[1] 尹龙. 信用卡业务管理与监管制度的发展[J]. 中国信用卡 , 2008,(02)[2] 《中国信用卡》2005年总目录[J]. 中国信用卡 , 2005,(12)[3] 周宁. 商业银行信用卡业务发展思考[J]. 新金融 , 2003,(12)[4] 王青山, 宋晓波. 转变陈旧观念 树立全新意识[J]. 中国信用卡 , 1997,(04)[5] 胡大国,李惠. 信用卡业务必须整治[J]. 江西社会科学 , 1996, (09)[6] 朱溪, 杨杨, 林佳. 银行:挑战与机遇并存的盛宴[J]. 大经贸 , 2003,(09)[7] 辛云勇. 边缘者的出路[J]. 互联网周刊 , 2005,(30)[8] 林雪丹. 商业银行应加强信用卡业务的风险防范[J]. 福建金融 , 1998,(09)[9] 马腾. 信用卡业务亟待整合[J]. 了望 , 2005,(13)[10] 吴国民. 论我国商业银行信用卡业务的地位和发展战略[J]. 中国信用卡 , 1997,(05)
摘要:信用卡作为一种现代化的支付工具,其本身带有一定的风险性。如何有效地防范和化解信用一卡业务风险,减少发卡行损失,促进信用卡业务的健康发展,就成各信用卡发行机构共同探讨的重要课题。为此讨论了信用卡中的风险防范。关键词:银行;信用卡;风险;防范1银行信用卡的风险特点透支风险透支风险在信用卡风险中透支风险尤以恶意透支为严重,这些持卡人无视信用卡章程规定,欺银行不是国家权力机关不能绳之以法,利用银行信用卡结算,传递时间差冒险做案,侥幸逃窜,消遥法外,盲目自乐。风险一般来讲客户在办理信用卡时总是很直观地与储蓄存折、存单相比较。确实信用卡与存单、存折有许多功能相似之处,但又有与其相比更多的优点和更大的风险。存单、存折万一丢失,客户只要到办理存款的银行办理挂失即可阻止风险,而信用卡不慎丢失客户挂失后发卡银行则要上报总行迅速通知到全国成千上万个受理点和物约商户止付。然而由于使用信用卡出示的身份证有效期二十年之久,其年限跨度之大,使繁忙的银行和商户工作人员往往难以辨认身份证照片真伪,且冒用者只要在签字上略施小计便可蒙混过关巧取豪夺而后溜之,致使挂失后风险仍然存在。征信风险由于目前对于个人信用体系建设的滞后,导致银行在办理信用卡授信过程中信息不对称,同一申请人可以在不同的银行间多头授信,并缺少对过度授信的有效监测手段,为个别信用不良者恶意透支开了绿灯,形成过度授信,导致授信风险。同时,由于信用卡业务竞争中,放松了对持卡人的信用调查,对于信用卡申请者的个人资信审查也越来越流于形式,致使新推出的可透支信用卡在发卡量迅速上升的同时,恶意透支的持卡者的数量也在急剧上升,增加了信用卡业务产生坏账的风险。个人风险个人风险主要表现为信用卡持有人安全用卡意识不强,信用卡丢失后不及时挂失;密码设置过于简单或使用生日、电话号码作为密码,丢失后很容易被破译或被熟悉的人掌握等。捡拾他人信用卡后取款的情形占到信用卡案件总数的一半以上的情况,充分说明持卡人安全用卡的意识有待加强。2防范银行信用卡风险的措施强化立法控制发达国家对于银行卡交易的高度依赖是建立在高度成熟和完善的信用体系和法制基础之上的,我国应尽快建立和完善信用体系并健全法制。一是加快信用卡运行规则的立法,进一步规范信用卡业务;二是加快打击信用卡犯罪的立法现行刑法中只是对于使用伪造的信用卡等四种情况进行处罚,但是根据近几年来信用卡犯罪的新特点,还应该把领信用卡非法盗取他人信用卡信息等行为纳入刑事处罚的范畴,进一步净化信用卡的用卡环境。完善内控监督信用卡风险产生的其根本在于操作不规范,风险管理技术手段落后。因此,必须加强风险防范基础管理,有效降低信用卡经营风险。(1)完善标准化的业务流程,严格制度操作。一方面,按照银行卡业务管理办法%和信用卡章程及制度规定,严格业务流程,规范操作程序,注重加强对受理申请人证件审查,避免违法或者人为的违规操作。另一方面,随着跨行业务的快速发展及各商业银行和银联系统的逐步集中,对技术标准中不能适应发展要求的与业务规范不一致,影响业务开展的制度规定进行完善,规范标准,提高可操作性。(2)建立多级控制体系,在落实岗位责任,完善信用卡风险管理体系的基础上,实行风险防范责任制,明确分解各业务环节风险责任,加大考核奖惩力度,严格内部管理,使每一个业务人员和每一个操作环节都受到有效的控制和制约,防止见错不纠或放纵。(3)建立健全信用卡签发审查和使用监督制度。要加强对申请人的收入状况的审查,加强对担保人或担保单位的信誉状况及偿还能力的审查。信用卡发行者要对申请持卡人进行人工调查或发卡行建立数据库。发卡行严格控制信用卡透支用途、最长期限、最高额度和利率档次等规定,对各种不同类型的持卡人规定不同的透支额度,而且各个持卡人的透支额度可以因职业、教育水平和信誉状况不同而不同,规定持卡人一次消费的最高额度依持卡人的信用状况而动态确定,出现透支应及时收取本息。健全风险转化机制(1)严格信用卡担保制度。信用卡担保是信用卡业务中重要的一环。要逐步缩小信用担保、增大抵押担保的比例。资金担保一般属有价证券担保,应列表外科目核算,存单抵押应是本行开列的存单,由营业网点专夹保管,不得给予挂失和提前支取。(2)建立信用卡呆帐准备金机制。由于信用卡是集消费与信贷于一体的结算工具,有些透支发生逾期或呆帐损失是难以避免的,因而应按上年度末信用卡吸存余额的一定比例提取呆帐准备金,实行专户管理,以便风险发生后,可按规定数报批列支弥补。(3)建立信用卡保险机制。积极向保险公司投保,由社会来分担信用卡业务的风险,是银行信用卡管理的重要方式。一方面,让持卡人参加保险,使信用卡挂失后短期内的风险由社会承担,并规定保险与信用卡有效期同步,一旦信用卡遗失、被盗或被冒领而造成的损失由保险公司按比例赔偿另一方面发卡机构与保险公司协商,确定责任范围,按规定缴纳一定的保险费,当发生风险损失时,由保险公司负责赔偿。养成安全用卡的良好习惯信用卡持有人应避免信用卡密码设置过于简单化,以生日、电话号码等易被人掌握或猜测的数字作为密码;在ATM提款时要注意周围有无异常人或物,输入密码时用手在键盘上方进行必要的遮挡,防止密码被偷窥;一旦发生ATM吞卡情况,不要轻信机器旁边张贴的信息,而要及时与开户银行联系,寻求帮助;在刷卡消费时,信用卡不要离开自己的视线等。参考文献[1]张德芬.论信用卡法律关系的独立性与牵连性[J].河北法学,2005,4:59.[2]宋小桃,王宏芹.关于银行持卡人权益保护的法律思考[J].经济论坛,2005,10:64-65.[3]武剑.中国银行业实施内部评级法的前景分析与策略选择[J].国际经济评论,2003,2:40-43.[4]谢罗奇,李小林.我国商业银行操作风险及其防范对策探析[J].石家庄经济学院学报,2006,(4):483-487.
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摘要:信用卡作为一种现代化的支付工具,其本身带有一定的风险性。如何有效地防范和化解信用一卡业务风险,减少发卡行损失,促进信用卡业务的健康发展,就成各信用卡发行机构共同探讨的重要课题。为此讨论了信用卡中的风险防范。关键词:银行;信用卡;风险;防范1银行信用卡的风险特点透支风险透支风险在信用卡风险中透支风险尤以恶意透支为严重,这些持卡人无视信用卡章程规定,欺银行不是国家权力机关不能绳之以法,利用银行信用卡结算,传递时间差冒险做案,侥幸逃窜,消遥法外,盲目自乐。风险一般来讲客户在办理信用卡时总是很直观地与储蓄存折、存单相比较。确实信用卡与存单、存折有许多功能相似之处,但又有与其相比更多的优点和更大的风险。存单、存折万一丢失,客户只要到办理存款的银行办理挂失即可阻止风险,而信用卡不慎丢失客户挂失后发卡银行则要上报总行迅速通知到全国成千上万个受理点和物约商户止付。然而由于使用信用卡出示的身份证有效期二十年之久,其年限跨度之大,使繁忙的银行和商户工作人员往往难以辨认身份证照片真伪,且冒用者只要在签字上略施小计便可蒙混过关巧取豪夺而后溜之,致使挂失后风险仍然存在。征信风险由于目前对于个人信用体系建设的滞后,导致银行在办理信用卡授信过程中信息不对称,同一申请人可以在不同的银行间多头授信,并缺少对过度授信的有效监测手段,为个别信用不良者恶意透支开了绿灯,形成过度授信,导致授信风险。同时,由于信用卡业务竞争中,放松了对持卡人的信用调查,对于信用卡申请者的个人资信审查也越来越流于形式,致使新推出的可透支信用卡在发卡量迅速上升的同时,恶意透支的持卡者的数量也在急剧上升,增加了信用卡业务产生坏账的风险。个人风险个人风险主要表现为信用卡持有人安全用卡意识不强,信用卡丢失后不及时挂失;密码设置过于简单或使用生日、电话号码作为密码,丢失后很容易被破译或被熟悉的人掌握等。捡拾他人信用卡后取款的情形占到信用卡案件总数的一半以上的情况,充分说明持卡人安全用卡的意识有待加强。2防范银行信用卡风险的措施强化立法控制发达国家对于银行卡交易的高度依赖是建立在高度成熟和完善的信用体系和法制基础之上的,我国应尽快建立和完善信用体系并健全法制。一是加快信用卡运行规则的立法,进一步规范信用卡业务;二是加快打击信用卡犯罪的立法现行刑法中只是对于使用伪造的信用卡等四种情况进行处罚,但是根据近几年来信用卡犯罪的新特点,还应该把领信用卡非法盗取他人信用卡信息等行为纳入刑事处罚的范畴,进一步净化信用卡的用卡环境。完善内控监督信用卡风险产生的其根本在于操作不规范,风险管理技术手段落后。因此,必须加强风险防范基础管理,有效降低信用卡经营风险。(1)完善标准化的业务流程,严格制度操作。一方面,按照银行卡业务管理办法%和信用卡章程及制度规定,严格业务流程,规范操作程序,注重加强对受理申请人证件审查,避免违法或者人为的违规操作。另一方面,随着跨行业务的快速发展及各商业银行和银联系统的逐步集中,对技术标准中不能适应发展要求的与业务规范不一致,影响业务开展的制度规定进行完善,规范标准,提高可操作性。(2)建立多级控制体系,在落实岗位责任,完善信用卡风险管理体系的基础上,实行风险防范责任制,明确分解各业务环节风险责任,加大考核奖惩力度,严格内部管理,使每一个业务人员和每一个操作环节都受到有效的控制和制约,防止见错不纠或放纵。(3)建立健全信用卡签发审查和使用监督制度。要加强对申请人的收入状况的审查,加强对担保人或担保单位的信誉状况及偿还能力的审查。信用卡发行者要对申请持卡人进行人工调查或发卡行建立数据库。发卡行严格控制信用卡透支用途、最长期限、最高额度和利率档次等规定,对各种不同类型的持卡人规定不同的透支额度,而且各个持卡人的透支额度可以因职业、教育水平和信誉状况不同而不同,规定持卡人一次消费的最高额度依持卡人的信用状况而动态确定,出现透支应及时收取本息。健全风险转化机制(1)严格信用卡担保制度。信用卡担保是信用卡业务中重要的一环。要逐步缩小信用担保、增大抵押担保的比例。资金担保一般属有价证券担保,应列表外科目核算,存单抵押应是本行开列的存单,由营业网点专夹保管,不得给予挂失和提前支取。(2)建立信用卡呆帐准备金机制。由于信用卡是集消费与信贷于一体的结算工具,有些透支发生逾期或呆帐损失是难以避免的,因而应按上年度末信用卡吸存余额的一定比例提取呆帐准备金,实行专户管理,以便风险发生后,可按规定数报批列支弥补。(3)建立信用卡保险机制。积极向保险公司投保,由社会来分担信用卡业务的风险,是银行信用卡管理的重要方式。一方面,让持卡人参加保险,使信用卡挂失后短期内的风险由社会承担,并规定保险与信用卡有效期同步,一旦信用卡遗失、被盗或被冒领而造成的损失由保险公司按比例赔偿另一方面发卡机构与保险公司协商,确定责任范围,按规定缴纳一定的保险费,当发生风险损失时,由保险公司负责赔偿。养成安全用卡的良好习惯信用卡持有人应避免信用卡密码设置过于简单化,以生日、电话号码等易被人掌握或猜测的数字作为密码;在ATM提款时要注意周围有无异常人或物,输入密码时用手在键盘上方进行必要的遮挡,防止密码被偷窥;一旦发生ATM吞卡情况,不要轻信机器旁边张贴的信息,而要及时与开户银行联系,寻求帮助;在刷卡消费时,信用卡不要离开自己的视线等。参考文献[1]张德芬.论信用卡法律关系的独立性与牵连性[J].河北法学,2005,4:59.[2]宋小桃,王宏芹.关于银行持卡人权益保护的法律思考[J].经济论坛,2005,10:64-65.[3]武剑.中国银行业实施内部评级法的前景分析与策略选择[J].国际经济评论,2003,2:40-43.[4]谢罗奇,李小林.我国商业银行操作风险及其防范对策探析[J].石家庄经济学院学报,2006,(4):483-487.
会计电算化错账更正方面的外文翻译先到百度文库,找一篇此类文档中文的,然后用有道翻译,或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文,然后把英文放上面,中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文 献,可以在谷歌,用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。 第一是Google搜索,主要是英文,尤其是其学术搜索,意义大。第二,通过各大学图书馆系统,进入几个主流的出版发行集团。第三,利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。一,选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功,和高分,得到导师的赞许,都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域,以及新进展,这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二,大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献,大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫,借鉴别人的思路,和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏,当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三,一气呵成做好充分的准备,不要每天写一些,每天改一些,这样会打断自己的思路,影响文章的连贯。四,尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感,但论文是比较专业的形式,是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的,所以论文语言的专业化,术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五,用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献,论文格式。不要因为格式问题,而影响到你论文的质量。六,最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程,好处以下几点:1,节省时间,无论打字的速度慢到什么程度,肯定要比手写的快。2,方便,大量的文献放在手边,一个一个查阅是很不方便的,文献都是用数据库编辑,所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点,写出提纲,随时翻阅,方便写作。3,修改编辑,在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4,随时存档,写一段,存一段,防止突然停电,或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏,一个晚上的劳动,差点就全没了,幸亏男友是电脑高手,帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑,哭死算了。七,成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美,还是按照惯例来,打印出的文字显的正规,而且交流不存在任何的问题,不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞,而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁,女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题,书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八,听取导师意见,仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见,仔细参考,认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文,有颇多的经验。
先声明一下,下面的中文并不是翻译,而是另一片文章.不好意思,内容太多,没帮你翻译.不过这都是维基里面比较权威的解释.A credit card is part of a system of payments named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. It is a card entitling its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the cards are issued after an account has been approved by the credit provider, after which cardholders can use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a personal identification number (PIN). Also, many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a 'Card/Cardholder Not Present' (CNP) verification systems allow merchants to verify that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase in a few seconds, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or Point of Sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is in the United Kingdom and Ireland commonly known as Chip and PIN, but is more technically an EMV variations of verification systems are used by eCommerce merchants to determine if the user's account is valid and able to accept the charge. These will typically involve the cardholder providing additional information, such as the security code printed on the back of the card, or the address of the month, the credit card user is sent a statement indicating the purchases undertaken with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed. After receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect (see Fair Credit Billing Act for details of the US regulations). Otherwise, the cardholder must pay a defined minimum proportion of the bill by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount up to the entire amount owed. The credit provider charges interest on the amount owed if the balance is not paid in full (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt). Some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the user's bank accounts, thus avoiding late payment altogether as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds.信用卡是一种非现金交易付款的方式(参见信用卡交易),是简单的信贷服务。信用卡一般是长毫米、宽毫米、厚1毫米的塑料卡片(尺寸大小是由ISO 7810、7816系列的文件定义),由银行或信用卡公司依照用户的信用度与财力发给持卡人,持卡人持信用卡消费时无须支付现金,待账单日时再进行还款。除部份与金融卡结合的信用卡外,一般的信用卡与借记卡、提款卡不同,信用卡不会由用户的帐户直接扣除资金。申请多数情况下,具有完全民事行为能力(中国大陆地区为年满18周岁的公民)的、有一定直接经济来源的公民,或没有直接经济来源的在校大学生(仅限本科生,部分银行更限于中国“211工程”之重点大学),可以向发卡行申请信用卡。有时,法人也可以作为申请人。申请方式一般是通过填写信用卡申请表,并提交一定的证件复印件与证明等给发卡行。申请表都附带有使用信用卡的合同,申请人授权发卡行或相关部门调查其相关信息,以及提交信息真实性的声明,发卡行的隐私保护政策等,并要有申请人的亲笔签名。核发通常,银行会根据申请资料,考察申请人多方面的资料与经济情况,以及各银行内部的信审政策之标准,来判断是否发信用卡给申请人。考虑的因素有,申请人过去的信用记录、申请人已知的资产、职业特性等。发卡行审核的具体因素与过程属于商业机密,外界一般很难了解。各个发卡行的标准也不尽相同,因此,同样的材料在不同的银行可能会出现核发的信用额度不同,信用卡的种类不同,甚至会出现有的银行审核通过,而有的银行拒发的情况开卡由于信用卡申请通过后是通过邮寄将卡片寄出等方式,所以并不能保证领取人就是申请人。为了使申请人和银行免遭盗刷损失,信用卡在正式启用前设置了开卡程序。开卡主要是通过电话或者网络等,核对申请时提供的相关个人信息,符合后即完成开卡程序。此时申请人变为卡片持有人,在卡片背后签名后可以正式开始使用。
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论,欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看,可以分为两大派:一派是翻译可能论,一派是翻译不可能论。其实,完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的,完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物,比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等,都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见,这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
哎,又没挑战性又没分
中国的信用消费始于20世纪50年代,随后信用消费一度被取消。银行以住房为突破口开展的信用消费起步于80年代,但在当时短缺经济占主导地位、市场经济尚不发达的情况下,信用消费并不具备充分发展的经济基础和市场条件,因此信用消费品种单一、范围窄、规模小,仅处于萌芽和摸索阶段。 20 世纪90年代以来,我国经济快速发展,居民生活水平不断提高,在住房、汽车等领域出现了比较旺盛的需求。同时,随着买方市场的形成,消费需求不足成为制约经济增长的主要因素,政府采取多种措施扩大内需,信用消费作为刺激消费需求的有效手段得到重视和推广,各项旨在鼓励个人信用消费的政策、法律、法规相继出台。截至2003年末,全国各商业银行人民币消费贷款余额15736 亿元,较1997年末的172亿元增长90倍,其中个人住房贷款余额11780亿元,信用消费占各项贷款的比例也由不足上升到10%。 从提供信用消费的机构看,目前国内所有商业银行及信用合作社都已不同程度地开办了消费信用业务,而工、农、中、建四大国有商业银行是消费信用市场的主体, 其消费信用余额占全部金融机构提供的消费信用总额的88%。从信用消费的品种看,经过近几年的发展,形成包括个人住房与住房装修、汽车消费与信用卡消费、大额耐用消费品与教育助学、旅游与医疗贷款、个人综合消费与个人短期信用贷款及循环使用额度贷款等十几个大类、上百个品种的信用消费品种体系 。 从上面提供的数据可以看出,在银行发放的消费信贷中,个人住房贷款占据压倒性优势。这说明我国信用消费业务品种有很大的创新空间,一些很具有发展前景的信用消费品种在我国基本上还是空白。另外,一些信用消费品种在我国虽已开展,但开发的深度还远远不够。可以预期,在社会信用体系建立之后,以信用卡为主体的消费信用将会迎来高速发展的阶段。 从当前各金融机构的实践情况看,我国消费信用的发展应该会在以下几个方面取得显著进展: (一)重点发展个人住房与汽车信用消费 个人住房贷款在我国当前信用消费发展中占有绝对比重,今后一段时期内,个人住房贷款仍是消费信贷发展的重点,应在切实降低住房贷款风险的基础上,扩大住房贷款范围及比例,重点开发中档住房贷款。另外,随着汽车普及程度的提高,汽车消费贷款的需求量还将显著增大,这将成为消费信用的一个主要增长点。 (二)大力开展信用卡业务与个人耐用消费品信用消费 美国信用卡业务的比重仅次于住房信贷,我国商业银行应在社会信用体系建立之后,抓住有利时机大力发展信用卡业务,鼓励消费者先消费,后还款,将信用卡办成真正的信用卡。另外,还应大力推广商业销售网点和消费网点进行信用卡支付。据统计,我国的耐用消费品贷款在我国信用消费业务中所占比重小,市场潜力巨大。为此,各商业银行应积极与商家合作,开展多种形式的耐用消费品贷款。 (三)大力发展助学与旅游信用消费 目前,我国助学贷款发放比重仍然较小,各商业银行应采取多种形式大力推广。相对说来,助学贷款本质上是消费者用未来的收入为现在的教育融资,其贷款对象普遍具有较高的素质,如果能合理引导,应该能成为一个很好的信用品种。另外,随着“假日经济”的日益重要,居民在旅游方面的支出也日益增加,各商业银行及相关金融机构及旅游公司应积极响应国家有关政策,在国家法律允许范围内,大力推广旅游信用消费。 (四)借鉴美国信用消费的先进业务方式 各金融机构应与相关机构积极配合,结合中国实际,大力开拓信用消费新品种, 探索这些信用消费品种在我国可行的发放模式和风险控制模式并积极完善和推行, 以尽快完善我国的信用消费体系。如针对不同的消费群体制定不同的贷款品种,对个体工商户和运输业者提供经营性车辆贷款,对有创业意识的城乡家庭可提供小额家庭创业贷款等。同时,针对不同的信用消费品种和贷款对象,可在利率期限和还款方式方面为消费者提供多种选择。 消费信用的发展前景广阔,但发展的的道路还很漫长,其进程受到信用体系建设、居民消费观念等许多方面因素的制约。为了促进消费信用健康快速地发展,我们应该在以下几个方面做好保障性工作。 (一) 加强宣传,改变传统消费观念 在我国市场经济已步入买方市场的情况下,提倡适度负债消费显得十分重要。因此,必须加大宣传力度,引导居民转变“无债一身轻”的消费观念,实现从无债消费转变到适度负债消费,逐步提高居民的消费信用水平。我国居民信贷意识还比较薄弱,金融信贷知识还比较贫乏,所以增强消费者的信用观念、信贷知识和金融知识,是发展消费信贷和扩大内需的重要条件之一。 此外,对银行和其他金融机构来说,也要逐步增大对个人授信业务的比重,转变重工商信贷、轻消费信贷的观念,充分认识消费信贷对发展金融信贷、发展社会经济的作用,加大力度宣传发展消费信贷的政策导向、市场导向及其操作办法,加强业务咨询服务。 (二) 调整收入分配政策,提高居民的实际收入水平 居民实际收入水平的高低,直接影响着消费信贷发展的程度。因此,国家在收入政策上应采取增加收入的措施,保证城乡居民收入有一个合理的增长幅度;在分配政策上要进一步缩小收入差距,加快建立、健全社会保障体系,从而改变居民的收入和消费预期,以刺激消费的合理增长。 (三) 建立消费信贷的信用风险防范体系 信用风险防范的水平直接影响到消费信贷开展的成败。当前个人消费信贷发展不快,主要问题不在银行,而在于外部环境不完善、不配套。但银行在消费信贷发展中,应有超前意识,充分利用现有条件,通过金融手段推动个人消费健康发展。 1、尽快建成个人信用制度。除了建立公民基础信息数据库之外,还应加快公民基础信息与银行信贷信息的整合,尽快建立和推广适合我国国情的个人信用风险评分模型和消费信贷电脑审批系统,组建地区性、全国性的个人资信调查评估事务所或个人信用调查公司,对被调查人的收入状况等进行持续的调查服务,建立借款人的信用数据模型,积累信息并定期进行分析,同时将银行与政府等其他部门联系起来,探询信息共享之路。针对中国目前的情况,一是要尽快出台有关法律,以明确其服务对象、市场准入与退出规范、经营范围、赔偿机制等;二是要培养一批高素质且具有专业知识的个人资信评估从业人员,以促进评估的成熟性与权威性;三是要制定统一的评估标准,增强各评估结果的可比性,防止评估机构间的不正当竞争;四是要建立行业协会,加强行业自律和评估的自身建设。 2、完善担保制度。我们应借鉴发达国家的经验,逐步健全个人消费信贷担保体系,降低消费信贷风险。首先,应完善担保法,增加有关消费信贷的规定;其次,应培育规范的住房二级市场,使抵押的房产能够方便地变现;再次,银行应与保险公司紧密合作,将消费信贷与人寿保险、财产保险、履约保证保险结合起来,降低风险;最后,可研究由政府出面组建消费信贷担保公司,为消费信贷,尤其是长期消费信贷提供担保。 (四) 完善社会保障制度 目前,社会保障制度的社会化程度远远不够,无法完全解除人们的后顾之忧,那么建立商业性和强制性相结合的社会保障统筹体系,就显得非常迫切。因此,应当把建立完善覆盖城市全体居民的社会保障体系作为一项十分紧迫的任务抓紧抓好,对农村社会保障体系的建设也要有重点有步骤地进行。 (五) 加强专业人员的培训 消费信贷业务的从业人员不仅需要熟悉现代专业知识,还必须具有银行储蓄、结算、融资、理财知识和市场调研及人际沟通的能力,即成为“全能型”的综合人才。由于我国的消费信贷才刚刚起步,业务人员来自各个部门,人员素质参差不齐,整体偏低。因此,加强从业人员的培训工作尤为迫切。
摘要:信用卡作为一种现代化的支付工具,其本身带有一定的风险性。如何有效地防范和化解信用一卡业务风险,减少发卡行损失,促进信用卡业务的健康发展,就成各信用卡发行机构共同探讨的重要课题。为此讨论了信用卡中的风险防范。关键词:银行;信用卡;风险;防范1银行信用卡的风险特点透支风险透支风险在信用卡风险中透支风险尤以恶意透支为严重,这些持卡人无视信用卡章程规定,欺银行不是国家权力机关不能绳之以法,利用银行信用卡结算,传递时间差冒险做案,侥幸逃窜,消遥法外,盲目自乐。风险一般来讲客户在办理信用卡时总是很直观地与储蓄存折、存单相比较。确实信用卡与存单、存折有许多功能相似之处,但又有与其相比更多的优点和更大的风险。存单、存折万一丢失,客户只要到办理存款的银行办理挂失即可阻止风险,而信用卡不慎丢失客户挂失后发卡银行则要上报总行迅速通知到全国成千上万个受理点和物约商户止付。然而由于使用信用卡出示的身份证有效期二十年之久,其年限跨度之大,使繁忙的银行和商户工作人员往往难以辨认身份证照片真伪,且冒用者只要在签字上略施小计便可蒙混过关巧取豪夺而后溜之,致使挂失后风险仍然存在。征信风险由于目前对于个人信用体系建设的滞后,导致银行在办理信用卡授信过程中信息不对称,同一申请人可以在不同的银行间多头授信,并缺少对过度授信的有效监测手段,为个别信用不良者恶意透支开了绿灯,形成过度授信,导致授信风险。同时,由于信用卡业务竞争中,放松了对持卡人的信用调查,对于信用卡申请者的个人资信审查也越来越流于形式,致使新推出的可透支信用卡在发卡量迅速上升的同时,恶意透支的持卡者的数量也在急剧上升,增加了信用卡业务产生坏账的风险。个人风险个人风险主要表现为信用卡持有人安全用卡意识不强,信用卡丢失后不及时挂失;密码设置过于简单或使用生日、电话号码作为密码,丢失后很容易被破译或被熟悉的人掌握等。捡拾他人信用卡后取款的情形占到信用卡案件总数的一半以上的情况,充分说明持卡人安全用卡的意识有待加强。2防范银行信用卡风险的措施强化立法控制发达国家对于银行卡交易的高度依赖是建立在高度成熟和完善的信用体系和法制基础之上的,我国应尽快建立和完善信用体系并健全法制。一是加快信用卡运行规则的立法,进一步规范信用卡业务;二是加快打击信用卡犯罪的立法现行刑法中只是对于使用伪造的信用卡等四种情况进行处罚,但是根据近几年来信用卡犯罪的新特点,还应该把领信用卡非法盗取他人信用卡信息等行为纳入刑事处罚的范畴,进一步净化信用卡的用卡环境。完善内控监督信用卡风险产生的其根本在于操作不规范,风险管理技术手段落后。因此,必须加强风险防范基础管理,有效降低信用卡经营风险。(1)完善标准化的业务流程,严格制度操作。一方面,按照银行卡业务管理办法%和信用卡章程及制度规定,严格业务流程,规范操作程序,注重加强对受理申请人证件审查,避免违法或者人为的违规操作。另一方面,随着跨行业务的快速发展及各商业银行和银联系统的逐步集中,对技术标准中不能适应发展要求的与业务规范不一致,影响业务开展的制度规定进行完善,规范标准,提高可操作性。(2)建立多级控制体系,在落实岗位责任,完善信用卡风险管理体系的基础上,实行风险防范责任制,明确分解各业务环节风险责任,加大考核奖惩力度,严格内部管理,使每一个业务人员和每一个操作环节都受到有效的控制和制约,防止见错不纠或放纵。(3)建立健全信用卡签发审查和使用监督制度。要加强对申请人的收入状况的审查,加强对担保人或担保单位的信誉状况及偿还能力的审查。信用卡发行者要对申请持卡人进行人工调查或发卡行建立数据库。发卡行严格控制信用卡透支用途、最长期限、最高额度和利率档次等规定,对各种不同类型的持卡人规定不同的透支额度,而且各个持卡人的透支额度可以因职业、教育水平和信誉状况不同而不同,规定持卡人一次消费的最高额度依持卡人的信用状况而动态确定,出现透支应及时收取本息。健全风险转化机制(1)严格信用卡担保制度。信用卡担保是信用卡业务中重要的一环。要逐步缩小信用担保、增大抵押担保的比例。资金担保一般属有价证券担保,应列表外科目核算,存单抵押应是本行开列的存单,由营业网点专夹保管,不得给予挂失和提前支取。(2)建立信用卡呆帐准备金机制。由于信用卡是集消费与信贷于一体的结算工具,有些透支发生逾期或呆帐损失是难以避免的,因而应按上年度末信用卡吸存余额的一定比例提取呆帐准备金,实行专户管理,以便风险发生后,可按规定数报批列支弥补。(3)建立信用卡保险机制。积极向保险公司投保,由社会来分担信用卡业务的风险,是银行信用卡管理的重要方式。一方面,让持卡人参加保险,使信用卡挂失后短期内的风险由社会承担,并规定保险与信用卡有效期同步,一旦信用卡遗失、被盗或被冒领而造成的损失由保险公司按比例赔偿另一方面发卡机构与保险公司协商,确定责任范围,按规定缴纳一定的保险费,当发生风险损失时,由保险公司负责赔偿。养成安全用卡的良好习惯信用卡持有人应避免信用卡密码设置过于简单化,以生日、电话号码等易被人掌握或猜测的数字作为密码;在ATM提款时要注意周围有无异常人或物,输入密码时用手在键盘上方进行必要的遮挡,防止密码被偷窥;一旦发生ATM吞卡情况,不要轻信机器旁边张贴的信息,而要及时与开户银行联系,寻求帮助;在刷卡消费时,信用卡不要离开自己的视线等。参考文献[1]张德芬.论信用卡法律关系的独立性与牵连性[J].河北法学,2005,4:59.[2]宋小桃,王宏芹.关于银行持卡人权益保护的法律思考[J].经济论坛,2005,10:64-65.[3]武剑.中国银行业实施内部评级法的前景分析与策略选择[J].国际经济评论,2003,2:40-43.[4]谢罗奇,李小林.我国商业银行操作风险及其防范对策探析[J].石家庄经济学院学报,2006,(4):483-487.