英文演讲:奥巴马演讲 公布抗击艾滋病战略1 THE PRESIDENT: Hello, everybody! Hello! (Applause.) Hello. Hello, hello, hello. Hello. Well, good evening, everybody. This is a pretty feisty(活跃的,吵闹的) group here. (Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: We love you, President!THE PRESIDENT: Love you back. Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. Well, it is a privilege(特权,优待) to speak with all of you. Welcome to the White me begin by welcoming the Cabinet Secretaries who are here. I know I saw at least one of them, Kathleen Sebelius, our outstanding Secretary of Health and Human Services. (Applause.) I want to thank all the members of Congress who are present and all the distinguished guests(贵宾) that are here -- that includes all of particular, I want to recognize Ambassador Eric Goosby, our Global AIDS Coordinator. (Applause.) Eric’s leadership of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is doing so much to save so many lives around the world. He will be leading our delegation to the International AIDS Conference in Vienna next week. And so I’m grateful for his outstanding service. (Applause.)And I want to also thank the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. (Applause.) Thank you -- and the Federal HIV Interagency Working Group for all the work that they are doing. So thank you very much. (Applause.)Now, it’s been nearly 30 years since a CDC publication called Morbidity(发病率,病态) and Mortality Weekly Report first documented five cases of an illness that would come to be known as HIV/AIDS. In the beginning, of course, it was known as the “gay disease” –- a disease surrounded by fear and misunderstanding; a disease we were too slow to confront and too slow to turn back. In the decades since -– as epidemics have emerged in countries throughout Africa and around the globe -– we’ve grown better equipped, as individuals and as nations, to fight this activists, researchers, community leaders who’ve waged a battle against AIDS for so long, including many of you here in this room, we have learned what we can do to stop the spread of the disease. We’ve learned what we can do to extend the lives of people living with it. And we’ve been reminded of our obligations to one another -– obligations that, like the virus itself, transcend(胜过,超越) barriers of race or station or sexual orientation or faith or the question is not whether we know what to do, but whether we will do it. (Applause.) Whether we will fulfill those obligations; whether we will marshal(整理,引领) our resources and the political will to confront a tragedy that is of us are here because we are committed to that cause. We’re here because we believe that while HIV transmission rates in this country are not as high as they once were, every new case is one case too many. We’re here because we believe in an America where those living with HIV/AIDS are not viewed with suspicion, but treated with respect; where they’re provided the medications and health care they need; where they can live out their lives as fully as their health we’re here because of the extraordinary men and women whose stories compel(强迫,迫使) us to stop this scourge(鞭,灾祸) . I’m going to call out a few people here -- people like Benjamin Banks, who right now is completing a master’s degree in public health, planning a family with his wife, and deciding whether to run another half-marathon. Ben has also been HIV-positive for 29 years -– a virus he contracted during cancer surgery as a child. So inspiring others to fight the disease has become his ’re here because of people like Craig Washington, who after seeing what was happening in his community -– friends passing away; life stories sanitized(消毒,使清洁) , as he put it, at funerals; homophobi(对同性恋的恐惧) , all the discrimination that surrounded the disease –- Craig got tested, disclosed his status, with the support of his partner and his family, and took up the movement for prevention and awareness in which he is a leader ’re here because of people like Linda Scruggs. (Applause.) Linda learned she was HIV-positive about two decades ago when she went in for prenatal care. Then and there, she decided to turn her life around, and she left a life of substance abuse behind, she became an advocate for women, she empowered them to break free from what she calls the bondage(奴役,束缚) of secrecy. She inspired her son, who was born healthy, to become an AIDS activist ’re here because of Linda and Craig and Ben, and because of over 1 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS and the nearly 600,000 Americans who’ve lost their lives to the disease. It’s on their behalf -– and on the behalf of all Americans -– that we began a national dialogue about combating AIDS at the beginning of this recent months, we’ve held 14 community discussions. We’ve spoken with over 4,200 people. We’ve received over 1,000 recommendations on the White House website, devising an approach not from the top down but from the bottom today, we’re releasing our National HIV/AIDS Strategy, which is the product -- (applause) -- which is the product of these conversations, and conversations with HIV-positive Americans and health care providers, with business leaders, with faith leaders, and the best policy and scientific minds in our , I know that this strategy comes at a difficult time for Americans living with HIV/AIDS, because we’ve got cash-strapped states who are being forced to cut back on essentials, including assistance for AIDS drugs. I know the need is great. And that’s why we’ve increased federal assistance each year that I’ve been in office, providing an emergency supplement this year to help people get the drugs they need, even as we pursue a national strategy that focuses on three central goal: prevention. We can’t afford to rely on any single prevention method alone, so our strategy promotes a comprehensive approach to reducing the number of new HIV infections -– from expanded testing so people can learn their status, to education so people can curb risky behaviors, to drugs that can prevent a mother from transmitting a virus to her support our new direction, we’re investing $30 million in new money, and I’ve committed to working with Congress to make sure these investments continue in the future.
爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1] This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.[2][3] This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily is now a pandemic.[4] In 2007, an estimated million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it killed an estimated million people, including 330,000 children.[5] Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa,[5] retarding economic growth and destroying human capital.[6] Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century.[7] AIDS was first recognized by the . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified by American and French scientists in the early 1980s.[8]Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no vaccine or cure. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[9] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS epidemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS.[10] HIV affects nearly every organ system. People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer and cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss.[11][12] The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient infections X-ray of Pneumocystis jirovecii caused pneumonia. There is increased white (opacity) in the lower lungs on both sides, characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumoniaPneumocystis pneumonia (originally known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and still abbreviated as PCP, which now stands for Pneumocystis pneumonia) is relatively rare in healthy, immunocompetent people, but common among HIV-infected individuals. It is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. Before the advent of effective diagnosis, treatment and routine prophylaxis in Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, it is still one of the first indications of AIDS in untested individuals, although it does not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per µL of blood.[13]Tuberculosis (TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is transmissible to immunocompetent people via the respiratory route, is easily treatable once identified, may occur in early-stage HIV disease, and is preventable with drug therapy. However, multidrug resistance is a potentially serious problem. Even though its incidence has declined because of the use of directly observed therapy and other improved practices in Western countries, this is not the case in developing countries where HIV is most prevalent. In early-stage HIV infection (CD4 count >300 cells per µL), TB typically presents as a pulmonary disease. In advanced HIV infection, TB often presents atypically with extrapulmonary (systemic) disease a common feature. Symptoms are usually constitutional and are not localized to one particular site, often affecting bone marrow, bone, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, liver, regional lymph nodes, and the central nervous system.[14]Gastrointestinal infectionsEsophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the esophagus (gullet or swallowing tube leading to the stomach). In HIV infected individuals, this is normally due to fungal (candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus) infections. In rare cases, it could be due to mycobacteria.[15]Unexplained chronic diarrhea in HIV infection is due to many possible causes, including common bacterial (Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria or Campylobacter) and parasitic infections; and uncommon opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and viruses,[16] astrovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus and cytomegalovirus, (the latter as a course of colitis). In some cases, diarrhea may be a side effect of several drugs used to treat HIV, or it may simply accompany HIV infection, particularly during primary HIV infection. It may also be a side effect of antibiotics used to treat bacterial causes of diarrhea (common for Clostridium difficile). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is thought to be a reflection of changes in the way the intestinal tract absorbs nutrients, and may be an important component of HIV-related wasting.[17]Neurological and psychiatric involvementHIV infection may lead to a variety of neuropsychiatric sequelae, either by infection of the now susceptible nervous system by organisms, or as a direct consequence of the illness is a disease caused by the single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii; it usually infects the brain, causing toxoplasma encephalitis, but it can also infect and cause disease in the eyes and lungs.[18] Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the meninx (the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. It can cause fevers, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may also develop seizures and confusion; left untreated, it can be multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease, in which the gradual destruction of the myelin sheath covering the axons of nerve cells impairs the transmission of nerve impulses. It is caused by a virus called JC virus which occurs in 70% of the population in latent form, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, as is the case for AIDS patients. It progresses rapidly, usually causing death within months of diagnosis.[19]AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of HIV infected brain macrophages and microglia. These cells are productively infected by HIV and secrete neurotoxins of both host and viral origin.[20] Specific neurological impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and are associated with low CD4+ T cell levels and high plasma viral loads. Prevalence is 10–20% in Western countries[21] but only 1–2% of HIV infections in India.[22][23] This difference is possibly due to the HIV subtype in India. AIDS related mania is sometimes seen in patients with advanced HIV illness; it presents with more irritability and cognitive impairment and less euphoria than a manic episode associated with true bipolar disorder. Unlike the latter condition, it may have a more chronic course. This syndrome is less often seen with the advent of multi-drug and malignancies Kaposi's sarcomaPatients with HIV infection have substantially increased incidence of several cancers. This is primarily due to co-infection with an oncogenic DNA virus, especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV).[24][25]Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young homosexual men in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. Caused by a gammaherpes virus called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), it often appears as purplish nodules on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and B cell lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Burkitt's-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and primary central nervous system lymphoma present more often in HIV-infected patients. These particular cancers often foreshadow a poor prognosis. In some cases these lymphomas are AIDS-defining. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or KSHV cause many of these cancer in HIV-infected women is considered AIDS-defining. It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).[26]In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, such as Hodgkin's disease and anal and rectal carcinomas. However, the incidence of many common tumors, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, does not increase in HIV-infected patients. In areas where HAART is extensively used to treat AIDS, the incidence of many AIDS-related malignancies has decreased, but at the same time malignant cancers overall have become the most common cause of death of HIV-infected patients.[27]Other opportunistic infectionsAIDS patients often develop opportunistic infections that present with non-specific symptoms, especially low-grade fevers and weight loss. These include infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV can cause colitis, as described above, and CMV retinitis can cause blindness. Penicilliosis due to Penicillium marneffei is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.[28]
让我们携手一起预防艾滋病。下面是由我为大家整理的“艾滋病英文作文”欢迎阅读,仅供参考,希望对你有所帮助。
AIDS, stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a deadly disease. It malfunctions the human body's defence system, making the infected person extremely vulnerable to diseases, and eventually cause death.
AIDS can be spread in many ways, but the main medium is through having unprotected intercourse with an infected person. Apart from that, AIDS can spread from mother to new born baby, or sharing of needles, shaving blades, or any means of blood contact.
Once infected, it may take years for the person to notice, and in these years, the infected person may not know and can infect many more, who in turn go and infect others, just like an exponential growth.
艾滋病是一种致命的疾病,它代表了获得性免疫缺陷综合症。它破坏人体的防御系统,使感染者极易感染疾病,并最终导致死亡。
艾滋病可以通过多种方式传播,但主要媒介是通过与感染者进行无保护的性交。除此之外,艾滋病可以从母亲传染给新生婴儿,或者共用针头、刮胡刀或任何接触血液的方法。
一旦感染,人们可能需要几年才能注意到,在这些年里,受感染的人可能不知道并可能感染更多的人,而这些人又反过来感染其他人,就像一个指数增长。
Last Sunday all of our class with our class together with our head teacher went to a hospital to see an AIDS sufferer. We brought a bound of flowers and a basket of fruit m send to the patient. The female patient was very glad to see us. She told us that most of the people avoided seeing her since she was told that she carried the HIV virus. The doctor told us that the HIV virus wouldn't be infected through daily communication. People in China are often ignorant of the disease and look down upon those who suffer from AIDS. It is wrong.
During our stay there, we talked with the woman bout her family and our school life. Some students sent her books and their favorite CDs. She was greatly touched and said in tears that she would be optimistic and confident of the disease. Our teacher hugged her good bye and promised we would come to see her often.
On our way back to school, I was thinking that if everyone of us loves each other more and gives a hand when others are in trouble, the world will become more beautiful.
上星期日,我们班所有的同学和班主任一起去医院看艾滋病患者。我们带了一束鲜花和一篮子水果送到病人那里。那位女病人很高兴见到我们。她告诉我们,大多数人都避免看到她,因为有人告诉她她携带了艾滋病毒。医生告诉我们,HIV病毒不会通过日常通讯传染。中国人往往不了解疾病和看不起那些患有艾滋病。这是错的。
我们在那里逗留期间,我们和那个女人谈论她的家庭和学校生活。一些学生寄了她的书和他们最喜欢的CD。她感动极了,哭着说她对这病很乐观也很有信心。我们的老师拥抱了她,答应我们经常来看她。
在回学校的路上,我在想,如果我们每个人彼此爱得更多,在别人遇到麻烦时伸出援助之手,这个世界将会变得更加美丽。
Aids has become one of the most terrifying desease in todays's world. that if we don't take measures soon enough,the hole human race will be under siege!
To fight against Aids,we definitely need to work together.
we shall realize first of all,this kind of desease is never too far from ourselves,it is for every one of us to learn about neccesary ways to prevent it from happening.
People who had been infected should not never be regarded as criminals,in fact, many of them are just harmless as we this case,any forms of discrimination shall be regarded as illegal.
Furthermore, we must solve the problem through global cooperation, only if we stick together,can we possibly give Aids a final strike.
艾滋病已成为当今世界最可怕的疾病。如果我们不尽快采取措施,人类会被围攻!
为了防治艾滋病,我们一定要一起工作。
我们要实现首先,这种病是永远不会太远,从自己做起,这是我们每一个人去学习必要的方法来阻止它的发生。
受感染的人不应该被视为罪犯,事实上,他们中的许多人都是无害的,在这种情况下,任何形式的歧视都应被视为非法。
此外,我们必须通过全球合作解决这一问题,只有团结起来,才能使艾滋病获得最后的打击。
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