发布时间：
figure和figure out是我和我的学生在写英文论文时常用的词汇，这两者都可以表示"计算"，但是两者在延伸含义和用法上存在着不同，具体如下：
一：含义解释
figure 英 [ˈfɪɡə(r)] 美 [ˈfɪɡjər] n.图形;数字;数字符号 v.是重要部分;是…的部分，推算
figure out 英 [ˈfɪɡə(r) aʊt] 美 [ˈfɪɡjər aʊt] 解决;算出;想出;理解;断定
相同点：两者都可用于表示"计算"。
不同点：figure多指对事物进行计算的结果；figure out 指的是算出,想出,理解的意思。
二：用法区分
“figure”：figure多用于对事物计算的结果，作为名词第三人称单复数同行。
“figure out ”：figure out是动词后接副词的结构，如果宾语是代词，只能放中间。
三：典型例句
1、figure
——It did not figure high on her list of priorities.
这没有列入她最优先考虑办理的事项。
——Last year's sales figures are illustrated in Figure 2.
图2显示了去年的销售数字。
——This year's sales figures go beyond all our expectations.
今年的销售额大大超过我们的预期。
2、figure out
——We can figure out a best solution for the problems.
我们可以想出一个最好的解决问题的方案。
——No one could figure out how he got to be so wealthy.
谁也不知道他怎么会变得如此富有。
——It took them about one month to figure out how to start the equipment
他们花了大约1个月的时间才搞清楚如何启动设备。
For instance/For example,Thus,However,Besides,Indeed,Though/althoughOn top of that,As far as...Even,Obviously,nonetheless,As a result,Likewise,Since,
1.The existence of time delay would deteriorate the performance of system or even be the important source of instability. 时滞的存在可能会破坏系统性能，甚至造成不稳定 2.Time delays are frequently encountered in many fields of science and engineering, and they are often a source of degradation in system performance or instability. 时滞现象频繁出现在许多科学和工程的领域中，并且它通常是导致系统性能下降或不稳定的原因。 3. In both delayed control and delayed measurement, the delay is usually considered undesirable since it has the tendency to deteriorate the system performance or even destabilize the system. 在具有延时的控制和测量中，时滞是不受待见的，因为它具有使系统性能恶化甚至使系统不稳定的趋势。 4. The last decade has shown an increasing research activity on time-delay and/or sampled-data systems analysis and control due to both emerging adapted theoretical tools and also practical issues in the engineering field and information technology (see Sipahi, Niculescu, Abdallah, Michiels, and Gu (2011) and Zhang, Branicky, and Phillips (2001) and references therein). 在过去的十年中，由于出现了新的适应性理论工具以及工程领域和信息技术领域的实际问题，因此在时延和/或采样数据系统分析和控制方面的研究活动不断增加（请参见Sipahi，Niculescu，Abdallah，Michiels ，以及Gu（2011）和Zhang，Branicky和Phillips（2001）以及其中的参考文献）。 5.Recently, there has been rapidly growing interest in the stability of the system with time-varying delays, which has strong background in engineering field , such as a networked control system, see for example [1,2]. 最近，时滞系统的稳定性问题引起了广泛的关注，这在工程领域有很强的背景，如网络控制系统 6.The derived delay-dependent criteria based on the LKF approach are usually expressed in forms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), whose conservatism is often judged by the upper bound of the time-varying delay.1.The method of Lyapunov-Krasovskii function (LKF) is one of the most popular approaches. In LKF, some useful terms are not ignored but considered, which makes the result much less conservative. LF泛函方法是重要的方法。考虑一些被忽略的项，能够降低保守性1. Delays can cause oscillations or bad performance in a system. This makes it necessary to study stability of time-delayed systems. In addition to stability, for some applications, it may be crucial to determine the convergence rate or the transient decaying rate of system states. 时滞会产生差的系统性能。研究时滞系统是必要的。除了稳定性以外，对于某些应用而言，确定系统状态的收敛速率或瞬态衰减速率可能至关重要。 1. Cross-coupling control idea is widely used to design the synchronization controller, which can be seen in literatures[2–8,11,13–17,20,22]. 交叉控制思想已经广泛被用于设计同步控制器，如文献[2-8] 2. Steel rolling mill control is an example of measurement delay, which is found in Sbarbaro-Hofer [240]. 轧机控制是测量延迟的一个例子，可以在Sbarbaro Hofer[240]中找到。 3. Analysis of the delayed resonator as well as its applications are reported in [216, 217, 63, 125]. [216，217，63，125]对延迟谐振器及其应用进行了的分析。 4. For example, the finite dimensional systems could represent a dynamic controller for a system modeled by a PDE ( see d’Andréa Novel, Boustany, Conrad, and Rao (1994), Krstic (2009) and references therein ). 例如，有限维系统可以代表由PDE建模的系统的动态控制器（请参见d'AndréaNovel，Boustany，Conrad和Rao（1994），Krstic（2009）及其参考）。 5. Instead , a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) can model a component coupled to a phenomenon described by PDEs as in Daafouz, Tucsnak, and Valein (2014). 相反，如Daafouz，Tucsnak和Valein（2014）所述，常微分方程组（ODE）可以对与PDE描述的现象耦合的组件进行建模。 6. In the past few decades, fruitful results have been obtained for the robust stability of uncertain systems with time-varying delays by using the LKF approach. 过去几十年，时滞不确定系统的鲁棒稳定性已经取得丰硕研究成果，通过使用LKF方法 7.The core idea behind an event-triggered control is that the update of control commands is only executed after the occurrence of an event rather than the lapse of time in a periodic fashion注意：介绍具体的现有研究工作，不是简单的堆叠，需要有层次，逻辑，目的。简单的说，要通过现有的结果，凸显出研究的必要性和重要性。基本上可以采取总—分—总的结构， 总：研究的主要方向，思路，方法 分：针对不同的方向，列举参考文献；注意不应随意列举，要有代表性，并且对文章有所点评，指出不足或优点。这部分的目的仍然是要突出 自己文章的优越性。 总：综上所述，本文研究的目的是为了解决现有文献中的哪些不足 1. The time domain method based on Lyapunov stability theory is abroad exploited . Among some inequality-based stability conditions, the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach becomes a powerful and popular means to tackle the stability issues of power systems with time-varying delays (see [4], [6], and [9]–[12]). 基于Lyapunov稳定理论的时域方法广泛研究。一些基于不等式的稳定性条件中，线性矩阵不等式的方法是解决具有时变时滞电力系统稳定问题的有效工具 2. To handle the time-varying and random delays, the time domain indirect methods based on Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality techniques (LMIs) have been proposed as an effective method to obtain approximate value of the delay margin [13]. 为了处理时变时滞和随机时滞，基于Lyapunov稳定理论的时域直接方法和线性矩阵不等式技术已经成为获得时滞裕度近似值的一个有效方法 3. In order to diminish the conservatism for the stability conditions of time-varying delay systems, many approaches were developed. The main efforts have been focused on two aspects: one is the techniques of constructing L–K functional , such as delay-division functional, functional with matrices dependent on the time delays [13], functional including the ones with triple-integral terms [14], and quadratic terms which is multiplied by a higher degree scalar function [15] .The other is the analyzing methods for estimating the derivatives of L–K functionals with respect to time , such as improved majorization technique, free weighting matrix method [16], integral inequality including Jensen inequality [11], Wirtinger inequality [17], auxiliary function-based integral inequality [18], and convex combination ideas incorporating linear convex analysis [19], reciprocal convex technique [20], and quadratic convex approach [21]. 许多方法被用来减少时变时滞系统稳定判据的保守性。主要工作集中在两个方面：一是L-K泛函的构建，如：时滞分割函数，其函数矩阵决于时滞[13]，具有三重积分项的函数[14]，和高阶标量函数相乘的二次项[15]。另一方面是估计L-K泛函时间导数的分析方法，如：改进的专业化技术，自由加权矩阵方法[16]，Jensen不等式[11]，Wirtinger不等式[17]，基于辅助函数的积分不等式[18]以及结合线性凸分析的凸组合思想[19] ，倒凸技术[20]和二次凸方法[21]。 4. The last decade has seen a tremendous emergence of research devoted to the construction of Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals which aims at reducing the inherent conservatism of this approach. 过去10年中，大量研究致力于构造L-K泛函，旨在减少固有保守性 4.1 Apart the choice of the functional, an important source of conservatism relies also on the way to bound some cross terms arisen when manipulating the derivative of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. 除了泛函的选择，保守性的另一个来源是处理L-K泛函导数时产生的交叉项 1. Zhang et al. [1] have developed chaotic speed synchronization controller for multiple induction motors by using stator flux regulation. xx[1] 利用 定子磁通量调节技术 开发 了 用于 多个感应电动机的混沌速度同步控制器。 2. Starting from a semi-group modeling of the PDEs, the authors of Gahlawat and Peet (2017) construct a very general Lyapunov functional whose parameters are optimized via a sum of square procedure ( see also Ahmadi, Valmorbida, & Papachristodoulou, 2016). 起始于PDEs的半群模型，(2017)中的作者构建了一个非常一般化的Lyapunov 泛函，其参数通过平方和流程优化 1. In combination with a simple choice of Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, this inequality leads to new stability criteria for linear time-delay and sampled-data systems. 结合简单选择的Lyapunov–Krasovskii函数，这种不等式能够得到线性时滞和采样数据系统的新稳定性标准。1. 在现有文献中 reported in the literature 2. 近年来/多年 in the last decade 3.研究结果被推广 The result of this study can be generalized for … 4. 本文旨在讨论 It is the aim(intend, purpose) of this paper to discuss (present, describe) 5. 已经得到 have concluded, gained, obtained, yielded, arrived at, generated, acquired, achieved 6. 结果表明 This result(fact, demonstration, illustration, classification, comparison, analyses) gives (shows) 7.公式是基于 The formulas is derived for … according to … 1. Do not hesitate to contact me if I can be of any assistance.
在研究论文中，“study”和“paper”是常用的主语词汇。当“研究”（study）做主语时，该接怎样的谓语动词？而当以“论文”（paper）做主语时，又应接怎样的谓语动词？ 如果以“研究”（study）为主语，所搭配的谓语动词必须和所完成的研究工作相关；而当“论文”（paper）为主语时，谓语动词必须为呈现研究内容的动词，而不是实际的研究工作。以下分别列出可用于以及不可用于搭配“研究”和“论文”的常见动词： allude to / confirm / imply / indicate / reveal / discover/ show/ signify / verify / address / apply / seek / aim / investigate / examine explore / consider / find / demonstrate / advance /analyze describe / report / address / present / review / explain / propose conduct use design conclude find demonstrate investigate explore consider confirm conclude 例如： Section 5 concludes the paper = OK The paper concludes that the behavioral theory = NOT OK
3-5个词语
一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。
关键词或主题词的一般选择方法：
由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，选出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。
后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。需要选出，与从标题中选出的关键词一道，组成该论文的关键词组。
扩展资料
写作要求
1、题名；
2、作者姓名和单位；
3、摘要；
（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性;
（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;
（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;
（4）结论或结果的意义。
参考资料来源：百度百科——学术论文
sample 1: 题目: English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (英语词汇学习策略) The mathematicians that study language and have lots of computing power are forming English language databases. These databases can be used for machine language translation, formulas to rank collocation, most used priority word lists, word grouping tendencies and other linguistics research. These frequency-based wordlists contain the words that are most used in English. Frequency-based wordlists can help you target specific English vocabulary by indicating which words you should try to learn first. Vocabulary analysis and summaries from the "Brown Corpus 1990". Table 1 Words - Percent of words in average text 86,741 - 99.99% 43,831 - 99.0% 15,851 - 97.8% 6,000 - 89.9% 5,000 - 88.6% 4,000 - 86.7% 3,000 - 84.0% 2,000 - 79.7% 1,000 - 72.0% 10 - 23.7% Table 1 shows us that in most written English just a few word types account for most of the English words in any text. Ten words account for 23.7 % of the words on any page and just 1000 word families account for more than 70% of the words used. The ESL in Canada English Immersion camps experimented with the 1000 word lists and used them for the core vocabulary for spelling, poetry writing and public speaking contests. The constant reinforcement and repetition with variable context was quickly absorbed by the beginner students and greatly increased their confidence when speaking or writing. Altavista's Babelfish or Google by Systran machine translation performs with an error rate of 20 to 30 percent. The large error rate is due to how a word's meaning varies with context. One example: "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English to Russian and back again only to yield "The vodka is good but the meat is rotten." So far Babelfish has 19 language pairs available and it has taken decades to develop language-pair rules for each of the 9,900 language word pairs. Some observations for language students and language teachers is the translation pool for just average translations is 9900 words. The big variable is context, which means that a word can be used in various formats: "formal, industry specific jargon, slang, idioms, act a different part of speech performing a different function within that particular meaning. If every word has an average of five context variables then the student really has to learn 50,000 items. As final conclusions: second language learning takes time and effort and there should be plenty of translation jobs for the next 20 years if you are willing to invest the seven to nine years to be proficient. In the following example the word "weather" can be used in about eight different contexts and be used to mean, define or explain about thirty different situations or conditions. To properly study vocabulary students require background information and context. "Weather" As a Noun Definition 1. the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine, moisture, temperature, precipitation, and other variables. Similar Words: elements, climate Definition 2. unpleasant, turbulent, or violent atmospheric conditions. Example: We needed shelter from the weather. Similar Words: gale, elements, blow, windstorm , storm As a Transitive Verb Inflected Forms: weathered, weathering, weathers Definition 1. to dry, season, or modify by exposing to weather. Similar Words: season , dry Definition 2. to discolor, deteriorate, or harm by exposing to weather. Similar Words wash , rot , erode, deteriorate Definition 3. to endure past the end of; survive. Example Their marriage weathered the hard times. Synonyms: withstand , survive, stand, outlast , endure , ride out Similar Words: overcome, surmount, outlive, sustain, brave As an Intransitive Verb Definition 1. to resist deterioration when exposed to weather. Example: The colour has been able to weather the intense sun shine. Definition 2. to display the effects of exposure (deterioration or change in color) Similar Words: rot, corrode, fade, deteriorate As part of Idiomatic Expressions Phrase used as an idiom: "under the weather" = sick or not well sample 2: 题目: Using the keyword method to learn vocabulary(重点记忆学习法) The keyword mnemonic is undoubtedly an effective means of learning the words of a foreign language How well you remember depends on how well you learned them, not on whether you have learned the words using a keyword mnemonic or rote repetition or some other method Even using a keyword mnemonic, you still need to rehearse the information to be learned The keyword mnemonic is not always the best method of learning particular words Skilled learners may be best to use the keyword mnemonic selectively, for particularly difficult words The keyword mnemonic requires individual instruction and practice, to use effectively Using a verbal (sentence) link is at least as effective as an image, and is easier for many people Whether using a sentence or an image, the critical factor is that the keyword interact with the definition or own-language word. sample 3: 题目: experience of learning vocabulary and grammar (英语词汇及语法的学习经验) I could say what I’ve been instructed is a focus on deductive ways. In junior high school, my teacher listed out the key rules of each lesson and would did the fill-in the blank exercise in the class. Since I was not a quick thinker, what I could do was merely imitate the examples given by the teacher. This meant that I didn’t know “why” I was supposed to make a sentence in this way. When days went to high school, the mode of instruction didn’t change much. The teacher would point out the crucial rules as well, but he didn’t do much practice in class. In the scope of vocabulary teaching, he just read through the words and sample sentences. You must be curious about how I could last my interest in learning English under this way of instruction? I think what prompt me to keep on learning is owing to my highly motivated attitude. Because I like the language and its culture, I’ll do my best to learn it well through self-study. Though the inspiration from teachers is essential in some ways, the attitude of learners will be the momentum to maintain a lifelong learning. I don’t like the ways I’ve been taught because I learn the rules by rote-learning. Actually, I didn’t object the use of rote-learning. But, it should be under the condition of meaningful practice so that I know “why” the rules are supposed to be used in this way. As for the ways how I will teach in the future, I’m still struggling to explore my answers. No matter what, I will put much emphasis on learner-centered aspects and inductive teaching.
太多啦，最简单的就是英汉词汇对比啊，同一个词或同一类词在英语和汉语中的意思是有区别的，比如数词，颜色词，动物词，等等；也可以写词汇教学，比如中小学如何教授词汇的方法；比较难的是词汇构成，那个比较抽象。
初中英语词汇教学研究论文
摘要：
词汇教学是初中英语的重要部分，是学生学好英语的基础。但是往往有很多学生因为各种原因，在词汇的学习中遇到很多障碍，难以激发兴趣，导致教学效率不高。因此，教师在教学过程中要采用各种教学手段，激发学生学习兴趣，调动学生的学习积极性，提高教学效率。
关键词：
初中英语；词汇教学；教学手段
要掌握一门语言，词汇是最基本的要素。人们的活动、交流等也是通过由词汇构成的语句来实现的，因此，掌握不了一定数量的词汇，是没有办法学好语言的。由此可见，词汇在英语教学中有阵非常重要的作用。在这里，笔者谈几点自己在英语词汇教学中的方法。
一、直观教学法直观教学方法就是用一些实物、图片等展开的教学手段
如在学习“chair”这个单词时，我一边指着前排一位学生坐的椅子，我先是自问自答，等学生都熟悉了以后，我再提问。通过这样反复训练，学生不仅掌握了“chair”这个单词的性质，单数复数，而且还在相互提问的过程中能够熟练地运用。总之，直观法教学既形象生动，又情趣浓厚，不但能营造和谐的.教学氛围，还能提高教学效率。
二、构词法英语中很多词汇之间都有密切的关系，在构词上有很对规律可言因
因此，教师在教学的过程中可以针对这些构词上的规律让学生学习词汇，也可以举出一些相关的词汇引导学生自己去总结、发现。这样的方法学生不仅学习得快，而且还培养了他们的能力。如学习care这个单词时，可利用构词法引申出beauty—beautiful—beautifully—beautify，这既可以减轻学生的记忆负担，同时也学习了词汇构成的知识。
三、在“游戏”中学词汇游戏是学生喜闻乐见的一种教学形式，能够在一定程度上激发学生的学习兴趣，有效提高教学效率
课堂上做游戏可帮助学生在轻松有趣的活动中掌握一些较难掌握的词汇。例如，在学习了身体部位名称后，可做Pollysays游戏。先四人小组做这个游戏，再让各小组中做得最好的学生到全班同学面前表演，看谁是最棒的。每次可以从下列句子中补充两个新单词。教师可边说边做动作，先让学生明白这句话的意思，然后教师发指令，先全班，再个别学生做动作。经过几次反复练习后，再让学生小组做这个游戏。句子学得越多，这个游戏就越精彩。这样的游戏对学生来说，趣味很足。学生积极性很高，几天下来，他们就能够将那些补充的新单词都牢固地掌握了。在这个过程中，教师也可以引导学生将自己以前学过的新的词汇补充到里边，过一段时间后再重复此游戏，以巩固所学内容。
四、创设情境提高教学效率情境教学是一种有效提高教学效率的教学手段
在教学过程中，根据教学内容和学生认知规律恰当地设置情境，可以使学生觉得新颖有趣，亲切自然。
五、引进竞争机制竞争是激发学习积极性的有效手段，有助于学生学习成绩的提高
因此，要创设合理的竞争机制，运用正确的竞争手段，采用灵活的竞争方式。课堂上引进竞争机制，采取师生竞争、生生竞争（男女竞争和小组竞争）个人竞争或自我竞争，可把听、说、读、写的内容都融于其中，调动学生参与课堂活动，并培养学生的团体合作精神。学生乐于参与，这样就能调动了学生的积极性和自主学习。学生评价中也引进竞争机制，建立一套检查学生记忆单词的制度。新课标要求给予学生以激励性的评价，使学生获得学习英语的自信心。引进竞争机制，调动每个学生的学习激情，积极参与竞争，取得高的评价，从而达到目的。总之，在英语教学中教师要重视词汇教学，注意词汇教学的趣味性和多样化．要让学生善于思考，教师首先要勤于思考，勇于创新。教师要不断改进教学方法，激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性，更新教学观念，注意培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象和创造能力，培养学生独立解析、扩展词汇的能力，使学生在初中阶段为今后的英语学习打下坚实的基础。
图式理论在初中英语词汇教学的应用论文
摘要 ：本文针对图式理论及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用展开论述，并分析图式理论对于初中英语词汇教学的价值，尝试从语音、内容、形式三个图式着手，分析图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的运用策略，试图为初中英语词汇教学的创新教学提供一定的参考与借鉴。关键词：图式理论初中英语词汇教学作者简介：陈融，哈尔滨师范大学，硕士，研究方向：二语习得。浅谈图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用陈融（哈尔滨师范大学黑龙江哈尔滨150000）摘要：本文针对图式理论及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用展开论述，并分析图式理论对于初中英语词汇教学的价值，尝试从语音、内容、形式三个图式着手，分析图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的运用策略，试图为初中英语词汇教学的创新教学提供一定的参考与借鉴。
关键词 ：图式理论；初中英语；词汇教学
一、图式理论对初中英语词汇教学的意义
《义务教育英语课程标准》针对语言技能的运用有明确规定，指出学生要实现听、说、读、写的全面运用。但是，在语言学科的学习过程中，词汇学习是实现听、说、读、写的前提与基础，它是语言知识的核心组成，同时也是语言技能全面发展的基础。D.A.Wilkins(1972)曾说过：如若语法不存在，人们的很多内心想法将无法被表达，但是，如果词汇不存在，人们的所有内心想法都将无法表达。由此我们可以看出，词汇是语言的核心组成部分，在英语教学实施的过程中，它的作用举足轻重，不可轻视。《义务教育英语课程标准》中针对英语词汇积累有明确的规定，指出，在九年级学习完成之后，学生要熟练运用1500～1600个单词，同时要掌握200～300个习惯用语。虽然如此，在实践操作的过程中，这一点却并未切实达到，英语词汇长期以来都是教学的重难点，初中生在学习、背记词汇时缺乏必要的动力，词汇量的掌握还有待大幅度提升，词汇量已经成为学生听、说、读、写技能全面提升的一个重要的阻碍。学生在记英语词汇时，其采取的记忆模式仍然是以机械式记忆为主要途径，而还有很大一部分学生虽然记住了单词，却根本不会正确地使用，在词汇的学习过程中整体效率不高，学习效果欠佳。当前，初中英语教学一直在寻求创新之路，教学模式也在不断发生着改变，教师逐渐开始不再是课堂的主体，以学生为主导的教学模式不断被普及，但是，词汇教学的整体效率依然较低，没有从根本上解决这一问题，学生的独立思考能力培养以及合作能力提升还有待进一步加强。基于此，新的词汇教学模式亟待被研究、被探索。以图式理论为基础的初中英语词汇教学在学术界受到了较高的认可，运用该教学模式可以有效提升学生记忆单词的效率，提升学生的词汇量。
二、图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用
图式最早是认知心理学的专业词汇，德国哲学家ImmanuelKant率先提出“图式”理论。他的观点指出，新信息、新思想的不断发展之下，只有确保信息可以与自己已知信息存在关联，才能确保其真正的意义。图式是人们在思考与解决问题的过程中必然会使用的信息，它也是人们认知的前提，全球范围内的语言学家对图式展开了分类，目前尚未形成统一的意见，其中鲁梅尔哈特所提出的分类是目前接受度最高的，他指出，图式可划分为语言图式、内容图式、形式图式三种。（1）构建语言图式。在三种图式中，语言图式是其他两种图式的前提与基础，在英语词汇教学中起着至关重要的作用。语言图式中包含了语音、词汇以及语法等语言知识，假如不存在语言图式的引导，在学习的过程中，学生将无法良好地理解英语中的'字母、词汇以及句型，他们也无法将自己脑内已知的模式图式信息调动出来，所以，他对于语言的获取方面的涉及内容非常之少。举例而言，在初中英语词汇教学活动开展的过程中，老师首先可以对字母及其搭配组合的发音规律展开一定的讲解与说明，随后，借助于大量的案例分析的形式，对不同的单词展开多方面的对比与分析，从而让学生习惯运用字母拼读发音规律的形式来学习新单词。举例而言，knee，knight，knit，know几个单词之中，其字母k属于不发音字母，因此，我们可以针对于此进行总结：k在n前的情况之下，它通常是不发音的。当学习knife的时候，我们还可以将与之读音相近的单词进行对比分析，比如knee，从而让学生借助于图式了解“字母k在n前的情形之下通常不发音”的规则。在此教学情境之下，学生们也会加深对knee这个单词的印象，与此同时，knife同样会在其原有图式中列入。在学生头脑里所存在的这些单词具有其相应的拼读规则，而词汇量不断扩大的过程中，这些便形成了语音图式。同时，在词汇量不断增多的情形之下，学生的语音图示也会越来越庞大。学生在记忆单词以及学习其他语言相关知识的时候也更加简单。（2）构建内容图式。内容图式是指研究主题的背景知识、世界知识，它可以帮助人们更好地理解语言。在英语教学过程中，我们常会发现，人们虽然学会了某个单词，会背、会写、会翻译，却不会用，在不同的语境中看到这一单词，人们认识，却并不理解它在此处的具体含义，更枉论运用这个单词来表达自己内心的情感与观点。学生没有形成内容图式便是导致这一结果的一个重要的原因，学生无法将词汇中所蕴含的信息与其所学知识进行关联。例如“Catshidetheirclaws.”这句话很多学生的翻译都不够准确，甚至无从下手，这就是由于学生们缺乏文化背景知识的原因所导致的。“猫藏住它们的爪子”只是其字单词，而学生如果再次在其他地方看到与之相同的前缀，便会直接激活相关图式。再以in这一前缀为例，学生如果把握了其图式，便可以更好地学习、掌握这一前缀之下的单词。由此我们可知，构建词根、词缀图式对于学生词汇量的扩充、单词的记忆等都有重要的帮助。
三、结语
综上所述，英语词汇教学是英语学习的基础，是学生切实提升听、说、读、写技能的重要支撑，图式理论是当代推行的一种新型英语教学模式，将其在英语词汇教学中合理地运用，能够有效地提升当代英语词汇教学的效率，提升学生的记忆能力，有效扩大学生的词汇量。从而全面提升英语教学效果，提升英语教学效率，让学生更好地把握英语词汇，进而全面提升其听、说、读、写技能。
参考文献：
[1]杨世生.词源学与图式理论对英语词汇记忆的启示[J].长江大学学报,2010,33(4):275-276.
[2]洪艳.基于图式理论的初中英语词汇教学--以南通市第三中学初三学生为例[D].苏州大学,2014.
[3]王改燕.认知语言学框架下的词汇理据解析与二语词汇教学[J].外语教学,2012(6):54-57.
[4]谭茗兮.论图式理论在高中英语词汇教学的运用[J].外语教学与研究,2007(16).
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.
像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~
关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后1.题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=SXkEsiMcpfqhM3IdT5ZZ97aNTmwfO_74dvJoNSWoCp2FIyudzpd1uBSgh2ccFJS6RN7xNBPb9WFk_matYEwCRT0EMxynK7D_vYN7D59Og5G2.题目：.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。http://wenku.baidu.com/view/ef2d20e09b89680203d825be.html4.题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。
网上可以搜索的，而且词汇学课本里面就有相关内容，然后再多举一些例子就可以了，三、四百字应该很好解决的
wine in, truth out.
词的理据 众所周知，语言包括语音、词汇和语法三个部分。英国语义学家乌尔曼在承认语言符号的任意性前提下，提出词的理据性，指出每一种语言里都包含一定程度理据的词语。语言的理据是相对其任意性而言,是指语言符号的能指与所指之间有一种自然的联系，两者的结合是有理可据的。词的理据指事物和现象获得名称的依据。本论文通过对词的理据性分析及举例,将有助于外语学习,尤其是对词汇的掌握和理解。词的理据分为：拟声理据、语义理据、逻辑理据。Ⅰ．onomatopoeic motivation 英语中有些词是通过声音的模仿构成的，这种构词称为onomatopoeia. Stephen Ullmann把拟声构词分为两种。 1、primary onomatopoeia：鸟兽之类动物的叫声也属于这一范畴.例如：Apes gibber Asses bray 2、secondary onomatopoeia：指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想。例如:词的前半部分辅音连缀sl-含有滑(slippery)的意义，如 slide， slip， slither， slush等。Ⅱ.semantic motivation 语义理据是一种心理联想，措词义的引申和比喻。以下列举几种： 1、metaphor例如： All the world's a stage．（Shakespeare） 2、metonymy英语中往往用一个词代表整个事件或整个背景，这也是一种借代方式。在现代英美报刊中常见到以地名或国名代表整个事件。例如：The current situation is different from Czechoslovakia in 1968. They agreed to put pressure on the negotiations for progress on Berlin. Look Back in Anger（John Osborne's play）coincided with rock-'n'-roll， Suez and Hungary. 3、synecdoche 例如：以Wall Street（美国纽约市的一条街）代表美国垄断资本，以Bonn代表西德政府. 4、analogy 类比构词的特点是仿照原有的同类词创造出其对应词或近似词,类比构词大致可分成以下4种： 4.1色彩类比 色彩类比主要通过表示不同颜色的词类比出新词新语。如由black list化出 white list和 gray list。 4.2数字类比 由数字类比构成的词，有的数字不变，只变动被修饰语；如First Mother（指国家元首的母亲），First Family（指国家元首的一家）均系与First Lady这个原形词类比而成.如second-strike capacity（指受敌方先发制人的第一次核打击后的核还击能力）由first-strike capacity（先发制人的第一次核打击能力）引申而成； 4.3近似类比 指类比词之间要有一个近似点，根据这个近似点，推此及彼。例如:gap最早与missile搭配，形成missile gap词组，这词语一经产生，引起了连锁反应；production gap、ration gap等新词相继出现. 4.4反义类比 利用现有的反义词构成新的复合反义词。如由moonlight构成daylight.Ⅲ. logical motivation 利用传统的逻辑学下定义，把要表达的对象和与之相似的其它对象区别开来。 例句：Ever since the Watergate prosecutors began investigating ... and found clues that some of these companies had made suspiciously large, undisclosed payments overseas, a probe of multinationals' operations has been widening. 总之，英语不是象我们生活中的别的固有的东西那样一成不变的。所有语言经过一段时间就要变，其变化的原因是无法完全清楚的。除了吸收过去的俚语使之成为正式用语从而丰富语言以外，显然还需要许许多多的新词语来表达现代生活极大的并正在不断增长着的复杂性。这种复杂性是由我们所处时代的社会和技术条件急剧变化而引起的。语言忠实地反映出时代精神。
英语词汇学毕业论文写一些创新的题目，我就写的网络词汇。当时也不懂，导师逼得紧，还是学姐介绍的莫文网，效率很高的说英语词汇教学中母语翻译的作用多模态理论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用初中英语词汇教学现状调查研究——以济南市三所初中为例小学英语词汇情境教学模式研究语块理论指导下的高中英语词汇教学实验研究我国英语词汇学的溯源辨流词块法在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究初中英语词汇教学中的文化迁移概念隐喻在高中英语词汇教学中的运用记忆技巧在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究——以郑州一中为例英语词汇教学的认知语境研究词块理论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究直接拼读法在小学英语词汇教学中的应用研究基于图式理论的高中英语词汇教学的实证研究模因论在高中英语词汇教学中的应用概念隐喻理论与初中英语词汇教学研究——以漳州三中九年级英语词汇教学为例任务型教学模式视域下农村高中男生英语词汇量扩大研究初中英语词汇学习中的母语负迁移现象探究文学名著阅读在高中英语词汇教学中的应用研究初中英语词汇概念加工的具身特征与教学启示多模态教学对英语词汇习得效果的实证研究英语词汇教学“石化”消解研究——基于兰盖克语法理论的分析认知语法理论指导下的高中英语词汇教学研究高中英语词汇教学中的问题及对策研究基于频率作用的大学英语词汇教学模式研究