矮塔斜拉桥调索研究英文论文

A and B co-C-established a relatively complete theoretical system, the literature classified as "internal research" and "external studies" to lead the mainstream of Western Literary Theory. Close to its internal research and scientific literature on the nature to develop. A study within the literature of the existence of the discourse as the core ontology of literature. The "existence of literary works" in terms of, A theory after the Russian Formalism, the Prague School and the phenomenon of aesthetic abandon, eventually established his literary Ontology. He existence of literary works as "objects of experience"The existence of literary works should be a different way of absolutism and relativism "perspectivism" approach.

A and B co-authors C established A comparatively complete theoretical system, literature research is "internal research" and "external" leads the mainstream of western literary theories in the twentieth century. With its scientific research to the essence of literature and development. The internal research in the mode of existence of literary works of literature as A whole the core content of ontology. The existence of "literature", A theory of Russian formalism passed, the Prague school and the phenomenon of aesthetics, and finally establish the sublation of his literary ontology. He put the mode of existence of literary works, defined as "experience", the research object of literary works should adopt the mode of existence of a kind of different from absolute and relative perspective "of the method.

英语毕业论文参考文献的正文注释格式范文

英语毕业论文参考文献的正文注释格式范文

英语毕业论文参考文献注释格式范文

英语毕业论文参考文献注释格式范文

正文中的注释和参考文献是论文格式最为重要的部分，请论文作者逐条仔细阅读。建议先做好参考文献格式，再对照格式要求作夹注。

分脚注和夹注两种，。

1)脚注

正文内容如有需作出特别说明或解释之处以脚注的形式处理，编号格式设置为“○1,○2,○3…”，编号方式设置为“每页重新编号”，脚注会自动出现在当页正文下。字体采用默认值(小五号)。

2)夹注

对论文中的直接引用或间接引用部分所依据的文献以夹注的形式标出。夹注可以采用以下几种形式：

作者姓氏未在引文中出现，则夹注用括号标出作者姓氏，空一格字母再标出引文页码。为避免不必要的麻烦，中文作者用全名。

引用一位作者

“Time is no longer felt as an objective, causal progression with clearly marked-out differences between periods…” (Frank 20)

As the British novelist-critic Christine Brooke-Rose has put it, the novelists now have nothing new to tell since what should be told have been told altogether (Yin Qiping 33-35) .

引用两位作者

Medieval Europe was a place both of “raids, pillages, slavery, and extortion” and of “traveling merchants, monetary exchange, towns if not cities, and active markets in gain” (Townsend & Waugh 10-16).

作者有三个以上，

则在第一位作者的姓氏后写上et al.以示其余姓氏的省略，或列上全部姓氏，夹注中的形式应与参考文献中的形式保持一致。

Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff et al. 19-35).

Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff, Goldberger, & Tarule 15-20).

同姓作者

还需加名的开头字母予以区分，如：

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

文本中不指名列举持某一观点的'作者

Others hold the opposite point of view (e.g., Jakobson 9;Waugh 34)

作者姓氏在引文中出现，则只需用括号标出引文页码

Graff defines his recent book, Professing Literature, as “a history of academic literary studies in the United States” (10).

如在引文中提及整个文献及作者姓氏(不必夹注，但参考文献中要注明相关出版信息)

Slade’s revision of Form and Style incorporates changes made in the 1995 edition of the MLA Handbook.

集体作者如果组织名称太长，第一次提及时可采用全称后加注缩略

The annual report revealed substantial progress in fundraising (American Museum of Natural History 12, hereafter AMNH).

以后直接用缩略形式做夹注

The report surveys the major problems in fundraising (AMNH 15).

引用多卷本中的一卷

Between the years 1945 and 1972, the political party system in the United States underwent profound changes (Schlesinger, vol. 4).

Schlesinger pointed out the profound changes the political party system in the United States underwent between 1945 and 1972 (4: 98-104).

引文出自同一作者的不同文献

引用同一作者的两篇以上的文献, 可以分别以文献名全名(如果文献全名简短的话)或文献名的缩略形式(如果文献全名较长的话)注释。

文本中未出现引文作者姓氏，也未出现文献名的，夹注用括号标出作者姓氏，姓氏后加逗号，空一格字母标出带下划线的该作者的书名，书名后空一格字母标出引文页码，如：

Shakespeare’s King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, The Anatomy of Criticism 237).

文本中出现作者姓氏的，夹注用括号标出带下划线的该作者的书名，空一格字母再标出引文页码，如：

Shaughnessy points out that “the beginning writer does not know how writers behave” (Errors 79).

若引文出自杂志，则把文章名放在双引号内，空一格字母再标出引文页码，如：

Teachers applauded Shaughnessy’s assertion that “teaching them [beginning writers] to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy” (“Diving In” 68).

文本中既出现作者姓氏又出现该作者的书名或文章名，则只需标出引文页码

In The Age of Voltaire, the Durants portray eighteenth-century England as a minor force in the world of music and art (214-48).

一个夹注中涉及一篇以上文献

(Lauter 34; Crane 98)

...as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).

转引

Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2: 450)

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450)

引文来自于中文作者(对“孔子”等已有英文译名的必须使用标准译名，如Confucius 33; Mencius 22-25)

(Hu Zhuanglin 33)

(Zhu Xianzhi & Lin Chongde 89)

(Xu Guozhang et al. 33-35)

(Confucius 33)

短引文 (四行以内或诗歌三行以内)

引文须加双引号，括号内提供作者、页码(诗歌的话提供诗行)信息，标点符号在括号之后。如果问号、感叹号若是引文的一部分，则须放在引言内，否则，也放在括号之后。

According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).

Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?

诗行与诗行之间用“/”隔开，如：

Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there/ That's all I remember" (11-12).

长引文

如果引文较长，超过4行，拟另起一行，不加引号，左边缩进10个英文字母, 夹注紧随引文末尾，句点应放在引用括号之前。

At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:

The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186)

引文为两段或两段以上，或引文来自诗歌，或引文来自剧本，或引文附带译文，详细说明分别参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》82页;83-84页;85页;93页。注意引文来自诗歌等韵文时，可以篇次和行次代替夹注中的页码;引文来自剧本等文献时，以幕次、场次和行次代替页码。

引文中的添加与省略

在添加的词两头加“[ ]”。

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: “some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale” (78).

在省略的此处用省略号“…”代替，省略号前后各空一字母。

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that “some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale ... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs” (78).

词典词条

将词条在双引号中列出，后加 “def.”，空一字母后再加页码。

According to The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, “study” means “application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge, as by reading, investigation, or reflection” (“Study,” def. 1888).

5. 关于参考文献

说明：

1)参考文献部分以Times New Roman小四号正体加粗居中标明“Works Cited”列在正文后(或尾注后)，另页书写。“Works Cited”与第一个参考文献之间空一行。不得罗列同正文没有直接关系的文献，参考文献条目与引文夹注要对应。外文文献排列在前，以姓氏的首字母为序排列，中文文献排列在后，以姓氏的拼音为序排列。每条文献顶格写，回行时英文空5个字母，中文空两格。

2) 建议论文作者多使用英文原版图书和学术期刊文献。引用英文原版图书和学术期刊文献至少2本(篇)以上。

4)主要作者(编者、译者)采用姓在前，名在后的形式，作者姓与名之间用逗号分隔(中文姓名不用分隔);2人以内全部写上，第2 者起姓名按正常顺序，两个主要作者(编者、译者)之间英语的加“&”、中文的加 “、”三个主要作者(编者、译者)以上只写第一人再加“et al.”或“等”(中文)。

5)英文图书、期刊、报纸一律使用斜体，如果图书中包含作品名，作品名使用正体。例如：

Parkes, Adam. Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day. New York & London: Continuum, 2001.

6)中文图书等采用汉英对照形式，以便正文中统一按照英文模式(格式同英文文献)做夹注，列中文图书、期刊、报纸一律使用书名号，作者与作者之间用“、”号，英 语文 献中的句点在中文文献中用宋体字体下的逗号代替、冒号也要是宋体字体下的冒号，且汉字之间或标点与汉字之间没有空格。中文文献的英文模式须加“[ ]”，下面参考文献格式不再赘述。例如：

王守仁、方杰，《英国文学简史》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2006年。

[Wang Shouren & Fang Jie. A Concise History of English Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006.]

7)除了版本研究(如翻译版本对照研究)之外，不宜将同一本书的英文版本和中文版本同时列为参考文献。英 语文 学论文作者必须使用所研究作品的英文版本。

8) 非单行本短篇小说一般应参照文章格式处理，例如：

Joyce, James. “Araby.” Dubliners. London: Penguin, 1967.