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我国居民服务性消费与第三产业关系研究(Our residents service consumption and third industrial relations research) 消费本身是一种行为，不是一种产业，但消费会带动商业、服务业等第三产业的发展我国国民经济行业共分为20个门类，按三产业划分如下：第一产业（1个门类）：指农、林、牧、渔业（包括农、林、牧、渔服务业）。第二产业（4个门类）：包括⑴采矿业；⑵制造业；⑶电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业；⑷建筑业。第三产业（15个门类）是指除第一、二产业以外的其他行业。包括：⑴交通运输、仓储和邮政业；⑵信息传输、计算机服务和软件业；⑶批发和零售业；⑷住宿和餐饮业；⑸金融业；⑹房地产业；⑺租赁和商务服务业；⑻科学研究、技术服务和地质勘察业；⑼水利、环境和公共设施管理业；⑽居民服务和其他服务业；⑾教育；⑿卫生、社会保障和社会福利业；⒀文化、体育和娱乐业；⒁公共管理与社会组织；⒂国际组织。国家统计局1985年对三次产业的划分作了专门的规定，即：（1）第一产业是农业（包括林业、牧业、渔业等）；（2）第二产业是工业（包括采掘业、制造业、自来水、电力、蒸汽、热水、煤气业）和建筑业；（3）第三产业是除上述各业以外的其它产业，它又包括四个层次：第一层次是流通部门，包括交通运输业、邮电通讯业、商业饮食业、物资供销和仓储业；第二层次是为生产和生活服务的部门，包括金融业、保险业、地质普查业、房地产业、公用事业、居民服务业、旅游业、咨询信息服务业和各类技术服务业等；第三层次是为提高科学文化水平和居民素质服务的部门，包括教育、文化、广播电视事业，科学研究事业，卫生、体育和社会福利事业等；第四层次是为社会公共需要服务的部门，包括国家机关、政党机关、社会团体，以及军队和警察部门等。据谢文蕙等的资料，1988年，第三产业内部这四个层次产业的比例关系是：发达国家为25：10：30：35；亚洲“四小龙”为30：15：35：20；印度和中国大体为35：25：25：15。第一、二层次为流通类，第三、四层次为服务类，发达国家是服务类比重大于流通类，亚洲“四小龙”是二者大体相当，而中国和印度则相反，呈流通类比重大于服务类，说明发展中国家和地区第三产业内部的新兴产业相对弱小。
人在旅途：中国交通基础设施的便利情况与经济增长 摘要：本文评估了运输网络的发展对于20年中收入快速增长的中国地区经济成果的影响。通过探索这些网络趋于连接历史名城的事实解决了这些交通网内生安置的问题。我们的结果显示,接近交通网络对于跨部门的人均国内生产总值水平有一个适度积极的因果关系,但不影响人均国内生产总值的增长。我们发现接近历史交通网络的地区,有着较高的人均国内生产总值水平,收入不平等更突出,更多的公司和更高的公司平均利润。然而,这些水平差别相对是较小，我们没有证据表明距离影响了中国从对外开放和市场经济改革以来的20多年来经济的快速增长。我们提供了一个简单的理论框架和实证检验来解释我们所做的预测结果。我们认为我们的结果与使基础设施建设产生经济利益中发挥重要作用的流动性因素是一致的。
正确的是 Analysis of the Effect of College Sports on College Students
effect 或impact 前要加the 因为不可能直接impact 而前面没有任何冠词。。。基本常识，，
高校体育 college sports 注重的是 高校体育的运动 活动 等等 如果你要表达的是高校体育教育 则把college sports 换成college physical education即可
（analysis of） the effect of。。。on。。。这个表达是相当标准的BBC， MSN上都有此用法的。如：
College physical education to college students' psychological health force analysis
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
Second, edutainment, learning, in which - to create a rich type of activity, so that the child be happy to communication. Jean Piaget said: "Children who do not have their true activities, education can not succeed." So just to learn in class can only be self-enclosed, from the perspective of human development is far from enough. Teachers should try to expand time and space, to provide practical experience for young children opportunities. Because the origin of speech is a specific situation, in certain situations can produce the language motivation, so as to promote language development. Therefore, we have a wealth of activities for young children to create a form, so that children take the initiative with interest into oral communication training to actively observing, thinking, imagination, so that their language would, such as trickle, flow Xintian . 1, "Yan Dao" - take a look at to help tell Vision is the first sensory awareness of things. We have arranged a number of education-based activities in order to look at in order to stimulate students to the visual senses to help the child visual image to understand things, so that children Chujingshengqing quickly into his new role. See in-kind: the use of a specific kind of physical creation of the scene to speak of child care training. Such as: We are in the active course "Understanding Fruit", they can put a large glass dish filled with fruit and produce, in front of the children so that they carefully observed all kinds of fruit shape, color, taste a variety of fruit taste, in such situations , child fun, a great need to speak, but also happy to exchange ideas. Look at pictures, animation: early childhood oral communication in order to plug-communication-based, image pictures, animation for students to demonstrate a specific oral communication scenarios, can always "grabbed" the children's heart. In composing stories "over timber wolf", when, with tense music on a computer screen to produce a small gathering of animals in the river, dodging the trees behind the scenes of a wolf. The animals in the end how the Lobos beat it? Full of playful element of the picture immediately aroused the spark children's creative thinking, they opened a heated debate: Some say the animals lured into a river and drowned the timber wolf, timber wolf, some say they are birds peck it died ... ... by looking at the animation, children's desire to explore has been mobilized immediately, which makes oral lesson achieved good results. See Nature: Nature is the birthplace of artistic language. Led the children came to the embrace of nature, they will enjoy more wonderful and strange scenes of Four Seasons: Spring, the sun shining gently on the earth, everywhere a vibrant green; summer, the rumbling of thunder shaking the earth, eye-catching The lightning pierced the gray sky; fall, bright red covered with branches of the persimmon, it is watering for a snatch; winter, snow, powder makeup jade puzzle world presented in front of kids ... ... all of this, are naturally already theme ready to speak. Through hikers, look for the fall of the Garden and other activities to guide their children into nature, and observe the four seasons of the landscape, and inspire their desire to speak, to conduct oral training. 2, "ears" - to listen to say that Hearing the information the brain receives another major source of spoken language training, an important way to foster hearing. Our activities to stimulate children to use voice hearing organs, to mobilize them to soul music school, Lee studied the psychological factors that make kids love that, Weaver said. Listen Tel: kids love to call, we have designed: Tintin called to ask my grandmother disease is cured not; Teacher's Day is up, you call the teacher wish a happy holiday and so on. Such training with a strong game, conformance with the children's psychological characteristics, the children quickly into his new role, and was happy that the looting, said. Hear hear: We let the children see from their side, and hear the most favorite thing, or from television, radio, movies, newspapers and advertising absorbed the information, select one or two, seize the center, at a certain Simply put the order pass on to you. Since about the contents of what they see in daily life, pro-ear heard, and therefore rich in content and emotional nature, making oral communication for the exchange of ideas and promote feelings of educational activities. To listen to the dialogue: Multi-and the children talk their favorite topic. Upon joining the park children, lively, everyone has lots to talk about the case, as long as you have the patience to sit there, you'll hear endless talk about the words. Therefore, we often vote for those they love, they talk about familiar topics. Such as "my family", "My good friend," "my favorite kind of fruit," "I love the game," "Ultraman" "Journey to the West" and so on, on hearing these topics, the children have been active: the others, talking with his father's appearance, while performances; Some children spoke their own side of good friends, while laughed; others, talking with his favorite watermelon, strawberries, while Yan Koushui ; talked about their favorite game is rushed, dancing, and no slightest bit nervous vigor.
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation
Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]
n. 论文，专题；学术演讲
短语：
1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文
2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文
3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文
4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会
5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目
词义辨析：
article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
5、prose 专指散文。
6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
例句：
1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.
毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。
2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation
关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。
is often also famous builds up the best feature of human culture and touchs the essensial part of human , you can find the same idom in different are common in content and you tried to intertranslation them,you will find it just like and chinese have different code of language and culture background,so they can use different object as metaphor while expressing the translating these idom,we should keep their spirit while changing their the corresponding idom in translating between Chinese and English can reappear the original speech outcome and convey the original meaning.
简单翻译如下（如满意，请选为最佳答案哦~ ）：Most of idioms are quotations and aphorisms, which have collected and summarized the cream of the human culture, and connected with the most basic issues about people’s lives. Therefore, the similar idioms can be found in different languages. They have similar content and expression patterns, which will be like a direct translation if they were used in the idioms translation. English and Chinese have different codes of language and culture background, so that although they may have similar meanings with different expression items in metaphor or simile. So, when we translate idioms, its core meaning should be kept while the form of could be changed accordingly. By using these idioms in the English-Chinese Translation can not only bring back the effect and emotion of the original language, but also present the meanings clearly.
Shanxi Province is located in China's western region, In recent years, with the support of the country's western development aid policy and own resources and environmental advantages. By increasing the strength of the economic structural adjustment, prompting producer services has been development. However, compared with the developed areas, it remains at a low level. This article will explore the Shaanxi province producer services impacts of manufacturing productivity. Based on the data of Shanxi province from 2004 to 2012, using panel model, and controlling other economic variables, we tested the degree that the producer services impacts the productivity of the manufacturing industry. The empirical results show that the development of producer services not directly stimulate the industry to enhance the level of efficiency, but improve the manufacturing efficiency by moderating effect, Scientific research and Integrated Technical Services, Transport, Storage, Post and Telecommunications two industries both to the relationship between the level of economic development 、technological innovation capability and manufacturing productivity has significant moderating effect. As Shanxi Province using traditional producer services, so the moderating effect of the relationship between human capital and manufacturing efficiency, the relationship between Finance and insurance and manufacturing efficiency was not significant. Finally, we provide the corresponding countermeasures to enhance the manufacturing productivity industry through developing producer services. Key Words: Producer Services; manufacturing productivity; moderating effect
上文不够好哦!This text is an estimate analysis that the related inquisition in proceeding in present condition in programming management to educate the public section a human resource to red river in the province of Yunnan state tidy up primarily, then launching public section the alpha and omega puts its human resource orchestration the programming in important position that manage the work, it is positive to set up to adapt to the oneself the development, and have the human resource of the district special features the programming the system, to solve the oneself the difficulty with the blemish. This thesis educates from the current our country first the development present condition of the public section human resource commences, thin in multiple layers turn, pass to educate the public section human resource to the Yunnan province the programming develops circumstance proceed the synopsis says all, end return to the human resource that the red river in province in Yunnan in— in— in research object state of this thesis educate public section develop the , prepare in the thesis according to the writer the ex- period a cultural heritage for proceeding collects and statistics with the data, passing the form of the chart and educating to the red river state the present condition of the public relations section human resource proceed the layering the inquisition the data gathers, combining and making the related estimate is concrete to come to say, the chapter beginning proceeds to the red river state education public relations section human resource development environment to say the analysis all, including the talented person to educate the inquisition to that state develop the circumstance with to a data for belonging to 15 fulltime schools teaching and staff work covariance;Again combinative chart, or educate according to current that state the personnel develop a few and important link( include the culture character, salary management, results that educate the human resource hire and the talented person continues to train to wait four aspects) that actual circumstance to the public section in education in state in red river programming in human resource manage proceeds the classification analyzes, and integrates to the personnel system construction the proceeding system expatiate;Finally, synthesize the front to educate to that state the analysis of the public section human resource study, making use of the related covariance learn to analyze the method, laying emphasis ground to educate the human resource works to proceed the need predicts with supply to predict the analysis.
1. "Peasant households in non-formal consumer credit behavior factors - Ningbo Yinzhou area based on empirical research" 2. Responsible for the use of SPSS statistical analysis of survey data and the use of logistics regression analysis of binary data in quantitative analysis model 3. "Factors Affecting Farmers Credit Behavior - Based on Empirical Research in Zhuji area" 4. "Dandelion" business plan competition, the project leader, head of market research
1 the informal consumer credit actions affecting farmers factors analysis based on the empirical study yinzhou district,2. Of investigation data for use of SPSS statistical analysis, logistics and use binary regression analysis model of data measurement analysis3 the farmer credit behavior based on analysis of the factors affecting the region of zhejiang province, zhuji empirical research,4 “ dandelion”venture proposal competition, market research, project leader
The Entire Process Project Cost Control with International StandardDiscussion on the Project Cost Management in Building Construction Enterprises说明：1）根据题意，全过程和工程造价控制不宜分开，即使要分也只能是全过程控制与项目造价分开，即The Entire Process Control of the Project Cost with International Standard；2）与国际接轨用with international standard比较好
一二楼的翻译句子，很中文试。翻译英文不一定要一个字字的按顺序翻译下去。要翻译到老外一看就懂才是关键。《与国际接轨的全过程工程造价控制》“Entire Process of Project Cost Control in Construction” - In International Standard《浅谈建筑施工企业项目成本管理》A Brief Introduction to Project Cost Management in Construction.
论乒乓球的技术革新和市场开发
拍子在手，有我无敌
一、开题 开题日期： 课题的目的意义：乒乓球在我们的国家有着很广泛的群众基础和很深远的文化底蕴，它带给我们的不仅是锻炼和娱乐，更重要的是它凝聚了我们中国人民积极进取，有勇有谋的拼搏精神。乒乓球同时也是一项非常受小朋友欢迎的球类运动，乒乓球运动趣味娱乐性强，打法精于技巧，实战比赛变化无穷，因而深受广大小朋友的喜欢。乒乓球运动其特点是球小、速度快、旋转强、变化多样,是一项技巧性运动。对技术动作、控球感觉的要求非常细腻,不同于技能型、对抗性项目,技术动作较为复杂,而且动作与技术之间相互联系、相互促进。乒乓球技术动作定型所需时间较长,且运动训练周期较长。再则,该运动项目对运动者的身体协调性、灵活性、节奏感、反应能力要求较高。 目前社会上出现很多业余的培训场所，对于青少年培训方法的合理性与专业性要求甚微。如何推广合理的青少年培训（训练）方法，引导社会普遍的培训（训练）走向，本文通过文献资料法、访谈法和问卷调查，并结合自己多年的教学体会，提出了专业、便捷的启蒙教学方法，纠正社会上出现的不规范教学，为以后社会大众化的乒乓球少儿启蒙教学提供理论参考。国内外研究现状：国内现状：乒乓球运动之所以在我国经久不衰，正是因为有诸多的科学性较强的专业训练方法支撑。我国拥有众多世界知名优秀教练员和顶级的训练手段，来训练专业组织（如省队、国家队）但是，对于大众化的、相对专业的少儿启蒙方法的研究还有所欠缺，虽然已经研发出轮廓教学（徐瑶 2008-10 《体育科技文献通报》）等新式教学方法，却仍然跟不上乒乓球运动在青少年人群的普及速度，当前推广专业的少儿启蒙迫在眉睫。国外现状：多数欧美国家对于少儿乒乓球运动还是保持任凭其自由发展状态，并不注重乒乓球运动的专业化和大众化。亚洲国家，如日本、韩国等，相对重视乒乓球运动的发展，逐步引进我国训练方法，针对当地特点进行模仿与改进训练的研究。研究基本思路和方法： 1.研究基本思路： 本文通过文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法等，全面解析对于大众化的乒乓球启蒙教学应该注意的地方。通过对学生家长的问卷调查，了解学生的受训感受，走访各个俱乐部、培训基地的教练员，探讨最为简洁而标准的启蒙动作标准及步骤，为本文的撰写提供了一定的理论参考依据。2.研究方法：文献资料法：查阅相关的文献资料，进行整理概述。问卷调查法：发放问卷，并就回收上的有效问卷进行资料的整理和分析。访谈法 ：访问多名学生家长和教练员。举例论证：走访部分俱乐部、培训基地，统计该部被专业队吸收的少儿人数。课题的基本框架：1.摘要2.关键词3.前言4.研究对象与方法5.结果与分析6.结论7.建议8.参考文献。 预期结果：通过调查和访问，可以总结出一套大众化而不失专业的启蒙教学方法。对培养基层青少年、发掘优秀乒乓球运动员素材起到一定的指导作用，改善目前社会上流行的半专业、业余的训练（培训）方法。启蒙教育应该以科学为基础、大胆创新，让学员在轻松、快乐的状态下学到标准的乒乓球技术！
我国的国球---乒乓球。。。这是在网上摘的，希望可以帮助到你。。。乒乓球在我国的发展可谓根深蒂固，1、论文格式的论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、论文格式的目录 目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录） 3、论文格式的内容提要： 是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、论文格式的关键词或主题词 关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题分析，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。（参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》）。 5、论文格式的论文正文： （1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出问题-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤； d.结论。 6、论文格式的参考文献 一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期） 英文：作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是： （1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。 （2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。