英文论文3000字

这是一篇关于商业投资的英语论文。Are you investing in the right industry? Does the term book-to-bill ratio sound familiar to you? Do you know the demand and supply numbers of private condominiums in Singapore for the next year ? If you do, you must have already performed some sort of industry analysis on the electronics and property industries (or sectors as commonly referred to in stockmarket terms). Most investment processes include some sort of industry analysis. This is important because many studies have shown that over a period of time, some industries have per-formed better than others. For example, between 1987 and 1996, banking stocks in Singapore have generated better returns than other industries such as shiprepair. Industry analyses will uncover these performance differences and help identify both unprofitable and profitable opportunities (situations). It is also important to note that past performance alone will not help predict future performance. The factors or conditions that helped an industry to prosper in the past will change over time. Identifying and studying these factors will provide some clues to the entry and exit points of the investments. Going back to our earlier example, economic growth is an important criterion for banks' earnings. Between 1987 and 1996, Singapore enjoyed an uninterrrupted average GDP growth of . This allowed the banks' earnings to grow at a compound rate of when the broader market generated only growth. With GDP growth decelerating because of the Asian crisis, can we maintain the same sanguine outlook for the banks? Having determined that industry analyses are important for successful investing, the next step is to find out how we can go about doing one. There is no generic framework that is applicable to all industries, but there are commonalities which we can identify. In a free market economy, demand and supply are key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organisation. Hence, a successful indstry ana-lysis will have to identify the underlying fac-tors driving demand and supply. Factors that drive demand vary across industries, and are too numerous to list. However, it is important to note that demand can be categorised as "seasonal", "cyclical" or "secular". As the word suggests, seasonal fac-tors recur year after year. Cyclical factors, on the other hand, follow very closely to the economic cycles of the market. Secular factors are more long term in nature. Seasonality or economic cycles will have minimal impact on secular trends. Take an airline as an illustration. Most Singaporeans take their vacation in December. That is why airline seats are difficult to secure during that time. This is the seasonal factor because it occurs every year around the same time. Having said that, Singaporeans usually take vacations more frequently when the economy is doing well, and less so during reccessionary times. The rise and fall in demand in accordance to economic activities is the cyclical factor. Finally, the middle class population in Singapore has been rising over the last 20 years. This group is generally more affluent. Part of the lifestyle usually includes taking regular vacations to exotic destinations. Such lifestyle doesn't change annually, nor does it follow the ups and downs of economic growth. The demand for air travel will grow so long as the middle class population continues to increase. This is an example of secular demand. Classifying demand factors into these categories is very useful. As long-term inves-tors, we do not want to be constantly reacting to signs that are short term and volatile in nature such as seasonal, and to a lesser extent, cyclical trends. Buying and selling stocks based on these short-term trends are not only expensive (brokerage cost) but difficult to time as well. Instead, we should focus on long-term trends. They usually have a longer and more permanent impact on share prices. A key factor in identifying an attractive industry is pricing power. The ability of an industry to price its product at a profitable level without compromising its business pros-pect is important, and this is affected by many factors. Inelastic demand allows the tobacco producers to maintain good profits despite the rapidly rising tariffs all these years. Barriers to entry is another factor. Mobile-phone charges used to be very expensive because there was only Singapore Telecom providing the ser-vice (monopoly). With increased competition from M1, rates have been declining gradually. All things being equal, the more competitive the industry is, the lower the pricing power, and hence profits. Competition may be good for the consumers, but it seldom benefits the shareholders. Another factor that will impact the com-petitive environment of an industry is the cost structure. In general, indsutries with high fixed costs are more competitive than those that have high variable costs. We often hear about coun-tries being accused of 'dumping steel' onto other countries. Well, this is the case in point. Steel mills are expensive to construct. But once built, the investment costs are 'sunked'. On the other hand, the running cost to produce steel is relatively low. Since there are so many steel mills around the world (almost every country has one for strategic reasons), supply is in abundance. As competition intensifies in the global market, recovering investment cost of the mills becomes a secondary objective for management. What is more important is to keep the production ongoing and sell the steel at a price that can at least cover the variable cost component. These mills will definitely be loss-making, but at least they can continue to operate and not generate serious unemploy-ment for the economy (steel industry is very labour-intensive). Having looked at the fundamental issues, do we always buy into an industry with positive trends developing? The answer is 'no'. Con-fused? Here is why. The key to any successful investments is to stay ahead of what the market is discounting. Suppose we are bullish on the outlook of the residential property sector because owning a home is every Singaporean's dream and the island has limited land supply. But this view is widely observable. Further-more, most of the residential property stocks have already outperformed the market by huge margins. These are signs that the market has probably discounted the positive conclusion of our analysis. As such, the investment upside is probably limited. Conversely, if our conclu-sion unearths new information from the gene-ral market, we may have discovered something interesting here. To confirm that we have a good find, check out the valuation to see if it is attractive. There are many valuation tools, but the commonly used ones are Price/Earnings (PE), Enterprise Value/EBITDA*, Price/Book(P/B), and Dis-counted Cash Flow (DCF). Make a cross-industry comparison as well as historical com-parison. Going back to our property example. If our conclusion is new to the market, the industry is trading at the lower end of its histo-rical PE band, and it is also very attractive on PE terms versus the other industries in Singapore...bingo! In conclusion, I would like to leave you with a brain teaser. Imagine this is 1996 and you are an investor looking at the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry: DRAM is a semiconductor chip used in most electronic products such as personal computers. The business is cyclical in nature because corporate and private consumption of PCs usually rises when the economy is doing well. There are, however, two secular trends that underpin the growth in the industry. First, more and more people are buying PCs for their home and oiffice. Second, the requirement of DRAM per PC is also on the rise as processing power of computer increases exponentially. On the competitive issue, the cost to build a wafer fab is extremely high (about US$1b), and the technology is usually state-of-the-art. Besides capital and technology, there are no other significant barriers to entry. Margin for the industry had been very good because of supply shortage. This probably explained why share prices outperformed the market in 1995. The historical five-year PE band for selected stocks in the industry between 1991 and 1995 was about 10 to 100. The average PE during the period was 30. The industry is currently trading at a PE in the low teens. Would you invest in this industry? (The writer is the Investment Manager of Jardine Fleming Investment Management. This column has the support of the Investment Management Association of Singapore and the Stock Exchange of Singapore.)

In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 （1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 （2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。 （3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 （4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。

按你的要求，A4纸每行可以打34字，可以打22行。3000字至少需要5页。