最近看了很多关于如何高效学习的方法,发现很多牛X的人都谈到他们的切身经验, 教别人 是一种高效的学习方式。我可能没有直接去教别人的环境和条件,但是我可以通过写文章的方式去教别人。因此,从今天起,我也会每天把我看到的一些东西,分享在上,一方面,是总结自己所学的东西,尽量能够讲的出来,讲的明白,另一方面,也希望把我学到和看到的东西分享给大家。这是我在上写的第一篇文章,写的不好,还请大家多多指教,希望以后能够越写越好^_^。 最近,我要写我的第一篇SCI学术论文,工欲善其事必先利器。我看到的很多人看起来非常拼命,努力,但是却没有什么效果,因为他们在用战术上的勤奋,掩盖战略上的懒惰。因此,首先,我会阅读大量的学术论文的写法的文章,站在巨人的肩膀上,不去重新发明轮子,我相信磨刀不误砍柴工。最近一周,我的计划就是研究清楚学术论文的写作方法,我会每天和大家分享我今天看到的内容和总结 本文的来源是 How to Write Your First Research Paper Author:Elena Kallestinova. 这篇文章写的很好,也挺烧脑的,看之前真没想到学术论文里面有这么多需要注意的东西。建议各位读者去搜英文原版去看,因为不同的人有不同的角度,有不同的理解,我这里只是从我个人的角度对这篇文章进行理解并进行总结。 下面,开始正题 该篇文章提出了写学术论文的 七个规则 ,我用思维导图画出来为各位读者提供一个整体的框架下面,我将沿着作者的思路,对各部分的内容进行更为详尽的阐述并进行总结 首先,作者明确传递了一个观念: 写文章是一件很困难的事情 建议: 1. 每天在时间表中安排 1到2个小时 的时间块进行写作,无论什么原因都要完成。 2. 挑选自己 最高效 的时间进行写作,作者提出对大多数人来说,早晨效率更高(可以尝试一下,当然也有些人晚上效率更高,不要拘泥),并且早晨做最困难的事情可以使得一天都充满成就感 写论文 最佳的策略 就是从大纲写起 列出大纲的 目的 : 1. 大纲可以帮助形成文章的结构 2.大纲可以帮助产生想法并且提出假设 3.大纲是一种最有效的和别人交流想法和交换意见的方式 4.可以明确自己要投哪一个出版社或杂志(投递之前可以建立一个投递优先级列表) 大纲形成的两个层次: Level 1:Level 2:对Level 1中提出的大纲添加内容和结构完成大纲后,下一步的任务是与同事和导师讨论你论文中的想法 这样做的 目的 : 1. 在比较早的阶段得到反馈,可以节省大量的时间 2. 和别人讨论有助于概念化和组织思想从而发现那些不必要的部分避免浪费时间 在完成大纲并得到反馈之后,就要开始真正的写作了建议: 1. 在写作的时候,把大纲 分成不同的文件 ,然后对每一个文件进行扩展,加入数据,并阐释细节 2. 在写第一版草稿时, 不要纠结于编辑 。不要停下来去选择更好的词或更好的短语或改善句子的结构。只需要淋漓尽致写下你的想法,把修改和编辑放在后边处理 3. 在正式写作之前不要过于担心,事实上,在开始写论文之前,通常已经得到实验数据,实验记录,实验设计,与结果相关的图表等,要做的只是把这些部分拼合成一篇综合性的论文 完成大纲之后,作者建议首先从论述 方法 的部分开始着手 目的: 尽可能明确地提供足够的细节和参考文献使得其他的研究人员能够评估和重复你的工作 举例: Bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation 上面这句话中关键信息缺失,使得别人无法知道你完成实验的条件。修改后的语句为 Bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation at 3000g for 15 min at 25°C. 建议: 1. 如果你的方法之前发表了,并且众所周知,你只需要提供参考文献即可。如果该方法未发表,就需要确保你提供足够的细节,如下面两个句子所示 a. Stem cells were isolated, according to Johnson [23]. b. Stem cells were isolated using biotinylated carbon nanotubes coated with anti-CD34 antibodies. 2.连贯性 和 流畅性 在这部分中非常重要。一种常见的不连贯和流畅就是在一段里 主动和被动语态的转换 ,会误导并且使读者分心。如下面这句话: Behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 were programmed by using E-Prime. We took ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods). The preferred and unpreferred status of the music was operationalized along a continuum of pleasantness 这句话的问题在于读者需要不断从实验的角度和实验者的角度转换。 有两种修改方式: a. We programmed behavioral computer-based experiments of Study1 by using E-Prime. We took ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods) as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music. We operationalized the preferred and unpreferred status of the music along a continuum of pleasantness. b. Behavioral computer-based experiments of Study 1 were programmed by using E-Prime. Ratings of enjoyment, mood, and arousal were taken as the patients listened to preferred pleasant music and unpreferred music by using Visual Analogue Scales (SI Methods). The preferred and unpreferred status of the music was operationalized along a continuum of pleasantness. 你如果读了这两段话,就可以发现,每一句都以“we”开头读起来也比较别扭。因此,如果要用主动语态的话,要保证“we”尽量的少,而且句子的开头应该不断改变 相比之下,用被动语态读起来就要顺畅很多,事实上,被动语态也是在方法描述部分被绝大多数作者采用的 3. 论述方法部分需要极度 精确 和 清晰 的表述,是一个细致的并且非常消耗时间的任务,因此在完成后,要尽可能多的从你的同事那里得到 反馈 ,这样可以帮助你辨别缺少的环节,完善这个部分的技术细节 如果别人对你的文章感兴趣,他们通常对你的结果感兴趣。因此,把你的关键发现用说明材料和文本有序地,有逻辑地呈现出来非常重要 建议: 1. 你的结论应该被组织成不同的分段或者章节,每一部分分别呈现 实验目的 , 实验方法 , 实验数据 (包括文本和图表,如表格,图形,原理图,算法,公式),以及 数据说明 。 数据说明 部分应该包含对图表中的有意义的总结以及对最重大发现的解释,这个解释不应该重复图表中的内容,而应该强调最重要的部分 注:在有些论文要求中,结果部分应该避免解释,把这部分内容留给讨论部分。但是,大部分杂志中用的是 结果/讨论 结构,结果后面紧跟解释 2. 在该章节中,建立一个综合的,具有数据支撑的论证。因此,需要在实验得到的数据中进行 筛选 ,仅选择那些对理解你的结果必须的实验数据 3. 在实验的结果中,千万 不要伪造 或者人为操作实验数据。如果你的一些结果与你的思想是矛盾的,你必须要提到这点,并且给出一个合理的解释 4. 你的结果部分 不要包含无关的和次要 的信息。这些冗余的信息会使得读者失去焦点。 (1)综述性的句子: To show our results, we first introduce all components of experimental system and then describe the outcome of infections. (2)加强词,比如“clearly,” “essential,” “quite,” “basically,” “rather,” “fairly,” “really,” “virtually”等等,这些词不仅冗余,而且降低了结果的可信度,比如下面句子 Table 3 clearly shows that …(3)名词化,比如从动词和与变化规则的动词搭配的形容词得到的名词,包括“be,” “have,” “do,” “make,” “cause,” “provide,” 和 “get”,还有 结构如there is/are。比如下面的句子 a. We tested the hypothesis that there is a disruption of membrane asymmetry. b. In this paper we provide an argument that stem cells repopulate injured organs 上面两句中的“disruption”和“argument”不会增加句子的清晰表达,反而会使得句子混乱。 为了提升你的句子,要避免不必要的名词化,把被动语态的动词和结构改为主动直接的句子 对上面句子进行如下修改 a.We tested the hypothesis that the membrane asymmetry is disrupted. b.In this paper we argue that stem cells repopulate injured organs 在写 方法 部分的时候,我们可能在一定程度上对大纲中的内容进行了修改,因此,在写 引言 之前,根据 方法 部分对大纲进行一定的修改。更新的大纲有助于你修改 图表,主题,主要观点和目的 ,这些部分对引言都及其重要。引言部分在审稿的阶段起着重要作用,决定了你的审稿人和是否被录用。 引言写作三步法 :建议: 1.一些新手,不在引言部分列出主要成果,误以为审稿人会自己锁定到后面的章节自己去寻找,这是 完全错误的做法 。对于学术论文,为了使读者产生兴趣,要直接明确地在引言部分用一句话总结结果和方法2.有些作者低估了该部分的重要性,认为审稿人会略过这一部分,这也是 错误的想法 。这部分的主要目的是呈现你的贡献和成果的重要意义,因此需要明确清晰的描述本文的优点 3.引言部分不要太长,对大多数杂志, 250~600词 即可 对于 讨论 部分,每篇文章都有独特的发现和结果,因此这部分的长度,结构可能都不一样。但是也有一些通用的法则可以采用。 讨论 部分和 引言 部分不同之处在于,在引言部分,是从研究领域到具体问题,而在讨论部分,是从你的具体问题回到该研究领域。 讨论 部分的 目的 :将你的结果呈现在文中,并解释这些结果的意义,为什么重要 讨论 写作三步法建议: 1.在描述该部分的时候,不要表现出 自大 的样子,要客观的去描述 2.常见的起始句有“Our findings demonstrate . . .,” or “In this study, we have shown that . . .,” or “Our results suggest . . .” 3.在那些具有很多发现或者不止有一个研究问题的场合,应当 重申研究问题 然后给出该问题的答案 4.你对研究结果总结之后应该紧跟着这些发现的 重要意义 5.一个有用的技巧是在步骤1中提供 其他的合理解释 ,这可以使你不用陷入对结果的强行解释,并可以证明你是一个深思的,考虑周全的研究者 6.在这一部分,你的写作应该传递出 自信 和 权威 ,使用 主动语态 和 第一人称 , 表达 清晰,简洁 在完成了上面所有这些内容之后,你只完成了一半的任务。通常情况下,第一版草稿在各方面还差的很远,最后成功的可能性取决于你是否能够修改和编辑你的文章 文章的修改从 宏观 和 微观 两个角度完成 宏观 :包括对组织结构,内容以及流程的修改 微观 :包括对用词,句子结构,语法,标点,和拼写的修改 建议: 1. 宏观 角度最好的修改方式是通过修改文章的大纲来完成。大纲能够使你看清你的想法是否结构连贯,你的结果是否有逻辑的呈现,讨论部分的结果是否和引言部分的问题联系起来,发现是否有缺少的环节。 2.下一步是从头开始逐个修改每一个章节,作者建议一次修改的内容不要超过五页。在修改的时候,要克制去修改语法,单词,语句结构的冲动,专注于你的想法的 组织和逻辑 。有经验的研究者通常要比新手多做三倍的改变。 3. 微观 角度要彻底检查段落,语句,单词的形式。在检查的时候,没有必要也不建议从头到尾去检查 4. 微观 角度修改一个常用的技巧就是将文章 出声地读出来 ,可以读给自己,录音机或者同事朋友,这样你能更容易发现哪些地方不流畅,哪些句子不通顺 5.一个有用的修改技巧是发现你 常犯的错误 ,针对这些错误搜寻。建立一个列表把这些错误记录下来 6.一个有用的技巧是把文章打印下来,用铅笔在上面标注,修改在完成了上面的所有修改步骤之后,这时,就可以把你的论文拿给你的朋友,同事,导师去看,得到尽可能多的反馈,尤其是不是你这个领域人提出的意见。在学术论文的撰写中,修改 5~7版 是很正常的 之后,终于可以把你写好的论文提交 ^_^,之后就是等待结果
克隆技术有利有弊利:1. 克隆技术与遗传育种 Cloning technology and genetic breeding 在农业方面,人们利用“克隆”技术培育出大量具有抗旱、抗倒伏、抗病虫害的优质高产品种,大大提高了粮食产量。 In agriculture, the use of "cloning" technology has created a large number of drought and lodging resistance, high-quality high-yielding pest resistant varieties, greatly increased food production. 在这方面我国已迈入世界最先进的前列。 In this regard we have entered the forefront of the world's most advanced. 2. 克隆技术与濒危生物保护 Cloning technology and Endangered Wildlife 克隆技术对保护物种特别是珍稀、濒危物种来讲是一个福音,具有很大的应用前景。 Cloning technology, especially the protection of rare species, endangered species is a good news is, has great application prospect. 从生物学的角度看,这也是克隆技术最有价值的地方之一。 From the biological point of view, cloning is also one of the most valuable. 3. 克隆技术与医学 Cloning technology and medicine 在当代,医生几乎能在所有人类器官和组织上施行移植手术。 In modern times, doctors in almost all human organs and tissues on the purposes of transplantation. 但就科学技术而言,器官移植中的排斥反应仍是最为头痛的事。 However, in terms of science and technology, organ transplantation rejection remains the most headaches. 排斥反应的原因是组织不配型导致相容性差。 The reasons for rejection is a result-based organizations do not deserve poor compatibility. 如果把“克隆人”的器官提供给“原版人”,作器官移植之用,则绝对没有排斥反应之虑,因为二者基因相配,组织也相配。 If the "human cloning" of organs available to the "original people" for use in organ transplants, the rejection of no concern, because the two genes match, match organizations. 问题是,利用“克隆人”作为器官供体合不合乎人道? The problem is that the use of "human cloning" as the organ donor is not combined with humanity? 是否合法? Legal? 经济是否合算? Economy is cost-effective? 克隆技术还可用来大量繁殖有价值的基因,例如,在医学方面,人们正是通过“克隆”技术生产出治疗糖尿病的胰岛素、使侏儒症患者重新长高的生长激素和能抗多种病毒感染的干挠素,等等。 Cloning technology can also be used to the large population of valuable genes, for example, in medicine, it is through the "cloning" technology to produce insulin to treat diabetes, dwarfism patients so long to re-growth and high resistance to multiple virus infection Su-torsion of the stem, and so on. 4. 生长周期短,遗传性状稳定 Short growth cycle, the stability of genetic traits 5 克隆技术可解除那些不能成为母亲的女性的痛苦。 5 cloning technology are able to remove those who can not become a mother, the suffering of women. 6克隆实验的实施促进了遗传学的发展,为“制造”能移植于人体的动物器官开辟了前景。 6 cloning experiment has promoted the implementation of the development of genetics, in order to "create" can be transplanted into the human body opens up the prospect of animal organs. 7克隆技术也可用于检测胎儿的遗传缺陷。 7 cloning technology can also be used to detect fetal genetic defects. 将受精卵克隆用于检测各种遗传疾病,克隆的胚胎与子宫中发育的胎儿遗传特征完全相同。 Cloning of the fertilized eggs for the detection of a variety of genetic diseases, cloning of embryos and the developing fetus in utero is identical to genetic characteristics. 8 克隆技术可用于治疗神经系统的损伤。 8 cloning technology can be used for the treatment of nervous system damage. 成年人的神经组织没有再生能力,但干细胞可以修复神经系统损伤。 Adults, there is no regeneration of nerve tissue, but stem cells can repair the nervous system injury. 9 在体外受精手术中,医生常常需要将多个受精卵植入子宫,以从中筛选一个进入妊娠阶段。 9 In the in vitro fertilization and surgery, doctors often need to be a number of fertilized eggs implanted into the uterus to draw into the pregnancy stage of screening. 但许多女性只能提供一个卵子用于受精。 However, many women only have one egg for fertilization. 通过克隆可以很好地解决这一问题。 Through cloning can solve this problem. 这个卵细胞可以克隆成为多个用于受精,从而大大提高妊娠成功率。 Cloning of the egg cell can become more than used for fertilization, which greatly improved the success rate of pregnancy.植物的克隆 许多植物都有先天克隆的本领。例如,从一棵大柳树上剪下几根枝条插进土里,枝条就会长成一株株活泼可爱的小柳树;把马铃薯切成许多小块种进地里,就能收获许多新鲜的马铃薯;把仙人掌切成几块,每块落地不久就会生根,长成新的仙人掌……此外,一些植物可以通过压条或嫁接培育后代。凡此种种,都是植物的克隆。Plant Cloning Many plants have the innate ability to clone. For example, from the willow tree branches cut into several territories, the branches on the president into a lovely small willow; the potatoes and cut into many small pieces of land, will be able to harvest a number of fresh potatoes ; the cactus into a few, each floor will soon take root, grow into new cactus ... ... In addition, some plants by layering or grafting nurture future generations. All these are plants of the clone.弊:1. 生态层面,克隆技术导致的基因复制,会威胁基因多样性的保持,生物的演化将出现一个逆向的颠倒过程,即由复杂走向简单,这对生物的生存是极为不利的。 Ecological level, the cloning of the gene lead to reproduction, may threaten the maintenance of genetic diversity, biological evolution would be a reverse of the reverse process, that is, from complex to simple organisms which produce an adverse effect on survival.2. 文化层面,克隆人是对自然生殖的替代和否定,打破了生物演进的自律性,带有典型的反自然性质。 Cultural level, human cloning is an alternative to natural reproduction and the negative, to break the biological evolution of self-regulation, with the typical nature of the anti-natural. 与当今正在兴起的崇尚天人合一、回归自然的基本文化趋向相悖。 With today's emerging advocating harmony between man and nature, back-to-nature trend that runs counter to the basic culture.3. 哲学层面,通过克隆技术实现人的自我复制和自我再现之后,可能导致人的身心关系的紊乱。 Philosophical level, the adoption of cloning technology to achieve self-replication and self-reproduction, it may lead to the relationship between people's physical and mental disorders. 人的不可重复性和不可替代性的个性规定因大量复制而丧失了唯一性,丧失了自我及其个性特征的自然基础和生物学前提。 People can not be repetitive and non-substitutable because of a large number of personality and loss of the only copy, and loss of self and personality characteristics of the natural basis and prerequisite for biology.4. 血缘生育构成了社会结构和社会关系。 Reproductive blood constitutes the social structure and social relations. 为什么不同的国家、不同的种族几乎都反对克隆人,原因就是这是另一种生育模式,现在单亲家庭子女教育问题备受关注,就是关注一个情感培育问题,人的成长是在两性繁殖、双亲抚育的状态下完成的,几千年来一直如此,克隆人的出现,社会该如何应对,克隆人与被克隆人的关系到底该是什么呢? Why do different countries, different races to oppose almost all human cloning because it is a reproductive mode, single-parent families in their children's education is the issue of concern is the issue of concern to cultivate a sentiment, the growth of human reproduction in the sexes, both parents under the care of the state, thousands of years has been the case, the emergence of human cloning, how to deal with the social, human cloning and the cloning of human beings in the end of the relationship between what is it?5. 身份和社会权利难以分辨。 Identity and social rights, it is difficult to distinguish. 假如有一天,突然有20个儿子来分你的财产,他们的指纹、基因都一样,该咋办?是不是要像汽车挂牌照一样在他们额头上刻上克隆人川A0001、克隆人川A0002之类的标记才能识别。 If one day, suddenly, there will be 20 minutes of your son to the property, and their fingerprints are the same gene, the咋办? Is not the same as the car listed according to their forehead bearing human cloning Kawasaki A0001, Kawasaki A0002 human cloning like to identify the tag.6. 可能支持克隆人的人有一个观点:解决无法生育的问题。 Support for human cloning may have a point: to solve the problem of fertility can not be. 但一个没有生育能力的人克隆的下一代还会没有生育能力。 However, a person unable to have children of the next generation of cloning will not fertility.你自认为优秀,可克隆出的人除血型、相貌、指纹、基因和你一样外,其性格、行为可能完全不同,你能保证克隆人会和你一样优秀而不误入歧途吗?在克隆人研究中,如果出现异常,有缺陷的克隆人不能像克隆的动物随意处理掉,这也是一个麻烦。因此在目前的环境下,不仅是观念、制度,包括整个社会结构都不知道怎么来接纳克隆人。You think best, the people can be cloned in addition to blood type, physical appearance, fingerprints, genetic, and like you, its personality, behavior may be totally different, you can guarantee that human cloning would be good like you do not go astray? In cloning one study, if abnormal, flawed human cloning animal cloning can not be arbitrarily disposed of, this is a trouble. Therefore in the current environment, not only is the concept of system, including the entire social structure do not know how to accept human cloning.7 .根据信息克隆生物有早衰性,"多利"也是,因而已逝世. According to information there is premature aging of biological cloning, "Victoria" is also, so have already passed away.8 .生命不再宝贵! 8. Life is no longer valuable! ! ! ! !反对者言之凿凿:“克隆人”的出现将对现有社会的家庭结构、伦理体系造成巨大冲击;会成为恐怖主义分子犯罪的工具;制造大量基因结构完全相同的“克隆人”可能诱发新型疾病的广泛传播;就目前技术而言,无法保证“克隆”的安全性,可能出现流产、早产、死胎、畸形等不良结果等等。尖刻的批评者说,在创造出一个健康的“克隆人”之前,科学家们可能会先造出成百上千的畸形儿。不管克隆人类的目的是什么,这个行动本身会把人的生命沦为商品,一种只是为了某人的方便随便制造、毁灭的商品 Cloning, regardless of intent, reduces human life to a commodity that is created and destroyed for convenience. 在去年8月联合国大会上,美国总统布什呼吁全面禁止克隆活动。他说:“人的生命,不应为另一个人的利益,被创造或毁灭。”In the United Nations General Assembly in August last year, former U.S. President George W. Bush called for a comprehensive ban on human cloning activities. He said: "human life should not be for the interests of another person, being created or destroyed."一位美国的科学家向外界透露 ,动物克隆实践中通常会有几百次失败才能制造出一个活的胚胎,克隆人成功的关键在于遗传信息的稳定性。实验将在一个地中海城市进行。An American scientist said to the outside world, the practice of animal cloning are usually hundreds of times a failure to create a living embryo, human cloning is key to the success of the stability of genetic information. Experiments will be conducted in a Mediterranean city. 在克隆人真正出世前,人们最好不要妄下结论,我们有必要把存在脑中的错误结论纠正过来。Human cloning really born in the former, it is best not to jump to conclusions, we need to erroneous conclusions about the existence of the brain to put things right. 1.一个克隆人不是一个正常人 不管克隆技术怎样发展,克隆人怎样产生,都是人,与被克隆人实质上是存在着年龄差的同胞胎,正是这一点让人们觉得很难应对克隆人出现的伦理关系。1. A human cloning is not a normalRegardless of how the development of cloning technology, cloning, how people are people, with human cloning is essentially the existence of fellow fetal age difference is that people find it difficult to deal with emerging human cloning ethics. 2.克隆创造人,在充当“上帝”的职责 克隆并不能创造生命,克隆只是从现在的生命中创造生命。2. Cloning to create people, to serve as "God" of the dutiesCloning does not create life, cloning, only from the current of life to create life. 3.克隆不是一种自然过程 克隆利用自然存在的生育程序,虽然有人说克隆并不是生育的一种自然形式,但可以说它是借助人造环境的生育过程。3. Cloning is not a natural processCloning of the existence of the use of natural reproductive process, although some people say that cloning is not a natural form of childbirth, but they can say it is man-made environment with the reproductive process. 4.克隆人没有心灵 克隆人同正常人一样有情感和感受,但克隆人的情感和被克隆人并不一样。一个广为人知的例子就是克隆希特勒,他是否会制造一场屠杀浩劫?虽然一个人的性格一部分由基因决定,是天生的,但外部环境对形成一个人的性格起更大作用。如果克隆的希特勒生活在现在的美国,这时全世界都是处于稳定繁荣状态,这个希特勒与生活在战后的德国充满仇恨和一片废墟的希特勒性格是不一样的。4. There is no heart of human cloningHuman cloning, as with the normal emotions and feelings, but feelings of human cloning and human cloning are not the same. A well-known example is the cloning of Hitler, he will help to create a Holocaust catastrophe? Although the character of a person as part of the decision by the gene, are born, but the external environment for the formation of the character of a person to play a greater role. If the cloning of Hitler's life in the United States now, when the world is in a state of stability and prosperity, the life of Hitler and Germany in the post-war full of hatred and the ruins of Hitler's personality is not the same. 5.身体上任何一部分的细胞都可以用来克隆 不是,具体情况研究人员也不太说得清,他们认为,一种称为干细胞的细胞,制造起来较为方便。这种遍布全身的细胞,可以产生多种其他细胞,即使在头发上也可找到。 5. Any part of the body cells can be used to cloneNo, the specific circumstances of researchers is not very clear where we stand, in their view, a cell known as stem cells, manufacturing more convenient for them. Cells throughout the body that may give rise to a variety of other cells, even in the hair can also be found. 6.每人都能拥有克隆人 虽然克隆被认为是将来治疗不孕症的良方,但基本上讲,克隆还是父母制造的,并不是某个人就能随便克隆一下。许多人想可以让克隆人像奴隶一样做大量的工作,但不要忘记,克隆人同人一样有相同的权利和义务。6. Each person will have clonedAlthough cloning is considered a good way to the future treatment of infertility, but basically speaking, the parents created by cloning or not a person you can not clone. Many people would like to allow the slave the same as cloning portrait done, but do not forget that human cloning, like my colleagues have the same rights and obligations. 7.如果克隆植物人等等没有意识的人,克隆出来的器官可以提供给人类 一方面来讲,克隆无意识的人属于不道德行为,另一方面也要承认,克隆无意识的人需要更尖锐的知识与技术。意识并不具备能通过基因随便拿走的特性,也没有独立的DNA能决定意识是否存在。更进一步说,证明一个克隆人没有自我意识是非常困难的,即使是植物人,我们也得承认他内心还是有意识的。 有研究者理论上证实可以只克隆人的某些器官,科学家认为这样克隆出来的器官会同母体具备相同基因,这样在器官移植时排斥性会小。7. If the cloning of a vegetative state and so there is no awareness of the people, can be cloned to provide organs to humansOn the one hand, the cloning of the human unconscious acts are immoral, on the other hand, have to admit that cloning unconscious need more knowledge and skills sharp. Awareness does not have the gene can not take away the properties, there is no independent DNA to determine the existence of consciousness. Further said that human cloning is not a self-consciousness is very difficult, even in a vegetative state, we also have to admit that his heart is still conscious.In theory, researchers can confirm that human cloning only certain organs, scientists believe that such a cloned organ in the mother have the same genes, so that when the rejection of organ transplants will be small. 8.伟大的历史人物、英雄可以重生 目前克隆成人的技术是核细胞转移法,这一定要求合并两个活的细胞:卵子和含有想要复制的DNA的细胞,即使是冷冻的死人也不行,照目前来看,将来克隆死人的成功性并不大,即使这些人被克隆了,我们前面提过,他的性格发展与他生活的外部环境有不可分割的关系,所以克隆出来的希特勒不会像那个二战魔头希特勒,克隆的爱因斯坦也大概不会成为伟大的物理学家,从这个意义上讲,克隆他们并无意义。8. The great historical figures, heroes can be born againAt present, the cloning of adult cells in the transfer of nuclear technology is the law, this must be a merger of the two living cells: the egg and you want to copy the DNA containing cells, even the dead are not frozen line, according to the present situation, the future success of cloning the dead is not large, even if they were cloned, and we talked about in front of, his character development and his life is inseparable from the external environment, and therefore will not be cloned like that of Hitler in World War II Hitler魔头cloning love Feinstein is also unlikely to become a great physicist, in this sense, cloning will not be meaningful to them. 9.把人的细胞核放进绵羊的卵子里会有奇迹发生 这是不可能的,由于放进卵子里的遗传物质开始分裂之时,是依据卵子里的蛋白质所发出的指示工作,倘若卵子和DNA来自不同的物质,则有关的指示不能配合,就像人听不懂绵羊的语言一样。9. The human nucleus into a sheep's egg would be a miracle took place inThis is impossible, because the egg into the genetic material in the beginning of separation, it is the basis of egg protein in the instructions issued by the work, if the egg and the DNA from different substances, then the instructions are not in line with, like people do not understand the language, like sheep. 10.人可以无休止地被克隆 克隆羊多莉刚出生时,它的染色体却告诉我们:当它离开母体时,就已经有好几岁了。 苏格兰罗斯林研究院的科学家们对多莉的染色体做了仔细的研究,发现其染色体末端,即端粒,比同龄的普通绵羊短。科学家认为,端粒是决定细胞老化的主要因素,端粒越短的细胞越接近死亡。变短的端粒或许表明遗传的蓝本会随着时间流逝而老化,无休止地克隆一个动物是不可能的。10. People can be endlessly cloningDolly the cloned sheep was born, it is telling us that the chromosome: when it left its mother's body, it has been a good age.Scientists at Roslin Institute in Scotland of Dolly's chromosomes have done a careful study and found that chromosome ends, or telomeres than ordinary sheep short of the same age. Scientists believe that the decision of telomere cells is a major factor in aging, telomeres, the shorter the closer the death of the cells. Telomere shortening may indicate that the genetic blueprint will be aging with the passage of time, endlessly cloning an animal is impossible.目前的克隆技术,只能克隆生命的肉体而已,并不能克隆生命的“灵魂”。也就是说,克隆出来的人无感情,以前学过的东西、遇过的... At present, cloning technology, cloning can only physical life but life can not be cloned "soul." In other words, the cloned person who, without the feelings of the past, learned things, come across the ...在实践中,克隆动物的成功率还很低,维尔穆特研究组在培育“多莉“的实验中,融合了277枚移植核的卵细胞,仅获得了“多莉”这一只成活羔羊,成功率只有0.36%,同时进行的胎儿成纤维细胞和胚胎细胞的克隆实验的成功率也分别只有1.7%和1.1%,即使是使用“檀香山”技术,以分化程度较低的卵丘细胞为核供体,其成功率也只有百分之几。In practice, the success rate of cloned animals is still very low, Wilmut Study Group in nurturing "Dolly" experiment, the convergence of the 277 egg cell nuclear transplantation, only the "Dolly" the only lamb survival, the success rate of only 0.36 percent, at the same time the fetal fibroblast cells and embryonic cells in cloning experiments were also the success rate of only 1.7% and 1.1%, even using the "Honolulu" technology to a lower degree of differentiation of cumulus cells for nuclear donor, the success rate of only a few per cent.另一方面,它将对生物多样性提出挑战。生物多样性是自然进化的结果,也是进化的动力,有性繁殖是形成生物多样性的重要基础,而“克隆动物”则会导致生物品系减少,个体生存能力下降。 On the other hand, it will challenge on biodiversity. Biological diversity is the result of natural evolution, but also the driving force of evolution, sexual reproduction is important to form the basis of biological diversity, and "cloned animals" will result in reduced biological strains, decreased the viability of the individual.
对于很多作者来说,“结果”部分远比“材料和方法”部分难写。但是,如果人们对你的论文感兴趣,那么他们一定会想知道你的研究结果如何。因此,写好“结果”部分非常重要,你需要运用所有写作技巧,使用说明性的材料和文字,逻辑清晰、结构有序、客观地陈述你的主要发现。接下来,易智编译将介绍结果部分的撰写策略。 结果部分应分为不同的部分或小节,每个部分需要列出实验目的,实验方法,实验数据——包括文本和感官数据(表格,图形,流程图,算法和公式),以及数据注释。对于大多数期刊,数据注释的意义在于对图表中数据表达的含义进行概括,以及对最重要的发现进行解释。这种解释不是重复图表中的数据,而是强调重要的信息点。我们这里提及的“结果”部分不包括对数据的理解,而将其留给“讨论”部分。但有些期刊的结构要求是结果与讨论一起写的,及results and discussions,这时你需要对数据进行描述和解释,请注意目标期刊的格式要求。 “结果”部分另一个重要方面是提供全面的支撑论据或经过充分研究的案例。这意味着你应该有选择地呈现数据,并且只选择那些重要的有说服力的实验细节。你可能进行了20多次实验并收集了许多实验记录,但这不意味着你要论文中展现所有这些记录。你需要去除掉过多的实验细节,这些细节可能会分散读者的注意力并使他们感到困惑。但是,也不能随意的处理或篡改数据,即便某些发现与你的假设相矛盾,也应该清楚地指出来,并给出解释得通的说法。 另外,结果部分的表述不应包含无关紧要的信息,包括概述性的语句,如示例1所示。 示例1 To show our results, we first introduce all components of experimental system and then describe the outcome of infections. 同时,冗长的句子需要精简,以方便读者对文章的理解。可缩减的词语包括不必要的强化副词。“clearly”、“essential”、“quite”、“basically”、“rather”、“fairly”、“really”及“virtually”等状语增强词不仅会增加句子的冗长性,还会降低结果的可信度。它们能引导读者的情绪,但缺乏客观性,不适合在学术论文中呈现,如示例2所示: 示例2 (1)Table 3 clearly shows that … (2)It is obvious from figure 4 that … 另外也包括名词化:与弱动词(“be”,“have”,“do”,“make”,“cause”,“provide”,“get”等)及“there is/are”配合使用的动词名词化和形容词名词化。 示例3 (1)We tested the hypothesis that there is a disruption of membrane asymmetry. (2)In this paper we provide an argument that stem cells repopulate injured organs. 在上面的句子中,抽象名词化“ disruption”和“ argument”并没有提高句子的清晰度,反而这些无用的词汇使句子更复杂,不利于理解。 要改善句子,请避免不必要的名词化,将其还原为动词形式。 (3)We tested the hypothesis that the membrane asymmetry is disrupted. (4)In this paper we argue that stem cells repopulate injured organs. “结果”部分是论文的核心,代表了你阶段性的研究成果。因此,你需要通过直接,简洁,清晰的句子来引导读者了解你要讲的故事。 以上就是易智编译对结果部分如何去撰写的相关介绍,用一句话来总结的话,就是在描述你的结果时要清晰,简洁和客观。
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