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轮机工程毕业论文英文翻译

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轮机工程毕业论文英文翻译

毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper

Marine EngineeringArt of Navigation 或 Navigational Techniques.

Over the last 20 years, mainly due to the vibration caused by the fatal accidents occurred one after another, inflicting huge economic losses. Furthermore, the vibration is still new to large units shipped impossible grid, the normal operation for the main the crew during normal operations, continuous vibration problems affecting the normal production, Units often reduced load and operation of the sick, and even the unit was forced to stand, these incidents not uncommon. The system based on LabVIEW virtual instrument software platform for turbine vibration signal window read, and spectral analysis and correlation analysis. LabVIEW virtual instrument is a common core of computer hardware platform, defined by the user, with virtual front panel, the test function test software from a computer equipment system. The system completed the turbine vibration signal read, the signal rectangular window Hanning, Hamming window window choice, and then the signal amplitude spectrum, power spectrum and phase spectrum analysis and correlation analysis, and operating with graphics and display interface. The result of running the system proved that the system can accomplish the signal read, and three window function and the dynamic analysis of the various options and graphical display with the results.

He was awarded his PhD for a thesis on industrial robots.

他凭一篇研究工业机器人的论文获得博士学位。

Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.

请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的`摘要。

Your thesis wouldn't get across if you used too many technical terms in it.

如果你用了过多的专门术语,你的论文就不会被人理解。

He is writing his doctoral thesis in electrical engineering.

他在写关于电气工程学的博士论文。

通信工程毕业论文英文翻译

(二) 推荐方法 弦的特性在本节里,我们介绍圆心与其弦及弦上一点有关的特性。图1(a)显示一个圆圈与其弦AB。让P为圆圈内的一点,圆心为O,而AB是向θ方向经过P点的弦。以P 为中心的笛卡尔坐标系的四分之一圆周I 或II的端点定义为A,而B则定义为四分之一圆周III 或IV的端点。θ是由PX逆时针测量至AB的正角,θ ∈[0°, 180°]。同样地,φ是由PX逆时针测量至OP的正角。那么|AP|-|BP|=2|OP|cos(θ-φ). (1)下列的证明很直接。众所周知,任何圆周弦的垂直平分线都会经过圆心O(Rich, 1963)。以C作为AB的中心点,那么|AC|=|BC| and OC⊥AB.因此,|CP|=|OP|cos(θ-φ).|AP|-|BP|=(|AC|+|CP|)-(|BC|-|CP|)=2|CP|. 所以,|AP|-|BP|=2|OP|cos(θ-φ)图1(a)显示,O(xo,yo)与P(xp; yp)的坐标有下列的关系:xo=xp+acosφ,yo=yp-asinφ 而a=|OP|,yo方程里的减号反映在图像坐标系中,y值从上至下增加。如果我们有两条弦经过P点,可以从Eq. (1)直接得出两个方程,从中可解a 和 φ。 因此,可以从Eq. (2) 计算出(xo,yo)。具体细节在下一节展示。 圆心的计算考虑犹如图1(b)所示, A1B1 和A2B2两条弦是分别向θ1和θ2 方向 (θ1≠θ2)经过P (xp, yp)。以d1=|A1P|-|B1P| 及d2=|A2P|-|B2P|.那么从Eq.(1),d1=2acos(θ1-φ) 及d2=2acos(θ2-φ)将方程d1除以d2以及扩展余弦函数可解φ,我们得到...一堆公式(略)Eq. (4) 展示如何从两相交弦计算出圆心。具体地,如果圆周内有个P点被两条弦穿过,利用两弦所提供的d1, d2, θ1 及θ2,可以用Eq. (4) 计算出圆心位置。最简单的实例是θ1 = 0° 及θ2 = 90°。如果是那样,可以极易地显示θ1=0°横弦的中点是xo,θ2=90°竖弦的中点是yo。这个实例的计算精确,但由于只是使用竖横弦,这种计算方式可能不稳健。因此,本研究将使用随意产生方向的弦来配合Eq. (4)的计算。【英语牛人团】

“通信工程”译为Communication Engineering。

如要表达“我是通信工程专业的”之类的意思,可说:I major in Communication Engineering.

拓展资料:

通信工程,也称电信工程,是电子工程的一大重要分支,电子信息类子专业。

通信工程专业主要研究信号的产生、信息的传输、交换和处理,以及在计算机通信、数字通信、卫星通信、光纤通信、蜂窝通信、个人通信、平流层通信、多媒体技术、信息高速公路、数字程控交换等方面的理论和工程应用问题。

参考资料:百度百科-通信工程

基于WIN CE的ADSL线路参数研究ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version [2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution has stated that the ‘CE’ is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for ‘Consumer Electronics’ or ‘Compact Edition’; users often disparagingly called it “Wince”.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including “Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.”[5] The first version, known during development under the codename “Pegasus”, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile , Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many industrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then products like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form toolsVisual StudioLate versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, producing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and , but not Managed C++.Platform BuilderThis programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named Visual C++ (eVC)The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhoneOften Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a modular/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these modules provide subsets of other components' features (. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for producing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger Mobile 5 supports USB and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash productsCompetitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi ( km) [William Stallings' book].At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, . it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home usersHow ADSL worksOn the wireCurrently, most ADSL communication is full duplex. Full duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division duplex (FDD), echo canceling duplex (ECD), or time division duplexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.[edit] ModulationADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, and (also called and respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL the ADSL access utilizes the MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the MHz downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.[edit] Installation issuesDue to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procedure is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.

英文应该是Communication engineering。

通信工程专业主要做:研究信号的产生、信息的传输、交换和处理,以及在计算机通信、光纤通信、无线通信、交换与通信网等方面的理论和工程应用问题。就业方向有通信技术研发人员,通信产品销售人员,电信运营商工作人员等。

扩展资料

通信工程(也作电信工程,旧称远距离通信工程、弱电工程)是电子工程的一个重要分支,电子信息类子专业,同时也是其中一个基础学科。该学科关注的是通信过程中的信息传输和信号处理的原理和应用。本专业学习通信技术、通信系统和通信网等方面的知识,能在通信领域中从事研究、设计、制造、运营及在国民经济各部门和国防工业中从事开发、应用通信技术与设备。

参考资料通信工程_百度百科

土木工程毕业论文英文翻译

你给的分太少了……

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程,它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程设施,也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测,设计施工,保养,维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展,至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科,它已经出许多分支,如:建筑工程,铁路工程,道路工程,桥梁工程,特种工程结构,给水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业:建筑学,城市规划,土木工程,建筑环境与设备工程,给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科,有其重要的属性:综合性,社会性,实践性,统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础,对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用,工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程,因此,建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度,大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴,导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止,前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内,由于科学理论发展及其缓慢,土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间,国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展,新材料的出现,新工具的发明,都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代,二战结束之后,许多国家经济起飞,现代科学日益进步,从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高,必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境,在这种情况下,建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科,它已经取得了巨大的成就,未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化,人口的不断增加,人们为了争取生存,为了争取更舒适的生存环境,必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来,一些重大项目将会陆续兴建,插入云霄的摩天大楼,横跨大样的桥梁,更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展,以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展,为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来,工程材料主要是钢筋,混凝土,木材和砖材,在未来,传统材料将得到改观,一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世,尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时,设计方法的精确化,设计工作的自动化,信息和智能话技术的全面引入,将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话,理论的发展,新材料的出现,计算机的应用,高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.

The urban river embankment discuss the ecological constructionAnonymous XXXXXXXXAbstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future : the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situationText:A, backgroundRiver Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity traditional embankment design often single ?一、背景河流的堤岸部分是水陆交错的过渡地带,具有显著的边缘效应。这里有活跃的物质、养分和能量的流动,为多种生物提供了栖息地。自然状态下的堤岸往往物种丰富、生产力高。传统的堤岸设计往往会单纯从防洪角度出发,采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起来高高的堤岸。它的优点在于高度的可靠性,结构设计后加起防护堤岸抗流水冲刷能力显著增强。对于洪水暴发频繁、侵蚀严重的区段,这样的设计无可厚非,而对于一般河流堤岸的修建,这样的设计则显得缺乏环境的美化和绿化,同时也破坏许多对生态起重要作用的自然因素,如破坏植被与河床间的联系,造成冲刷侵蚀转移等。另外,河流作为城市风貌不可多得的珍惜资源,也是城市风貌的特色要素,它的景观塑造显得十分必要。同时,堤岸景观建设必然使滨河地区土地价值提升,滨水开发的高投资回报的特点更增强了对城市堤岸景观建设的需求。二、需求——堤岸的生态化建设河流堤岸作为城市中最邻近河流的区域,是城市与河流的衔接线,它的景观规划是提高城市生活品质的需要,也是丰富城市景观的需要。生态化建设,它的根本思路是运用自然本身抗干扰和自我修复的能力来处理人与自然的关系。生态设计方法不同于传统用人工的结构和形式来取代自然的方法,而是用自然的结构和形式来顺应自然的进程。将河岸与河道在生态上联系起来,也就实现了物质、养分、能量的交流:对于生物,它提供了合适的栖息地;植物根系可固着土壤,枝叶可截留雨水,过滤地表迳流,抵抗流水冲刷,从而起到保护堤岸、增加堤岸结构的稳定性、净化水质、涵养水源的作用,而且随着时间的推移,这些作用被不断加强。同时,生态化建设以自然的外貌出现,容易与环境取得协调,造价也较低,不需要长期的维护管理。三、河流堤岸生态化设计方式河流堤岸生态化设计,要遵守生态设计的原则,注重地方性、保护与节约自然资本、让自然做功、显露自然,主要体现在对地域气候环境、河流地质地貌、水文变化的适应,对河流生态环境的考虑,对堤岸地形的处理和对筑堤材料的选择和构造方式方面。1) 人工类:传统方法是采用块石或混凝土块砖等堆砌。可在此基础上加以改进以适应河流景观设计的需求。a) 块石或混凝土块砖干砌,不用砂浆。这样在砌块之间就留有空隙,为后期滨河植物的生长提供了空间。随着时间的推移,堤岸会逐渐呈现出自然的风貌。b) 堤岸采用台阶式分级,台阶面上的空间加以利用,种植植物。当然这两种改进方法对于河岸处现有植被仍存在一定的不良影响,人工痕迹也过于明显。2) 自然类:充分利用堤岸植被原型,可直接将适用于滨河地带生长的植被种植于堤岸上,利用植物的根、茎、叶来稳固堤岸,防止侵蚀、控制沉积的同时也为生物提供了栖息地。3) 人工自然相结合综合了以上两种方法的优点,具有人工结构的稳定性和自然的外貌,见效快、生态效益好,以下为常见的两种类型:a) 种植植物的堆石将由大小不同的石块组成的堆石置于与水接触的土壤表面,再把活体切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加稳定。根系可提高强度,植被可遮盖石块,使堤岸外貌更加自然。b) 与植物结合使用的插孔式混凝土块将预制的混凝土块以连锁的形式置于岸底的浅渠中,再将植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土块之间和堤岸上部,其上覆土压实,再播种草本植物。堤岸生态化建设也存在一定的局限性。如:选用的材料及建造方法不同,堤岸的防护能力相差很大,需要运用多学科知识认真分析,这就为设计人员提出了更大的挑战;建造初期若受到强烈干扰,则会影响到以后防护作用的发挥等。这也就对河流堤岸的生态化设计提出了更高的要求。四、国内现状1)省会城市在我国省会城市及计划单列市中有近80%进行了堤岸景观规划。(参考文献[3])城 市 项目名称 城 市 项目名称北 京 长河城市水系统综合治理 南 宁 堤岸园工程长 沙 湘江风光带 宁 波 滨江大道沿江景观工程成 都 府南河绿化工程 上 海 外滩、陆家嘴滨江大道福 州 闵江江滨公园 沈 阳 浑河观光旅游带广 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景观、芳村长堤建设 太 原 汾河公园贵 阳 南明河景观绿化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程哈尔滨 松花江南岸沿江风景长廊 武 汉 汉口江滩一二期工程昆 明 盘龙江中段滨水生态景观建设 西 安 灞河大水大绿工程兰 州 黄河风情线 重 庆 南滨路滨江旅游观光大道从规划后建成情况看,这些城市河流堤岸景观项目都得到了当地政府与市民的肯定。在这些项目中,堤岸既可成为当地最具吸引力的城市公园,如太原的汾河公园和福州的江滨公园;堤岸也可成为市民日常休闲活动的热点地段,如南宁的堤路园和武汉的汉口江滩工程;堤岸还可成为城市最具特色的地段,如重庆的南滨路滨江旅游观光大道;堤岸更可成为城市旅游的热点,如上海的外滩和陆家嘴滨江大道。总之,经过景观规划的堤岸已成为当地最具特色的地区。从建设效果看,相对堤岸的原来面貌而言,统计资料中的这些景观工程都是较成功的,都成为当地城市关注的热点,成为当地政府的政绩工程,成为当地的民心工程。城市河流堤岸通过景观规划,有效地改善了滨河地段的环境,并带动滨河地段的开发。但必须清醒地认识到,这些城市堤岸景观项目规划并非尽善尽美,也存在这样或那样的问题,仍有待完善。2)中小城市城市经济实力的强大决定了其城市建设水平的高标准和高水平。中小城市河流堤岸景观与统计资料中的城市存在较大的差距,存在更多的问题。特别是由于资金问题,堤岸景观是,纯人工,状态的钢筋混凝土防洪堤,或保持自然防洪状态的土石堤,没有经过景观规划,易造成城市资源的极大浪费。五、前景目前,河流景观建设,特别是城市河流景观建设,在中国正方兴未艾;在发达国家中也是一个久盛不衰的话题。 回顾发达国家河流景观建设的历史,自20世纪70年代以来,随着人们环境意识的普遍增强,重视河流景观的生态功能已成为一个时代的呼唤,河流景观建设的生态设计方法也已得到了空前的重视和发展。他山之石可以攻玉,借鉴发达国家已经形成的成熟的理念和做法,可以使我们少走弯路,搭上隆隆前进的生态建设之车。

Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.

轮机工程类毕业论文

摘要 3-4 Abstract 4 第1章 绪论 8-17 课题背景及研究的目的和意义 8 舵机及其电液伺服系统概况 8-10 自动舵的发展历史 8-10 电液伺服系统在舵机上的应用 10 控制理论的发展概述 10-16 控制理论的发展 10-11 控制理论在电液伺服控制的应用概况 11-13 神经网络研究概述 13-16 论文的主要工作 16-17 第2章 电液伺服单元工作原理及数学模型 17-28 舵机电液伺服控制单元结构与工作原理 17-19 数学模型的建立 19-26 力矩马达环节建模 19-20 伺服阀环节建模 20-22 液压动力机构建模 22-24 电液伺服控制单元系统模型 24-26 系统模型参数的选取 26 系统模型的稳定性分析 26-27 本章小结 27-28 第3章 电液伺服单元仿真及测试实验 28-44 系统的仿真分析 28-31 电液控制单元实验台构成及其原理 31-34 实验结果及分析 34-41 稳态实验 34-37 动态实验 37-41 实验分析 41 系统的稳态误差分析 41-43 本章小结 43-44 第4章 电液伺服控制单元控制策略的研究 44-61 PID控制器 44-47 标准PID控制原理 44-46 数字PID的增量型算式 46 PID控制器的参数整定 46-47 神经元理论 47-50 神经元模型 48-49 神经元学习规则 49-50 单神经元自适应PID控制器的设计 50-54 单神经元自适应PID控制原理 50-51 采用有监督Hebb学习规则的神经元PID控制器 51-53 改进的神经元自适应PID控制器 53 单神经元自适应PID控制的学习过程 53-54 单神经元自适应PID控制仿真 54-60 本章小结 60-61 结论 61-62 参考文献 62-66 攻读学位期间发表的学术论文 66-68 致谢

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液压舵机故障与排除摘要:液压舵机是船舶重要设备之一,其质量、性能的好坏直接关系到船舶安全航行, 从目前发生的船舶海损事故中分析, 船舶发生海损有相当大的比例是与舵机故障有关的, 所以加强对舵机的检验,及时对舵机出现故障进行排除,保证舵机的正常工作是目前降低事故隐患, 减少海损事故发生的重要途径之一。关键词 液压舵机故障分析 故障排除目录1 液压舵机----------------------------------------------------------1 1.1液压舵机的基本组成及工作原理----------------------------------1 1.2 液压舵机的操纵系统--------------------------------------------12 舵机建造规范的基本要求--------------------------------------------13 液压舵机的常见故障------------------------------------------------1 3.1 无舵---------------------------------------------------------1 3.2 只能单方向操舵-----------------------------------------------1 3.3 舵速太慢-----------------------------------------------------1 3.4 空舵---------------------------------------------------------1 3.5 实际舵角与操舵舵角不符---------------------------------------1 3.6 跑舵---------------------------------------------------------1 3.7 系统超压-----------------------------------------------------14 对舵机的检验和故障排除--------------------------------------------2 4.1 检查应急舵的有效性-------------------------------------------2 4.2 检查舵的运转情况---------------------------------------------2 4.3 检查舵角指示的准确性-----------------------------------------2 4.4 检查舵角限位器的有效性---------------------------------------3 4.5 检查舵的液压系统的密封性能-----------------------------------3 4.6 同时在检查舵机时应注意检查一下液压油的品质-------------------35 舵机故障实用诊断技术的基本步骤------------------------------------4 5.1熟悉性能------------------------------------------------------4 5.2调查情况------------------------------------------------------4 5.3现场勘察------------------------------------------------------46 液压舵机的日常维护和保养------------------------------------------57 结论--------------------------------------------------------------98 致谢语------------------------------------------------------------99 参考文献---------------------------------------------------------11 前言 液压舵机的作用是通过控制舵叶偏转来改变船舶的航向,它是船舶甲板机械中最重要的设备。液压舵机发生故障,将直接危及船舶航行安全。因此,如何准确、快速地查找出其故障发生的原因是轮机管理人员修复故障的首要任务。液压舵机因具有体积紧凑、惯性小、运转较平稳等优点,目前已广泛用于各种类型的船舶上。在日常运行中,液压舵机常会出现各种故障。有些故障产生的原因比较明显,易于查找和解决,但是有些则不易立即找出故障的部件和根源,必须根据液压系统的原理.对各个液压元件的结构和性能进行仔细地分析和研究,才能逐步找出发生故障的部位,进而迅速排除故障。 1 液压舵机1.1 液压舵机基本组成及工作原理液压舵机主要由液压油泵、推舵油缸、操纵台、蓄能器、油箱、三位四通电磁阀、二位三通电磁阀, 安全阀、溢流阀、舵角发讯器及有关管路、仪表等组成。液压舵机一般采用电动机带动油泵,因而又称电动液压舵机。液压舵机用油液作为传递能量的介质,利用油液的不可压缩性及流量、压力和流向的可控性来实现转舵。舵机通过油泵把机械能转化为油液的压力能,然后通过转舵机构把压力能又转化为机械能,来实现舵的左、右转向。液压舵机由三大部分组成:推舵机构、液压系统与操舵控制系统。推舵机构的作用是将液压能转换成机械能,推动舵叶偏转。液压系统的作用是向舵机提供足够的液压能.并设置所需的保护与控制装置。操舵控制系统的作用有二:一是传递舵令,二是控制操舵精度。[1]1.2 液压舵机的操纵系统 船舶舵机一般都同时装备有驾驶室遥控的随动操舵系统和自动操舵系统,舵机房还设有机旁操舵(非随动操舵)。随动操舵系统:当操舵者发出舵角指令后,不仅可使舵叶按指定方向转动,而且在舵叶转到指令舵角后还能自动停止操舵的系统。自动操舵系统:当船舶长时间沿指定航行时使用,它能在船因风,流及螺旋桨的不对称作用等造成偏航时,靠罗经测知并自动出信号,使操舵装置改变舵角,以使船舶能够自动地保持既定的航向。非随动操舵系统:只能控制舵机的起停和转舵方向,当舵转至所需的舵角时,操舵者必须再次发出停止转舵的信号,才能使舵停转。非随动操舵系统通常即可在驾驶台,也可在舵机房操纵,以备应急操舵或检修,调试舵机之用。舵机遥控系统根据远距离传递操舵信号的方式不同,主要有机械式,液压式和电气式。现代船舶大多采用电气遥控系统。泵控式舵机的电气遥控系统常以伺服液压缸或伺服电机等作为在舵机房的控制元件,去控制舵机主泵的变向变量机构。 2 舵机建造规范基本要求按照钢质海船入级与建造规范对舵机的基本要求,其中主要内容有:1.每艘船舶均应设置1个主操舵装置和1个辅助操舵装置。主操舵装置和辅助操舵装置的布置,应满足当它们中的1个失效时应不致使另1个也失灵。2.具有足够的强度并能在最大营运前进航速时进行操舵,使舵自任一舷的35°转至另一舷的35°,并且于相同条件下自一舷的35°转至另一舷的30°所需时间不超过28s。3.能在最大营运前进航速的一半但不小于7kn时进行操舵,使舵自一舷的15°转至另一舷的l 5°且需时间不超过60s。4.驾驶室与舵机室之间,应设有通信设施。5.操舵装置应设有有效的舵角限位器。以动力转舵的操舵装置,应装设限位开关或类似设备,使舵在到达舵角限位器前停住。装设的限位开关或类似设备应该与转舵机构本身同步,而不应与舵机的控制相同步。6.舵装置应有保持舵位不动的制动装置。7.当主操舵装置要求动力操作时,应设有1个固定贮油箱,其容量至少足以使1个动力转舵系统包括循环油箱进行再充液。贮油箱应以管路固定连接,使液压系统能在舵机室内便于充液,并应设有液位计。8.应设置两个独立的控制系统,见每个系统均应能在驾驶室控制。但这并不要求设双套操舵手轮或手柄。若控制系统是由液压遥控传动装置组成时,除10000总吨及以上的油船、化学品船、液化气体运输船外,不必设置第2个独立控制系统。9.驾驶室和舵机室应固定展示带有原理框图的适当操作说明。此说明应表明操舵装置控制系统和动力转舵系统的转换程序。10.由1台或几台动力设备组成的每一电动或电动液压操舵装置至少应由主配电板设2路独立馈电线直接供电。但其中的1路可以由三、舵机容易出现的故障。 3 液压舵机的常见故障3.1 无舵该故障的根本原因是主泵没向转舵机构供油或转舵机构不能回油, 撞杆无往复运动。油泵未向转舵机构供油的因素有:(1) 油泵电动机电源断路, 油泵空转, 主油路换向阀未换向, 或转舵机构进回油路旁通。其中油泵空转和换向阀不换向, 主要与操纵系统有关。(2) 操纵油路的工作油压过低或建立不起油压, 远操纵机构传动件的卡死或紧固件的松动、折断或脱落, 追随机构的贮存弹簧张力太小, 或换向阀卡住等, 都会因变量机构仍在中位而导致变向变量泵空转, 因换向阀不能换向而导致定向定量泵的排油直接经换向阀旁通回油箱。(3) 影响操纵油压的主要因素是系统中的阀件, 如旁通阀和限位旁通阀的开启, 溢流阀的调整压力过低或阀芯被污物硌起或节流孔堵塞等。( 4) 造成转舵机构不能回油的原因, 主要是主油路上的液动单向阀不能开启, 或由于未引入控制油, 或是控制活塞卡死。3.2只能单方向转舵(1) 由操纵系统单边不正常引起。例如发送器的交通阀一个处于常开, 操纵油压单边不能建立, 变向变量泵的变量机构仍居中, 泵空转。( 2) 某个限位旁通阀被外物压下, 该侧操纵油路失压, 或换向阀卡死于某一端, 控制主油路的换向阀不能换向, 定向定量泵的排油就无法供入相应的转舵油缸。(3) 主油路中某一安全阀泄漏或某回油侧的液动单向阀不能开启。3.3舵速太慢( 1) 转舵速度的快慢取决于撞杆移动的速度, 即供入转舵机构油缸的油量。供油流量大, 舵速快; 反之, 舵速慢。所以该故障多由主泵的排量不足引起。若不是泵的选配不当, 则可能是因电压过低, 泵的转速下降; 或者补给油箱油位过低、吸入滤器阻塞、吸入截止阀未开足或泵的吸入管路不严密, 破坏了泵的吸入条件; 或泵的有关零件磨损过甚, 内漏严重; 或变量泵的最大排量限制调节不当。( 2) 主油管路或液压件的外漏, 旁通阀和安全阀关闭不严, 也会使转舵速度降低。操纵油路积存空气, 交通阀关闭不及时, 或换向阀的换向速度调得过慢, 必然会延迟主泵开始向转舵机构供油的时间, 使舵来得慢。3.4空舵( 1) 由于液压系统中积存空气、泄漏或发送器的交通阀开度过大所致。若操纵系统积存有空气, 开始转动舵轮时必须先压缩空气, 待系统的压力上升到一定值时, 受动器才动作, 即受动器的动作滞后发送器一定时间, 因而造成舵轮空转一定角度后才来舵。可见, 压缩空气的过程就是舵轮空转的过程, 积存的空气越多, 空舵现象就越严重。( 2) 因操纵系统和动力系统均采用闭式回路, 当存在泄漏时, 油泵(发送器也是手动泵) 从执行机构(受动器或转舵机构) 的一侧吸油, 若有一部分油在泵排出的高压管路上泄漏, 则进入执行机构另一侧的油液推动油缸或撞杆移动所扫过的容积, 就不足以填补被泵吸出的油液的容积, 因而在执行机构的回油侧产生“空穴”。如果补给油箱的油位过低, 系统的补油压力过低或补给阀不能开启, 以致补充油液不及时, 则反向转动舵轮回舵时, 油泵输送的油首先得填充“空穴”, 执行机构的油缸或撞杆才能被推动, 于是产生了空舵现象。( 3) 若发送器交通阀的开度过大, 其关闭势必延后, 开始转动舵轮时, 压力油或经另一交通阀旁通, 或经交通阀和安全阀泄回油箱, 直至交通阀关闭, 受动器才动作, 于是产生了空舵现象。( 4) 主油路中旁通阀或安全阀关闭不严, 也会产生空舵, 管理中不可忽视。( 5) 系统中的空气可能因未完全驱除而积聚, 也可能因发送器、受动器和转舵机构的填料泄漏而渗入。油缸填料的密封性主要靠液压的大小,若发生泄漏, 旋紧压盖往往无济于事, 条件许可最好取出换新, 或修整切平, 使装复后能平服贴紧。3.5实际舵角与操舵角不符( 1) 追随机构调节不当, 以致舵转至操舵要求的舵角时, 油泵的变量机构还未回中, 舵就会因油泵未停止供油而继续偏转, 造成冲舵; 或舵还未转至要求的舵角, 追随机构已把油泵的变量机构拉回中位, 舵因油泵停止供油而停转, 结果造成舵不足。发生这种现象, 追随机构应重新定位。定位时注意两点: ① 舵在正中时, 油泵排量的调零; ②舵在正中时, 保证追随杆与连接杠杆的垂直度。( 2) 对于定向定量泵电液舵机, 若驾驶人员操作不熟练, 易出现冲舵现象。这是由于舵转至要求的舵角时, 主油路的换向阀未及时回中, 舵会因油泵供油未停而继续转动, 从而造成冲舵。这种情况要靠操作的熟练程度才能解决。3.6 跑舵发生跑舵现象可能的原因有三位四通阀、手动换向阀内泄严重油缸或油缸接头外泄严重。3.7 系统超压其可能原因有( 1)卸荷阀或安全阀调定压力过高( 2)卸荷阀或安全阀内先导阀阀座上小孔堵死, 滑阀卡死( 3)单向阀阀芯卡死。 4 对舵机的检验和故障排除 针对舵机容易出现的故障点,船舶安检人员就可以有针对性地开展检查工作。4。1检查应急舵的有效性。按照现代船舶建造规范的要求,船舶应当具有两套以上操舵装置。一套主推舵装置,一套为辅助(应急)推舵装置。这是为了保证在主推舵装置出现故障时,应急舵仍然可以继续保持舵的有效性,保证船舶的正常航行和安全。对应急舵的检查一般要求船方进行应急舵的实操,观察应急舵是否能够使用,运转是否正常。4。2检查舵的运转情况。在检查舵的运转情况时,一般应有两名船舶安检员相互配合进行。一名安检员在驾驶台发出舵令,另一名安检员在舵机间观察舵机对于舵令的反映。舵机在转舵运行过程中应运转平稳,无杂音无间歇性现象。从一侧满舵运行到另一侧满舵时,应反映灵敏,能够达到28S的时间要求。4。3检查舵角指示的准确性。在舵机上都安装有舵角指示器,舵角指示器是为了正确显示舵叶转动的准确位置,其所显示的角度指数应与驾驶台操舵转向的角度度数相吻合。当舵角指示器显示不准时,就会影响到驾驶员的对船舶的操纵,使驾驶员的判断产生误差,有可能使船舶发生触碰事故。在检查舵角指示的准确性时,是由两名船舶安检员相互配合进行的。一名安检员在驾驶台观察驾驶台上的检查舵角指示器显示的读数,另一名安检员在舵机间观察舵机上舵角指示器显示的读数。二者应读数相同。4。4检查舵角限位器的有效性。舵角限位器是起到了对液压油缸的保护作用。当舵角转动到最大角度时,油缸的活塞继续压缩液油,而舵叶已不再继续偏转,致使油缸内的压力不断增加,容易导致油缸破裂。而舵角限位器的存在就使得当舵角转动到最大角度时触动限位开关,限位开关断开电动机的动力起到了保护油缸的作用。所以安检员在检查检查舵角限位器时,应让船舶驾驶员分别打满左、右舵,观察当舵角转动到最大角度时舵角限位器是否发生作用。否则应当要求船方进行修复。4.5检查舵的液压系统的密封性能。舵叶的转动是依靠油缸内液体传递的电动机动力来实现的。所以舵机的液压系统要保证不漏油,不漏气和不积气,才能达到传递液压力的目的。液压系统的密封性能对舵机的正常工作有着非常重要的作用。安检员在检查舵机时,应当注意观察舵机表面和舵机间的地面是否干净整洁、是否存在油污,还应当注意检查油缸表面是否存在修补过的痕迹。在检查液压系统的密封性时,应让船方开动舵机,注意观察舵机液压杆与液压油缸滑动处、液压油缸的其他接缝处是否有液压油渗出的现象。以便正确判断液压系统的密封性能。4.6同时在检查舵机时应注意检查一下液压油的品质。液压油是液压舵机正常工作的媒质,是液压舵机保持良好性能的保证。国际海上人命安全公约(SOLAS)对此有规定:液压操纵的操舵设备应设有能针对该液压系统的形式和设计保持液体清洁的装置。国内的船检规范也有类似的条款规定。可见舵机液压油品质是否良好对于舵机的正常运行确实很重要。液压油的品质受到以下因素的影响,一是液压油在运转过程中,机器磨损下来的金属屑和水分混入到油中,对液压油造成了污染。二是液压油与空气接触会发生氧化反映,油品会渐渐下降,达不到机器性能的要求。这时应当更换液压油。但是由于液压油的价格比较昂贵,因此沿海船舶特别是个体船舶很少有更换液压油的。另外在舵机间的液压油补充油柜中液压油应保持一定的油量储备,这也是在检查过程中应当注意的。5 舵机故障实用诊断技术的基本步骤5.1熟悉性能在分析前应首先熟悉液压舵机的工作原理、运行工况、机械性能和主要技术参数,明确该舵机的结构与管理特点。5.2 调查情况要向现场管理人员仔细地询问平时实际工作情况,一般有六问:一问液压系统工作是否正常,液压泵有无异常现象。=问液压油何时更换过,滤网有吾清洗或更换。三问出事故前调压阀或调速阀是否调节过.有哪些不正常现象。四问出事故前对密封件或液压件是否更换过。五问故障前后液压机械工作出现过哪些不正常现象。六问过去出过哪类故障.是如何排除的。5.3现场勘察如舵机还能运转.应亲自启动,认真地把握好看、昕、摸、闻等环节,以便寻找突破口。1) 察看液压系统工作的真实现象。一般有五看:一一看速度,撞杆的移动速度有无变化(速度快慢取决于进出油缸的油流量)。二看压力,液压系统各测压点的压力值是否正常.有无波动现象(压力大小取决于负载)。三看油液,观察油液是否清洁,是杏变质,油位是否够高,油粘度是否符合要求,油的表面是否有泡沫等。四看泄漏,各管接头,阀板结合处,油缸端盖处,液压泵轴封处等是否有渗漏、滴漏和油垢。五看振动,撞杆有无振动与爬行现象。2) 用听觉来判别液压系统或泵的工作是否正常。一一般有三听:一听噪声,听听液压泵和系统噪音是否过大:溢流阀等有否尖叫声。二听冲击声,换向阎换向时有否冲击声:撞杆有否撞缸声;液压泵运转时是否有敲击声。三听泄漏声,听油路板内部是否有细微而连续的声音。3) 用手摸运动部件的温升及工作状况。一般有四摸:一摸温升,用手摸泵体外壳、油箱外壁和阀体外壳的温度,若接触1~2秒钟感到烫手,就应检查原因。二摸振动,用手摸运动部件和油管,可感觉到有无振动。三摸爬行,用手摸撞杆有无爬行现象与抖动。四摸松紧度及阀门开关情况,用手检查一下限位开关、紧固螺钉、插销的松紧程度。检查相关阀门如旁通阀等工作状态是否对。4)用感觉器官闻一下油箱中的油液是否有异味。6 液压舵机的日常维护和保养由以上排除故障的过程可以看出,对于高龄船舶由于机器部件的老化失灵随时都有可能导致舵机出现故障。为了尽可能的防止舵机发生故障,从而影响船舶的航行,就要加强对舵机进行日常维护保养。在航行过程中为确保舵机正常运行,值班人员应注意检查以下几点:(1)油位:值班时工作油箱中的油位保持在油位计显示范围约2/3。如果油位降低或油位增高,应该仔细检查是否有漏油处或进入过多的水,然后处理。(2)油温:工作最适合的温度为30-50度,高于50度应使用冷却器。油当油温超过70度时,油液的氧化变质速度就将显著加快,应停止工作,查找原因,加以解决。(3)油压:在主油路中,主泵排出侧油压不高于说明书指定的最大工作油压,主泵吸入侧的油压,不低于由补油条件或吸油条件所确定的正常数值。辅油路中油压应符合设计要求。油压表阀平时应保持关闭,只在检查时打开。(4)滤器:值班时要经常注意滤器前后压差,及时清洗或更换滤芯。若发现滤器里有金属屑,应做出相应的措施,以便处理内部磨损。(5)润滑:油缸柱塞等表面要保持清洁,涂适量的工作油,舵机长时间停用要涂润滑脂。需加油的摩擦部位,工作中应适时适量加油。(6)漏泄:要在值班时检查油缸,油箱,阀件,油管等处是否漏油;舵杆的舵承填料是否渗水,柱塞和柱塞杆表面是否有一层薄油,是否滴油;若滴油,要挑紧压盖或换新V型密封圈。(7)噪音:如有异常声音,应立即查明原因并处理。(8)机械过热:泵和电动机等不应有过热现象。轴承部件的温度,一般比油温高10-20度为正常。(9)阀和固定螺帽:使用中检查各放气阀,旁通阀和截止阀以及固定、连接螺帽,防止因振动而离开正确的位置或松动。(10)必要时测量转舵机构各磨损部位的间隙,校准调试安全阀或其他液压控制阀。电气方面应定期测量绝缘,检查和清洁触头、换向器、检查防止各接头松动。7 结论液压舵机的故障与排除是一个复杂的过程, 不仅检验项目多, 而且试验过程繁杂, 同时试验内容往往缺一不可因此要求检验人员对液压舵机要进行认真、细致的检验实践证明, 液压舵机出现故障, 往往都是因为管理和检验不到位、试验过于粗糙以及遗留问题不解决留下的后遗症, 如果我们平时检验到位, 试验符合要求, 再加上注意对其保养, 那么液压舵机的扭矩大、可靠性高, 寿命长的特点就会显示出来从而减少船舶海损事故的发生。所以我们应加强对液压舵机的检验。8 致谢语

路过.... 想想看看论文

工程英语翻译毕业论文题目

我才写完毕业论文,简直是折磨!我把我们系的题目给你,参考看看吧。我写的是文化类的。其实文学和文化类要比翻译和教育类好写得多,网上可以找到的参考资料也多。英美人文和历史研究:1,从跨文化的角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异2,论美国垮掉的一代3,美国牛仔的成功之路4,文艺复兴在英国文学史中的作用5,跨文化交际中英汉礼貌与面子6,中西方饮食文化的对比研究7,西方节日的变迁及文化内涵8,电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异(我就是这个题目)9,中美教育制度及教育理念的对比研究10,英汉称谓的差异及其文化内涵11,希腊神话对英美文化的影响12,英汉商标对英美文化的影响13,英语习语与西方文化14,浅谈英美姓氏的起源及文化内涵15,中美高等教育大众化路径的比较16,《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年文化17,《阿甘正传》美国传统价值观的呼唤与回归18,浅谈美国文化中的实用主义19,论美国宗教与政治20,《圣经》的文学性及其对中西文学的影响评述选题注意事项:1,选你自己感兴趣的题目,毕业论文是个浩大的工程,要是不能写自己想写的,相信我,在这漫长的写作时间里,你会相当痛苦的。2,题目不能太大,也不能太小,否则不好驾驭。最好是那种“从小角度看大问题”的题目。例如,我写喜福会这部电影,电影体现了中美文化差异,分别有婚姻观,家庭教育观等。但是我以一部电影为出发点,这个角度就比较小。话说中西方文化的差异实在太多了,但是我只从喜福会这部电影出发,所以范围就缩小了。再者,没什么人写这个电影,所以也不容易和别人雷同,不是被写滥了的题目。3,这个题目是好找资料的,毕竟是本科论文,不是研究生或是博士的论文,写作水平有限,平时最多写写几百字的作文忽然要写几千字,想必是非常困难的。所以内容不可能完完全全出自“自己”,于是就要大量的从网上,参考书上,图书馆搬来。所以最好就是找参考资料比较多的题目,切忌是参考,不是照搬,可以PARAPHRASE里面的内容到自己的论文。差不多就这些了,我觉得这几点是最重要的,如果你有几个拿不定主意的题目,可以找论文指导老师问问看,当时我开笔写论文前,都找老师问了,老师比较有经验,他应该可以给你很多建议。

题目是论文内容的高度概括,它对读者具有影响力,可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022,希望能帮助到大家!

↓↓↓点击获取更多"论文"相关内容↓↓↓

★ 优秀论文题目2022 ★

★ 毕业论文答辩发言稿 ★

★ 毕业论文答辩致谢词 ★

★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★

翻译硕士论文题目选题参考

1、《中国古代 足球 》古汉语专名与古诗词的英译处理

2、英文合同汉译中规范性的实现策略

3、以目 标语 读者为导向的 广告 翻译策略研究

4、盐城旅游文本中特色词汇的翻译问题

5、从接受美学视角探究文学作品中模糊语言翻译

6、法律文献中专业术语英译的探讨

7、扬州旅游文本里 文化 因素的翻译

8、网络辅助下英语缩略语的翻译策略研究

9、有道词典在翻译中的应用

10、 英语 散文 120篇汉译项目 报告

11、徐州景点 导游词 翻译中文化负载词的处理

12、徐州特产食品 说明书 汉英翻译研究

13、从文本功能的角度探究报刊时政新闻的汉译

14、英语长句的英译汉翻译策略实证研究---以<基于语料库的英语教学>为例

15、《物华名胜》中复合式翻译 方法 的运用

16、《苏斯 儿童 绘本汉译过程中儿童语言的处理》

17、目的论指导下企业介绍的英译研究

18、新闻发布会口译项目报告

19、目的论视角下看中国高校宣传片的字幕翻译策略

20、《杨澜访谈录》同声传译项目报告

21、VOA经济报道口译过程中顺句驱动法运用的实践报告

22、预测在英语 财经 新闻口译活动中运用的实践报告

23、中国饮食文化词的口译技巧—《舌尖上的中国》口译实践报告

24、影响英汉交替传译中笔记有效信息筛选障碍的项目报告——以VOA时事新闻口译实践为例

25、视译停顿形成因素及解决方法报告

26、外事口译中译者主体性的把握

27、学生译员汉英交传训练中停顿现象研究

28、商务合同英汉互译技巧

29、英文品牌汉译

30、知识对于翻译的重要性

31、中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响

32、英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译

33、<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析

34、从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿

35、关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏

36、跨文化交际与商标翻译

37、中式菜肴的命名与翻译

38、浅谈英语电影片名的翻译

39、英文电影片名的翻译策略

40、英文化妆品广告之美学翻译

41、数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探

42、浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性

43、英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究

44、论语境在英汉翻译中的作用

45、浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则

46、中英服饰广告的翻译

47、论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性

48、论译者的风格与译风

49、经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译

50、从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译

51、翻译中的文化因素

52、影视字幕翻译的原则

53、影响长句翻译的因素

54、例析英译汉中形象语言的处理

英语专业 毕业 论文翻译方向题目

1、 图里规范理论视角下的《四洲志》翻译研究

2、 翻译伦理视域下杨曙辉和杨韵琴《喻世明言》英译本研究

3、 《围城》英译研究

4、 余华小说《兄弟》中的文化专有词英译研究

5、 汉语形容词重叠式及其基式英译对比研究

6、 英汉交流虚构运动事件中路径和方式表征的对比研究

7、 汉语情态动词“能”字结构的翻译

8、 英汉运动事件表征方式对比研究

9、 顺应论视角下视觉动词的汉英互译研究

10、 语用顺应论视阈下汉语听觉动词的英译研究

11、 基于交往能力理论的翻译主体间性实证研究

12、 目的论视角下的电气英语翻译

13、 从符号视角看翻译中视觉非语言符号的信息处理

14、 功能对等理论视角下政府公文英译策略研究

15、 女性主义视角下影视字幕翻译策略研究

16、 操纵论视角下政治文本的汉英翻译研究

17、 从功能对等原则看中国上古神话中神话意象的翻译

18、 从德国功能派翻译理论视角分析领导人演讲口译

19、 文化翻译理论指导下《黄帝内经》英译策略研究

20、 四字格中医术语动词的英译对比研究

21、 《红楼梦》服饰文化翻译研究探析

22、 英文传记汉译实践报告

23、 生态翻译视角下:《尘埃落定》英译本的研究

24、 奈达的功能对等理论在Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets两个译本中的体现

25、 描写性翻译理论框架下《西敏寺》译文的风格分析

26、 目的论视角下张爱玲《金锁记》自译本的比较研究

27、 从功能理论视角看戴译本《边城》中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法

28、 英译诗歌韵律的定量对比分析

29、 功能对等理论视角下鲁迅小说《药》《孔乙己》《风波》两个英译本的对比研究

30、 奈达功能对等视角下对《瓦尔登湖》两个中译本的对比研究

31、 语义翻译/交际翻译视角下文化特色语的翻译

32、 从关联理论看《了不起的盖茨比》的两个汉译本

33、 目的论视角下的《三体》英译研究

34、 性别与翻译:从女性主义翻译观对比分析《飘》的两译本

35、 目的论指导下的《舌尖上的中国》菜名英译策略

36、 功能对等理论视角下的美国情景喜剧字幕翻译

37、 功能对等理论视阈下的商标翻译研究

翻译理论与实践论文题目

1、德国功能翻译理论的宏观性及其对教学的启示

2、翻译美学的文化考量

3、解构视角下翻译中的二元对立分析

4、传教士翻译与晚清文化社会现代性

5、跨文化传播视域下的翻译功能研究

6、英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究

7、许渊冲唐诗英译研究

8、论英汉翻译写作学的建构

9、 文章 学视野下的林译研究

10、口译研究的生态学途径

11、郭建中翻译思想与实践研究

12、跨文化语用学视角下的外宣翻译策略研究

13、文学文本中的视觉翻译

14、外宣翻译研究体系建构探索

15、异化翻译思想探究

16、翻译的修辞学研究

17、新月派文学观念研究

18、文章学视野下的林纾翻译研究

19、翻译批评原则的诠释学研究

20、蒯因的翻译不确定性及其对英汉互译的启示

21、近代中国 留学 生 教育 翻泽研究(1895~1937)

22、叙事学视域下的外宣翻译研究

23、修辞劝说视角下的外宣翻译研究

24、中国传统翻译理论观照下的林少华文学翻译研究

25、易学“象”视角下的译学研究

26、对比语言学元语言系统的演变研究

27、俄语本科翻译教材研究

28、情境翻译与翻译情境

29、西班牙语委婉语的多元翻译

30、从《哥儿》林译本的 句子 结构调整看奈达功能对等翻译理论

31、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究

32、《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告

33、从中国文化语境视角出发解读西方女性主义翻译

34、证券翻译理论与实践

35、叶维廉汉诗英译研究

翻译方向论文题目选题参考相关文章:

★ 翻译方向论文题目选题参考

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★ 2021英语专业论文选题与题目参考

★ 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题

★ 英语专业毕业论文选题文化

★ 英语专业文化类方面毕业论文题目选题

★ 本科英语专业毕业论文题目选题

★ 优秀英语毕业论文题目参考

★ 英语专业论文开题报告范文精选5篇

★ 2021英语专业的硕士论文题目

英汉翻译的载体是 文化 ,并且英汉翻译还受到了文化因素的影响。在英汉翻译的论文中,题目占据了一半文的作用。为此我将为你推荐英汉翻译论文选题的内容,希望能够帮到你!英汉翻译论文选题(一) 1. 跨文化视角中的英汉 谚语 互译 2. 英译汉中名词的转译 3. 文学作品中的隐喻翻译 方法 4. 论正说反译、反说正译 5. 翻译选词如何避免 Chinglish 6. 如何正确使用直译和意译 7. 双面佳人——谈《喧哗与骚动》中凯萧的人物形象 8. 论英汉动物词的文化意象差异与翻译 9. 论非常规翻译的作用 10. 从文化差异中看商标翻译 11. 英汉语言的对比 12. 浅谈《宠儿》中母亲塞丝的形象 13. 《毛猿》中扬克的悲剧探微 14. 文学作品中汉语姓名的英译 15. 《远离尘嚣》对 典故 的运用 16. 英语新闻标题的翻译 17. 析《好人难寻》的主要人物 18. 《喧哗与骚动》的视角 19. 试析欧·亨利小说的写作风格 20. 商务合同中长句的翻译 21. 英译汉中词义的抽象化到具体化的转换 22. 论文化语境与翻译选词 23. 语言差异与翻译中的合理叛逆 24. 浅析《远大前程》主人公匹普的成熟过程 25. 论翻译中的中国英语 26. 翻译中的英汉文化差异 27. 劳伦斯笔下的悲剧性人物保罗 英汉翻译论文选题(二) 1. 语法翻译法在中学英语教学中的应用 2. 中学英语语法课堂多媒体技术运用的优势 3. 汉语宣传资料英译探讨 4. 体现在中英习语中的文化差异 5. 英语学习 中对美国 俚语 的认识 6. 电影片名英汉互译的归化与异化及翻译的相关技巧 7. 浅析中国英语 8. 大卫·科波菲尔中的批判现实主义 9. ”信”与英语比喻翻译 10. 佩科拉的悲剧探源 11. 论凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德《园会》中的艺术特色 12. 中学 英语阅读 教学中的文化差异渗透 13. 口译中的笔记及实际运用中的障碍 14. 浅析委婉语及其语用功效 英汉翻译论文选题(三) 1. 汉译英中的文化差异——词汇空缺与中国特色文化翻译 2. Questioning and Teaching of Reading 3. 英汉动物比喻的文化内涵及差异 4. (动物比喻在英汉两种文化的内涵及差异) 5. 哈代——具有乡土田园气息的作家 6. 英语语言中的性别歧视(主义) 7. 浅析英语语篇中的词汇衔接 8. 浅谈景点名称的英译 9. 英汉禁忌语和委婉语对比研究 10. 广告 翻译中的修辞手法 11. 不同语境中的翻译 12. 直译与意译 13. 浅谈中国式英语的现象 14. 英汉翻译中文化特性的处理 15. 英汉谚语比较 16. 英文广告中双关语及其翻译 17. 商标翻译中的文化因素 18. 英美文化差异与颜色词的翻译 19. 论英语俚语的汉译 猜你喜欢: 1. 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题 2. 翻译学术论文题目 3. 英语专业文化类毕业论文题目 4. 英语跨文化论文选题 5. 英汉语言对比方面论文参考目录

建议选择文学方面的题材比较好些,我就是英语专业毕业生,当时我选择的是西方文化方面,材料比较少。但是如果要想拿到优秀论文建议最好别选文学,这个没有什么新意,而且也许会有许多人选材一样。若是不准备拿优秀论文,文学题材是一个不错的选择。

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