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这是一篇关于商业投资的英语论文。Are you investing in the right industry? Does the term book-to-bill ratio sound familiar to you? Do you know the demand and supply numbers of private condominiums in Singapore for the next year ? If you do, you must have already performed some sort of industry analysis on the electronics and property industries (or sectors as commonly referred to in stockmarket terms). Most investment processes include some sort of industry analysis. This is important because many studies have shown that over a period of time, some industries have per-formed better than others. For example, between 1987 and 1996, banking stocks in Singapore have generated better returns than other industries such as shiprepair. Industry analyses will uncover these performance differences and help identify both unprofitable and profitable opportunities (situations). It is also important to note that past performance alone will not help predict future performance. The factors or conditions that helped an industry to prosper in the past will change over time. Identifying and studying these factors will provide some clues to the entry and exit points of the investments. Going back to our earlier example, economic growth is an important criterion for banks' earnings. Between 1987 and 1996, Singapore enjoyed an uninterrrupted average GDP growth of . This allowed the banks' earnings to grow at a compound rate of when the broader market generated only growth. With GDP growth decelerating because of the Asian crisis, can we maintain the same sanguine outlook for the banks? Having determined that industry analyses are important for successful investing, the next step is to find out how we can go about doing one. There is no generic framework that is applicable to all industries, but there are commonalities which we can identify. In a free market economy, demand and supply are key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organisation. Hence, a successful indstry ana-lysis will have to identify the underlying fac-tors driving demand and supply. Factors that drive demand vary across industries, and are too numerous to list. However, it is important to note that demand can be categorised as "seasonal", "cyclical" or "secular". As the word suggests, seasonal fac-tors recur year after year. Cyclical factors, on the other hand, follow very closely to the economic cycles of the market. Secular factors are more long term in nature. Seasonality or economic cycles will have minimal impact on secular trends. Take an airline as an illustration. Most Singaporeans take their vacation in December. That is why airline seats are difficult to secure during that time. This is the seasonal factor because it occurs every year around the same time. Having said that, Singaporeans usually take vacations more frequently when the economy is doing well, and less so during reccessionary times. The rise and fall in demand in accordance to economic activities is the cyclical factor. Finally, the middle class population in Singapore has been rising over the last 20 years. This group is generally more affluent. Part of the lifestyle usually includes taking regular vacations to exotic destinations. Such lifestyle doesn't change annually, nor does it follow the ups and downs of economic growth. The demand for air travel will grow so long as the middle class population continues to increase. This is an example of secular demand. Classifying demand factors into these categories is very useful. As long-term inves-tors, we do not want to be constantly reacting to signs that are short term and volatile in nature such as seasonal, and to a lesser extent, cyclical trends. Buying and selling stocks based on these short-term trends are not only expensive (brokerage cost) but difficult to time as well. Instead, we should focus on long-term trends. They usually have a longer and more permanent impact on share prices. A key factor in identifying an attractive industry is pricing power. The ability of an industry to price its product at a profitable level without compromising its business pros-pect is important, and this is affected by many factors. Inelastic demand allows the tobacco producers to maintain good profits despite the rapidly rising tariffs all these years. Barriers to entry is another factor. Mobile-phone charges used to be very expensive because there was only Singapore Telecom providing the ser-vice (monopoly). With increased competition from M1, rates have been declining gradually. All things being equal, the more competitive the industry is, the lower the pricing power, and hence profits. Competition may be good for the consumers, but it seldom benefits the shareholders. Another factor that will impact the com-petitive environment of an industry is the cost structure. In general, indsutries with high fixed costs are more competitive than those that have high variable costs. We often hear about coun-tries being accused of 'dumping steel' onto other countries. Well, this is the case in point. Steel mills are expensive to construct. But once built, the investment costs are 'sunked'. On the other hand, the running cost to produce steel is relatively low. Since there are so many steel mills around the world (almost every country has one for strategic reasons), supply is in abundance. As competition intensifies in the global market, recovering investment cost of the mills becomes a secondary objective for management. What is more important is to keep the production ongoing and sell the steel at a price that can at least cover the variable cost component. These mills will definitely be loss-making, but at least they can continue to operate and not generate serious unemploy-ment for the economy (steel industry is very labour-intensive). Having looked at the fundamental issues, do we always buy into an industry with positive trends developing? The answer is 'no'. Con-fused? Here is why. The key to any successful investments is to stay ahead of what the market is discounting. Suppose we are bullish on the outlook of the residential property sector because owning a home is every Singaporean's dream and the island has limited land supply. But this view is widely observable. Further-more, most of the residential property stocks have already outperformed the market by huge margins. These are signs that the market has probably discounted the positive conclusion of our analysis. As such, the investment upside is probably limited. Conversely, if our conclu-sion unearths new information from the gene-ral market, we may have discovered something interesting here. To confirm that we have a good find, check out the valuation to see if it is attractive. There are many valuation tools, but the commonly used ones are Price/Earnings (PE), Enterprise Value/EBITDA*, Price/Book(P/B), and Dis-counted Cash Flow (DCF). Make a cross-industry comparison as well as historical com-parison. Going back to our property example. If our conclusion is new to the market, the industry is trading at the lower end of its histo-rical PE band, and it is also very attractive on PE terms versus the other industries in Singapore...bingo! In conclusion, I would like to leave you with a brain teaser. Imagine this is 1996 and you are an investor looking at the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry: DRAM is a semiconductor chip used in most electronic products such as personal computers. The business is cyclical in nature because corporate and private consumption of PCs usually rises when the economy is doing well. There are, however, two secular trends that underpin the growth in the industry. First, more and more people are buying PCs for their home and oiffice. Second, the requirement of DRAM per PC is also on the rise as processing power of computer increases exponentially. On the competitive issue, the cost to build a wafer fab is extremely high (about US$1b), and the technology is usually state-of-the-art. Besides capital and technology, there are no other significant barriers to entry. Margin for the industry had been very good because of supply shortage. This probably explained why share prices outperformed the market in 1995. The historical five-year PE band for selected stocks in the industry between 1991 and 1995 was about 10 to 100. The average PE during the period was 30. The industry is currently trading at a PE in the low teens. Would you invest in this industry? (The writer is the Investment Manager of Jardine Fleming Investment Management. This column has the support of the Investment Management Association of Singapore and the Stock Exchange of Singapore.)
In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 （1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 （2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。 （3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 （4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。
按你的要求，A4纸每行可以打34字，可以打22行。3000字至少需要5页。
呵呵，说真的，这要看学校要求啦！因为学校的有不同的等级之分，所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的！一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右，省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右，而且论文的要求是大不一样的！所以建议你最好咨询一下系里或学校！
这个没确定性的，因为灭个学校的要求都是不一样的。 这个你应该去问问你们老师。 一般英语论文最少3000字以上，至于具体是多少字，看你们学校的要求
这么说，你去你们学校图书馆看你们学姐的毕业论文或者直接问导师！
先写一万多点吧，老师肯定帮你改的，这样修修改改，精简一下，刚好。
建议您看看 根据我搜集的一些网站来看，建议看看这个，要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网站 :lw54. ，里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的，因为精挑细选的，网上很少有，都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 别的相关范文很多的，推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站，希望对你有帮助，这些精选的范文网站，里面有大量的范文，也有各种文章写作方法，注意事项，应该有适合你的，自己动手找一下，可不要照搬啊，参考一下，用自己的语言写出来那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 毕业论文网： :wsdxs. 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文： :lw54. 毕业设计： :. 开题报告： : 实习论文： : 写作指导： :
我会帮你。我有论文范文，范文能够大致反映作者能否运用所学得的根底常识来剖析和处理本学科内某一根本疑问的学术水平缓才干。
本科5000,研究生15000英文
我有一个是英语文学方面的.不知道是不是你想要的.这可是我的得意之作.我就是靠这个论文拿了优秀毕业论文的.如果你满意,一定要把我选为最佳哦,谢谢! 题目是:The *** ysis of Symbolic Images in Tony Morrison's Beloved Thesis statement: The paper intends to *** yze the symbolic images in Tony Morrison's Beloved. I. Introduction introduction of the author brief review of symbolid appraisal brief of the paper Origin of Tony Morrison's Symbolic Images production of the work with other works in symbolic images Categories of Symbolic Images in Beloved figures C. Body marks D. Linguistic application Interpreation with Reference to Symbolic Images A. Memory of the past self-recognition Afro-American traditional culture D. Maternal love contribution to Afro-American literature. influence produced by Symbolic Images and its profound meaning.
英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study beeen English and Chinese Idioms （题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”） （学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中） 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。） 【Key Words】 idiom; parison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。） 1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences beeen Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms The characteristics of English idioms （正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. The *** ysis of the differences beeen English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、 *** 数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用 *** 数字标出页码； *** 数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)； *** 数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic ideali *** .(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate beeen evolutionary theory and biblical creationi *** ”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Niachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。 3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。 Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950. ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963. 引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。 An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如: Blackmur, Richard . The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, . 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可): Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, . A Multivolume Work Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928. Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. . London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols. 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。 A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romantici *** : The Spirit of the Age.” Romantici *** Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,. 被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。 Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48
我是福建师范大学协和学院英语专业的大三学生，想选择福建师范大学的美术学...复试主要方式：1.专业素质和能力：专业写生（书法篆刻研究方向为不少于3000字...
Information literacy Knowing how to find data from several sources, select relevant material, analyse and organise it into a form that can be used to make decisions. Computers have become the tools people use to access and manage information. Information technologists are people who analyse and design the tools. What is a computer? Tradition definitions of computers include �6�1 A machine that accepts data and processes it into use information. �6�1 A computer is a binary, digital, electronic, stored program machine. �6�1 While a computer is commonly a digital machine, analogue machine do exist. An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), process data arithmetically and logically, produce results (output) from the processing and stores results for future use. Many computers receive and send data (communicate) across networks LAN and Wan. A computer system consists of hardware and software. What is hardware? Hardware Hardware is physical devices or components that can be physically handled – you can thou it. Input Devices Input devices convert data that humans collect into coded electrical signals that a computer can process. The central processing unit The electronic processing takes place in the CPU. The CPU consists of �6�1 A control unit that controls all of the computer’s functions and an �6�1 Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) that performs any calculation Memory Memory holds all programs and What is RAM currently open? Data (notes) Word processor Output devices Output devices convert the computer’s electronic signals back into information Secondary storage devices These devices store programs and data permanently. The programs and data are not necessarily (or likely to be) in current use. . DVD CD Communication devices These devices enable a computer to connect to another computer. List the six different type of hardware? Secondary storage(external), input, processor, output , memory, Communication. Name eight pieces of hardware USB, keyboard, monitor, screen, RAM, ROM, VDU, Modem. The system unit and peripheral devices The system unit is the computer box. Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside, or in other words, plugged into the (back of) the machine. Peripheral devices include the key board, mouse, printer, joy stick and others. Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside, or in other words, plugged into the (back of) the machine. Peripheral devices include the keyboard, mouse, printer, joy stick and others. What else does a computer have? Software Software is a computer program ,which is a detailed set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information. These instructions are written in languages that computer can interpret. Software includes computer games, a word processing packing, an accounting package, amongst Definition of a computer system �6�1 A computer system is the configuration of hardware and software, functioning together, to process data into useful information, in order to achieve a purpose for a human user. What is data? �6�1 Data is raw facts, be they numbers, words, images and sounds, that can be input into a computer. . Mary a name is a piece of data What is information? �6�1 Information is processed data, that has meaning and is useful. . John is a list of names who scored an A grade on an exam John A Chai A Pam A . Commodore $23 500 Magna $21 500 Falcon $19 800 The system unit contains the �6�1 Motherboard �6�1 CPU �6�1 Memory �6�1 Other electronics It is where the computer program instructions are executed and the data is manipulatedThe Processor CPU The CPU interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer, the CPU contain the �6�1 Control unit and the �6�1 Arithmetic logic unit Control unit The control unit directs and coordinates the computer’s operations. For every single instruction, the control unit repeats four basic operations, �6�1 Fetching �6�1 Decoding �6�1 Executing �6�1 Storing CPU speed The CPU’s speed may be measured in MIPS The number of millions of instructions per second Arithmetic/logic unit The ALU performs all calculations, which involve �6�1 Arithmetic operations 2+3 �6�1 Comparison operations age>=17 �6�1 Logical operations pass Processing instructions A CPU may begin executing a second machine cycle before completing the first-referred to as pipelining. Current CPU’s can pipeline up to 4 instructions. Storage within the CPU Registers temporarily hold data and instructions. The computer’s clock A System clock is necessary to control the timing of all computer operations. Each tick of the clock is referred to as a clock cycle. Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes instructions. A hertz is one cycle per second and a megahertz is 1024 by1024 and a gigahertz is 1024 by 1024 by1024. Memory Memory is the temporary storage place for data and (program) instructions. Memory is measured in �6�1 Kilobytes 1024 bytes 2^10 �6�1 Megabytes 1024* 1024 bytes 2^20 �6�1 Gigabytes 1024*1024*1024 bytes 2^30 Representation of data Digital computers are built from many small electronic circuits. Each circuit, at any point of time can be turned OFF or ON. Hence these devices are called two state devices. Binary Digit 0and 1 Each off or on digital value is called a bit, short for binary digit. A 1 bit computer would be able to distinguish between two values-characters, symbols or numbers. Hardly sufficient for the characters on the keyboard Bits Characters 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 8 256
从最基本的说起，其实和语文的议论文一样， 有introduction,body and conclusion。 Introduction- topic, point of view(optional),a breif introduction that the student will mention in the following paragraph (1st para of body). Body- a thesis statement + supportive examples + a summary of the thesis(optional) NB: one thesis (idea)/para. Conclusion- rearrangement of introduction. REMEMBER students have no idea! That's the whole idea of academic writing. Thus there is a very IMPORTANT tip you need to tell your students- REFERENCES. References need to appear in introduction,body and conclusion of the whole acticle. Academic writings are usually expositive, hence you need tell your students to use passive languages. Active words are ONLY used in Creative Writing students.
Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature. Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written. The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton. The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly. The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines. As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles. Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.
小学英语教学趣味教学构建论文
1前言
随着教育改革的不断深入，新课程标准对教育教学提出了新的要求，其中趣味教学模式成为近年来教学发展的热点。趣味教学模式就是要求教师能够运用有创新性的，充满趣味性的教学方法和技术来营造良好的教学氛围，利用学生的好奇心提高教学的趣味性，从而提高学生的学习积极性，达到更好的教学效果。趣味教学模式对于活跃课堂气氛、提高小学生的学习注意力和积极性以及提高教学效率等，都有着重要作用，并且小学英语学习质量的高低直接影响到未来英语学习质量，因此提高其教学质量尤为重要。而随着社会信息化快速发展，传统的小学英语教学模式的弊端日益凸显，面对高速发展的现代社会教育环境，转变小学英语教学模式，开展趣味教学，激发学习的学习兴趣势在必行。
2趣味教学模式构建的必要性
2．1传统教学模式不适应现代教学发展的需求：
现代经济社会高速发展，教育教学环境也不断改变，传统的小学英语教学模式弊端已经日益凸显，学生消极被动的学习地位严重影响着学生的学习质量，其主要表现在以下几点：首先，教学方式古板，教师以主动地位生硬的向学生灌输英语知识，而不根据学生的接受能力设定合理的教学进度，影响了学生的学习积极性；其次，教学活动单一，小学生由于对于理论接受能力较差，教学活动成为提高学习效率的重要途径，然而目前小学英语课堂教学活动形式单一，内容过于抽象，不够生动，不易于接受，反而起到了相反的作用；最后，课堂教学内容陈旧，过于抽象，难度偏大，英语作为小学生了解世界的一个工具，其教学内容应该随着社会的发展不断变化，不应拘泥于老旧的教材，与社会经济发展接轨才能发挥英语教学的作用，才能不让学生产生厌烦的心理状态。
2．2适应我国英语教学发展的必然选择：
我国颁布的关于小学英语课程教学的相关要求中，已经提出小学英语教学的三个目标，其分别是情感目标、语言知识目标和能力目标，其中情感目标排在首位，其对小学生英语教学的重要性不言而喻。情感目标其实是是要激发学生学习英语的兴趣，才能提高学习的积极性，从心理层面入手，培养学生学习英语的感情和习惯，并逐步建立起英语学习的信心。然而，传统小学英语不注重与学生的情感交流，不从提高学生学习兴趣方面着手提高学习效率的方式，已经抑制了学生学习英语的热情，阻碍了小学生英语智力的开发和潜力的挖掘，因此，强调学生为主体，旨在提高学生学习兴趣的趣味教学模式，是适应我国小学英语教学发展的必然选择。
2．3为学生打下良好英语基础的关键途径：
现代社会竞争越来越激烈，英语在日常工作学习中占的比重不断提高，从小学开始打下良好的英语学习基础，对于现代社会中的学生来说至关重要。趣味教学从学习兴趣入手，以学生为中心，采用丰富的课堂交流活动为辅助，为学生制定更加科学合理的教学进度和教材内容，从而帮助学生从心理上逐渐接受英语，逐渐提高对英语的学习兴趣，从而更加有利于小学英语教学效率提升。
3构建小学英语趣味教学模式的途径
3．1丰富教学活动形式，激发学生学习兴趣：
教学活动是帮助学生巩固和学习理论知识的重要途径，人的兴趣是在活动中发展出来的，又是在认识和从事活动的.巨大动力，小学生认知水平有限，长时间枯燥的理论学习会降低学习效率，丰富的教学活动是保持英语学习兴趣，并对英语学习产生动力的重要源泉，而传统单一的教学活动不能满足当下的教学需求，因此，教师应该积极借鉴成功的趣味教学活动经验，根据班级学生的总体学习水平采取合理的活动教学方式，例如课堂看图猜英语游戏，角色扮演，学生给教师出问题等等的互动交流方式。总之，活动越丰富越能激发学生的学习兴趣。
3．2提高教学内容的趣味性：
新课程标准的小学英语教学教材在提高趣味性上取得了一定成绩，但是针对小学阶段的学生来说，教材中的知识远远不够，还需要教师从各种有利途径搜集更多的趣味知识辅助提高教材内容的趣味性，从而提高学生的学习积极性。其次，提高课后作业的趣味性，课下作业是学生巩固课堂学习知识的重要环节，提高其趣味性和吸引力才能提高学生的学习动力，才能巩固知识，帮助小学生接受英语学习，例如，学习家具的课程，教师可以在让学生在自己家家具上贴标签为课下作业，并让家长通过班级的公共交流平台发布，达到学习共享的效果，也利于教师对学习质量的把握，为最终提高英语学习的质量和课堂教学效率具有重要意义。
3．3发扬民主，强化与学生沟通交流，营造和谐课堂氛围：
小学英语课堂上应该以学生为主，教师为辅，教师在教学过程中要注重与学生之家的交流沟通，了解、解决学生的疑问，从而帮助更加合理的安排学习内容，达到课堂教学效率的优化。师生之间的良性互动还能营造出轻松愉快的学习氛围，弱化学生对英语学习的恐惧感和排斥感，在轻松愉快的学习环境中达到英语教学的目的。例如，在学习house课程时，可以让学生介绍自己家里的房间布局，并和老师和其他同学交流，在想象和交流中学习英语单词，这样学生学得有意思，教师教的也轻松自在，极大地活跃了课堂教学氛围，充分发挥出趣味教学的影响力，从而提高英语教学效率。
4总结
构建趣味教学模式是现代教育教学环境下小学英语教学质量提高的重要选择，趣味教学模式迎合了小学生的有限认知水平，充分利用学生的好奇心，在好奇心的驱动下接受英语，学习英语，从而帮助提高英语教学质量和效率，也为小学生将来的英语学习打下良好的基础。同时，应该认识到趣味教学模式被广泛应用于小学英语教学的时间比较短，还存在很多问题，还有更深入的作用值得挖掘，需要不断总结经验教训，才能获得更加长远的发展。
参考文献
［1］王丽．小学英语趣味教学模式的构建研究［J］．校园英语．2015
［2］夏晶晶．小学英语教学趣味教学模式的构建［J］．校园英语．2016
［3］安晓．小学英语趣味教学研究［D］．2015
In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 （1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 （2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。 （3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 （4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。
你是想写什么类型的呢？我遇到很多英语专业的同学，发的不是语言研究就是教学研究的论文，语言语法类的可以去参考下现代语言学期刊，教学类的可以参考创新教育研究期刊，总的来说就是，想找什么类型的就去对应的期刊找文献
毕业 时期，英语专业论文写作成为热门，面对导师的严格要求，要想顺利通过论文答辩，拟定 一个优秀的英语专业论文题目必不可少。下面我给大家带来英语专业优秀论文题目_英语专业毕业论文选题，希望能帮助到大家!
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47、中西方文化差异点滴
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50、中西方企业理财环境的差异分析
51、中西方广告创意水平差异刍议
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优秀 商务英语 本科论文题目
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2、商务英语函电翻译技巧
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47、试论广告英语的语言特点
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49、商号、商标、公司名称等的翻译?
50、商标名称的美学特征及汉语商标名称的翻译
优秀英语专业毕业论文题目
1、航海英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的意义
2、医学检验专业双语教学的思考
3、“微时代”下的军事 医学英语 微课教学研究
4、浅析中医五行学说一些术语的英译
5、传统美学视角下的 散文 翻译中情感美的传递
6、目的论视角下的文学翻译策略研究——以《红楼梦》两个英文译本为例
7、茅盾文学奖获奖作品的翻译研究价值——以《穆斯林的葬礼》为例
8、《长恨歌》中认知隐喻的翻译
9、高罗佩《武则天四大奇案》英译之诗学探析
10、诗歌翻译中的“意、音、形”之美——唐诗《江雪》四种英译的对比分析
11、《红楼梦》角色姓名“归化”译法探究
12、论戏剧翻译的可表演性原则
13、《越人歌》的审美再现——从语内翻译到语际翻译
14、早期西方汉学家英译《聊斋志异》中的跨文化操纵
15、“西语哲”视域下的英汉 句子 形态的差异及启示
16、中英文日常交际用语的差异探析
17、网络环境下英语教学模式改革初探
18、基于图式理论的高职商务英语专业听力作业设计研究
19、翻译工作坊教学模式研究
20、高校英语教学中目的语文化的渗透和本族语文化的回归研究
21、新课改下高校 教育 硕士(英语)培养模式的探索与反思
22、中小学英语衔接工作的探索与实践
23、信息技术与高校英语教学整合研究
24、探究基于计算机辅助模式的大学英语课堂教学情感因素
25、开元数字化平台大学英语教学模式研究——基于建构主义理论
26、非英语专业大学英语教师课堂话语的互动特征分析——以实习教师课堂为例
27、西部农村中学英语写作在线同伴反馈和教师反馈的对比研究
28、基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究'))));基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究
29、小学英语课堂激励 方法 的应用策略研究
30、高中英语以读促写的“读写一体化”教学模式探究
31、研究生英语学术论文语体特征多维度对比分析
32、MOOC下的中国职业英语教育改革探索与应对
33、初中英语教学策略初探
34、西北地区初中生英语自主学习浅见
35、浅议小学英语教学中的词汇教学
36、试析模块教学法在中职酒店英语教学中的应用
37、英语词汇增长路线图理论研究
38、语法及语法教学:从知识到技能的转变——D.拉森-弗里曼的语法观及语法教学刍议
39、周作人的直译观及其嬗变
40、新教学环境下的英语专业第二课堂建设分析
41、论翻转课堂模式下英语课堂提问策略的转变
42、支架式教学模式对中职英语教学的启示
43、基于“输出驱动假设”的警务英语教学策略研究
44、跨文化交际意识对商务英语翻译的影响
45、从目的论视角浅谈英文电影片名中译
46、浅析英语新闻标题的翻译
47、论《论语》英译中的语用充实
48、翻译目的论视角下的汉语典籍英译——以《论语》英译为例
49、英美影视作品中“神翻译”的定义及方法探析
50、电影片名翻译的跨文化解读
51、“讨论”与“演讲”相结合的大学英语课堂教学实践
52、单词 配对 法对双语词汇翻译的影响
53、素质教育视野下农村中小学教师心理资本开发与学生英语学习的关系
54、硕士研究生公共英语课程的元认知策略
55、语境中语块的加工及其影响因素——以中级汉语学习者为例
56、激发和培养学生英语学习兴趣之管见
57、浅谈如何提高小学英语教学质量
58、如何更好地利用多媒体辅助英语教学
59、平行文本视域下的企业简介汉英翻译策略研究
60、文化差异的导入对大学英语教学的意义
英语专业优秀论文题目相关 文章 ：
★ 英语专业优秀论文题目
★ 优秀英语毕业论文题目参考
★ 英语专业方向的论文题目
★ 本科英语专业毕业论文题目
★ 英语专业毕业论文选题文化
★ 英语专业文化类方面毕业论文题目选题
★ 本科英语专业毕业论文题目选题
★ 2021英语专业各方向论文题目
★ 英语教学论文题目选题参考整理
★ 英语专业不同方向的毕业论文题目
确定选题是撰写论文的首要工作，好比冲锋陷阵的先头部队，俗话说“题好一半文”，就是把选题看作论文写作成功的一半。下面我给大家带来2022优秀英语 毕业 论文题目参考，希望能帮助到大家!
↓↓↓点击获取更多"论文"相关内容↓↓↓
★ 英语专业毕业论文题目 ★
★ 英语教学法论文题目 ★
★ 毕业论文答辩发言稿 ★
★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★
优秀英语毕业论文题目
1、输出驱动假设在大学英语教学中的应用:思考与建议
2、坚持科学的大学英语教学改革观
3、外语课堂教学中的问题与若干研究课题
4、跨 文化 交际能力在外语教学中如何定位
5、我国大学英语教学的未来发展方向研究
6、基于微课的“翻转课堂”模式在大学英语教学中应用的可行性分析
7、英语类专业实践多元人才观面临的挑战与对策
8、论大学英语教学思辨能力培养模式构建
9、英语类专业创新发展探索
10、国际MOOCs对我国大学英语课程的冲击与重构
11、我国 商务英语 研究十年现状分析
12、基于MOOC的大学英语翻转课堂教学模式研究
13、翻译研究中的概念混淆
14、试论我国英语专业人才的培养:回顾与展望
15、大数据时代的慕课与外语教学研究
16、关于学术英语教学的几点思考
17、内容要创造语言要模仿
18、多元语境下英语研究的语用关注
19、一个具有颠覆性的外语教学理念和 方法
20、翻转课堂及其在大学英语教学中的应用
21、外语教学多模态选择框架探索
22、以人才培养为中心,全面推进外语类专业教学改革与发展
23、我国高等 教育 内涵式发展背景下英语专业的建设思路
24、英语介词学习与概念迁移
25、大学英语有效课堂环境构建及评价的理论框架
26、高校大学外语教学定位思考
27、基于三维构念的大学生英语自主学习能力量表编制与检验
28、商务英语专业人才需求和培养模式调查与启示
29、活动理论框架下的大学 英语学习 动机自我系统模型构建
30、大学 英语写作 反馈方式的对比研究
31、直面挑战“翻转”自我——新教育范式下大学外语教师的机遇与挑战
32、非英语专业大学生英语学习焦虑多维度研究
33、论英语的时间性特质与汉语的空间性特质
34、关于我国外语教育规划与布局的思考
35、高职院校英语教学EOP转向及其影响因素探究
36、基于电子学档的项目式翻转课堂 教学方法 研究
37、关于《英语专业本科教学质量国家标准》制订的几点思考
38、翻转课堂的学习者满意度影响因子分析
39、莫言英译者葛浩文翻译中的“忠实”与“伪忠实”
40、商务英语专业本科教学质量国家标准要点解读
41、中外作者科技论文英文摘要多维度语步对比研究
42、教育生态视域下的外语教学设计
43、MOOC之于外语教育场域的思考
44、构建师生协同发展的大学英语课堂有效教学理论模式
45、MOOC 热点 研究问题探析
46、台湾成功大学从EGP向ESP转型的启示
47、大学英语面临的挑战与对策:课程论视角
48、读后续写——提高外语学习效率的一种有效方法
49、美国21世纪初外语教育政策述评
50、基于微信的非英语专业大学生英语听说学习诉求的调查研究
51、中国英语专业学生英语 议论文 句法复杂性研究
52、再论外语专业学生的思辨能力:“缺席”还是“在场”
53、论外语教师PCK发展路径
54、外宣翻译的名与实——张健教授访谈录
55、高等教育国际化背景下的专门用途英语需求分析
56、英语教师的语言基本功:一个亟待引起重视的问题
57、美国国家外语能力建设模式分析
58、大学英语跨文化教学的模式构建
59、成就目标定向对英语自主学习能力的影响及自我效能感的中介作用
60、大学英语课堂危机引发的思考及对策研究
英语教育硕士毕业论文题目
1、基础教育国际化进程中混班就读外籍学生的教育图景
2、从“能力本位”到“表现标准本位”
3、大学英语教师个人通识教育信念研究
4、基础教育英语教师教学能力及其发展研究
5、中国聋校英语教育：教学体系的构建
6、多元互动英语教师校本教育模式：理论与实践
7、蒙汉双语教育背景下蒙古族学生英语学习研究
8、大学外语教育的理论与实践探索
9、继续教育英语专业学生听说能力培养行动研究
10、面向文化理解的英语专业教育
11、引导智慧生成的大学英语教育研究
12、美国关键语言教育政策的战略演变
13、教育隐喻的文化认知研究
14、教育实习对英语教育硕士教师信念的影响研究
15、英语教育硕士实习生教师自我效能感研究
16、乌鲁木齐市中学少数民族双语班英语教育现状调查研究
17、中学生英语 学习态度 与情感教育研究
18、高中英语教学中人文素养教育现状调查与改进策略
19、英语教育硕士项目的实效及改进策略研究
20、国外MOOC视频在 专业英语 视听教学中的应用研究
21、英语浸入式环境下学前 儿童 家庭英语教育的实践研究
22、《K-12STEM教育通用评估体系》翻译 报告
23、教育实习对新手教师身份认同的影响
24、初中英语教师对英语教育工具性与人文性双重属性的理解
25、基于岗位导向的英语教学改革研究
26、教育游戏软件在小学英语教学中的应用研究
27、初中英语教学中的审美教育
28、初中英语课堂上落实情感教育目标状况的调查研究
29、赏识教育在中等职业学校英语教学中的应用
30、小学英语教育游戏的设计与应用
31、探析能力本位教育在高职英语教学改革中的应用
32、中小学英语教学中的文化教育研究
33、英语国际化形势下中国英语教育发展史研究
34、在英语师范教育课程中培养学科教学知识
35、我国大学英语教育功能定位 反思
36、小学英语教育专业英语语音教学个案研究
37、教育游戏在小学英语教学中的应用研究
38、通识教育视野下我国大学外语课程改革研究
39、大学英语教学中情感教育的有效性研究
40、教育游戏在英语教学中的应用研究
41、新教传教士与晚清英语教育
42、以合作学习为途径在英语教学中实施国际理解教育的行动研究
43、英美职前教师教育实习之比较研究
44、教育游戏在小学英语教学中的应用研究
45、论汉英翻译中的“中式英语”及翻译对策
46、情感教育理论在小学英语教学中的应用研究
47、贵州农村地区中学英语教育观察
48、大学英语通识教育化探索
49、从批评话语分析视角分析中美媒体对中国基础教育改革的报道
50、养成教育中学习习惯的培养对英语学习的影响
英语教育毕业论文题目
1、英语教育与区域经济发展耦合关系分析
2、谈如何有效做好中小学英语教育衔接
3、浅谈高职公共英语现状及基于通识教育理念的对策
4、中小学英文教育方法浅析
5、传统茶文化在我国英语教育中的应用研究
6、茶文化交流对英语教育的影响
7、基于自主学习的外语信息资源优化整合方案探析
8、试论高校英语教育与区域经济发展
9、基于经济发展为导向的高校英语教育人才培养探究
10、基础教育改革中城乡课程公平问题及对策--基于中小学英语课程改革的视角
11、高校英语教师培训的内容设计与特色研究
12、网络课程视角下的高校英语教育考核机制新探
13、略论大学英语教育的通识化
14、“一带一路”背景下英语教育面临的新问题与解决途径
15、新建本科院校英语教育专业师资队伍建设的制约因素
16、英语教育中的跨文化交际能力培养策略--评《跨文化视角下的大学英语教育探索》
17、小学英语课堂中的生命化教育
18、解析高职学生的英语实践能力：构成，特征及教育建议
19、语块 记忆方法 对 英语听力 能力发展的有效性分析
20、浅谈大学英语教学在素质教育中的作用
21、从英语的经济价值看我国高校英语跨文化教育
22、中西方远程网络教育下大学生英语自主学习能力研究
23、慕课视阈下大学生英语自主学习能力的培养
24、“互联网+”下高校英语专业教育与人才培养的思路探析
25、语言经济学视角下民族地区英语教育发展研究
26、大学英语教育中国文化失语现象研究
27、在生活中收获知识--浅谈小学英语教育生活化
28、学前教育专业英语学习现状及解决策略
29、创新创业教育背景下的大学英语自主学习
30、幼小英语教育衔接的现状及问题
31、语料库语言学视阈下的大学英语教材词汇研究
32、基础英语教育的学科育人价值探究
33、试论大学英语教育要着眼于学生英语综合应用能力的培养
34、论高校英语教育实用功能的强化--以资源优化理论为视角
35、新形势下我国大学英语教育之困境及改革发展之路
36、核心素养视野下的小学英语绘本阅读教育
37、“一带一路”背景下高职院校外语教育策略
38、高校英语教育中文化意识培养策略与实践
39、大学英语教育教学改革实践路径分析--以河北经贸大学为例
40、大学英语教育在传媒信息时代发展的新策略
41、谈以爱国主义文化认同教育为宗旨的英语教育文化导入
42、大学英语教育改革之我见
43、大数据对英语教育的影响分析--论在英语教学中大数据的运用
44、传媒信息时代下的大学英语教育创新探究
45、生成观视域下的英语教育分析
46、从文化变迁看高校英语教育的“中国文化失语”
47、日本小学英语教育研究及启示
48、对我国幼儿英语教育可行性及开展策略的思考
49、大学英语教育中母语文化缺失问题与回归方式探索
50、我国英语教育中的母语安全研究
51、基于微课堂的英语教育改革方法探析
52、分类卓越--新形势下大学英语教育的发展策略
53、DBAE理论视域下的高职英语教育研究
54、语言经济学视角下的一个中国式家庭英语教育的投入与产出--以安徽省为例
55、语言经济学视域下的我国英语教育产业化
56、21世纪日本小学英语教育研究
57、五年一贯制高职英语教育现状及教学方法探讨
58、核心素养课改下的基础英语教育回顾与展望
59、内蒙古自治区牧区小学英语教育改进策略探究
60、论大学英语教育中本土文化的缺乏及其对策
优秀英语毕业论文题目参考相关 文章 ：
★ 优秀英语毕业论文题目参考
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不同学校要求不一样哦。专业不一样，要求也不一样哦。这个问题，你直接问你的指导老师吧。
Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature. Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written. The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton. The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly. The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines. As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles. Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.
呵呵，说真的，这要看学校要求啦！因为学校的有不同的等级之分，所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的！一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右，省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右，而且论文的要求是大不一样的！所以建议你最好咨询一下系里或学校！
这个没确定性的，因为灭个学校的要求都是不一样的。 这个你应该去问问你们老师。 一般英语论文最少3000字以上，至于具体是多少字，看你们学校的要求
这么说，你去你们学校图书馆看你们学姐的毕业论文或者直接问导师！
先写一万多点吧，老师肯定帮你改的，这样修修改改，精简一下，刚好。
建议您看看 根据我搜集的一些网站来看，建议看看这个，要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网站 :lw54. ，里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的，因为精挑细选的，网上很少有，都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 别的相关范文很多的，推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站，希望对你有帮助，这些精选的范文网站，里面有大量的范文，也有各种文章写作方法，注意事项，应该有适合你的，自己动手找一下，可不要照搬啊，参考一下，用自己的语言写出来那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 毕业论文网： :wsdxs. 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文： :lw54. 毕业设计： :. 开题报告： : 实习论文： : 写作指导： :
我会帮你。我有论文范文，范文能够大致反映作者能否运用所学得的根底常识来剖析和处理本学科内某一根本疑问的学术水平缓才干。
本科5000,研究生15000英文
我有一个是英语文学方面的.不知道是不是你想要的.这可是我的得意之作.我就是靠这个论文拿了优秀毕业论文的.如果你满意,一定要把我选为最佳哦,谢谢! 题目是:The *** ysis of Symbolic Images in Tony Morrison's Beloved Thesis statement: The paper intends to *** yze the symbolic images in Tony Morrison's Beloved. I. Introduction introduction of the author brief review of symbolid appraisal brief of the paper Origin of Tony Morrison's Symbolic Images production of the work with other works in symbolic images Categories of Symbolic Images in Beloved figures C. Body marks D. Linguistic application Interpreation with Reference to Symbolic Images A. Memory of the past self-recognition Afro-American traditional culture D. Maternal love contribution to Afro-American literature. influence produced by Symbolic Images and its profound meaning.
英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study beeen English and Chinese Idioms （题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”） （学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中） 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。） 【Key Words】 idiom; parison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。） 1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences beeen Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms The characteristics of English idioms （正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. The *** ysis of the differences beeen English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、 *** 数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用 *** 数字标出页码； *** 数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)； *** 数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic ideali *** .(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate beeen evolutionary theory and biblical creationi *** ”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Niachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。 3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。 Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950. ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963. 引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。 An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如: Blackmur, Richard . The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, . 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可): Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, . A Multivolume Work Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928. Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. . London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols. 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。 A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romantici *** : The Spirit of the Age.” Romantici *** Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,. 被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。 Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48
我是福建师范大学协和学院英语专业的大三学生，想选择福建师范大学的美术学...复试主要方式：1.专业素质和能力：专业写生（书法篆刻研究方向为不少于3000字...
毕业论文常见研究方法有很多，所以毕业生在写作论文时一定要结合自己的论文课题情况选择合适的研究方法。下面我们就为大家介绍一下毕业论文常见研究方法有哪些？一、毕业论文常见研究方法有哪些？1、归纳方法与演绎方法：归纳就是从个别事实中概括出一般性的结论原理；演绎则是从一般性原理、概念引出个别结论。归纳是从个别到一般的方法；演绎是从一般到个别的方法。门捷列夫使用归纳法，在人们认识大量个别元素的基础上，概括出了化学元素周期律。后来他又从元素周期律预言当时尚未发现的若干个元素的化学性质，使用的就是演绎法。2、分析方法与综合方法：分析就是把客观对象的整体分为各个部分、方面、特征和因素而加以认识。它是把整体分为部分，把复杂的事物分解为简单的要素分别加以研究的一种思维方法。分析是达到对事物本质认识的一个必经步骤和必要手段。分析的任务不仅仅是把整体分解为它的组成部分，而且更重要的是透过现象，抓住本质，通过偶然性把握必然性。毕业论文研究方法3、因果分析法：就是分析现象之间的因果关系，认识问题的产生原因和引起结果的辩证思维方法。使用这种方法一定要注意到真正的内因与结果，而不是似是而非的因果关系。要注意结果与原因的逆关系，一方面包括"用原因来证明结果",同时也包括"用结果来推论原因".不同的事物，一般都一身二任，既是原因，又是结果，而且一个结果往往有不同层次的几个原因。因此，在研究过程中，对所分析的问题必须寻根究底。4、比较分析法：比较分析法又称类推或类比法。它是对事物或者问题进行区分，以认识其差别、特点和本质的一种辩证逻辑方法。在资料不多，还不足以进行归纳和演绎推理时，比较分析法更具有价值。康德说："每当理智缺乏可靠论证的思路时，类比这个方法往往能指引我们前进。"5、定性分析法与定量分析法：就是通过确定事物的质的关系和数量关系以认识问题和分析问题的辩证思维方法。任何事物或任何问题都是质和量的统一，事物的质量。表现为一定的量，又表现为一定的质。因此，在研究中，只有弄清质的方面，又弄清量的方面，才能找出其中规律性的问题。在研究中，定性分析就是据事论理，划清事物质的界限。定量分析就是对问题的规模、范围、数目等数量关系的情况及变化，进行精确的统计，计算、分析、对比，就是弄清事物发展中量的变化关系。