【关键词】 anti-tcr antibody treatment activates population nonintestinal regulatory prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
introduction
the cd8+cd4ctcr+ t cells (cd8 t cells) are a special lineage of t cells that primarily reside among the intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes (iiels).3 the most recent data suggest that cd8 t cells in the iiels (cd8 iiels) are derived from the thymus and migrate into the gut at an early age (1, 2). the selection of cd8 iiels requires a higher concentration of agonistic self-ags and is not dependent on classical mhc class i molecules (3, 4, 5, 6). for these reasons cd8 iiels are not subjected to negative selection in a double transgenic mouse that bears both an ag-specific tcr and its cognate ag (3, 7). to date, cd8 t cells have been studied mainly as intestinal components, and little is known regarding their function and origin in the periphery.
although ags recognized by the cd8 iiels remain unknown, these cells are believed to have an important role in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier (2). cd8 iiels appear to be conditioned during the agonistic selection in the thymus and therefore do not mount destructive immune responses to the epithelium in the presence of a myriad of foreign ags in the gut (8). additionally, previous data further suggest that the cd8 iiels can suppress colitis induced by the adoptive transfer of tcr+cd4+cd45rbhigh t cells into scid mice (9) and thus may have an important regulatory role in the control of autoimmune disease in the intestine.
control mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis following an immune response to a foreign ag and for preventing or aborting harmful responses to self-ags include deletion, anergy, or suppression by regulatory t cells (tregs) (10). among tregs there exists several distinct lymphocyte populations including cd4+cd25+ and nk t cells. these cells are efficient in suppressing the priming or expansion of t cell immunity (11, 12). in addition, there is ample evidence for the existence of regulatory cd8 t cells (cd8 tregs) that play a role in autoimmune diseases, tumor control, infection, transplantation tolerance, neonatal tolerance, and oral tolerance (13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19). however, characteristic surface markers for identifying these cd8 tregs and the molecular mechanisms by which they induce regulation have yet to be thoroughly characterized.
we have studied tregs in a model system, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), induced by immunizing h-2u mice (b10.pl or pl/j) with myelin basic protein (mbp) emulsified in cfa. in this model paralytic disease is generally monophasic and, once recovered, mice resist further induction of the disease (20, 21). the mbp-reactive cd4+ pathogenic t cells predominantly use the tcr v8.2 gene segment (15). previous data from ourselves and others have demonstrated a necessary role for the cd8 tregs in the control of the disease (22, 23, 24, 25, 26). we have recently identified a novel subset of cd8 tregs in peripheral lymphoid organs other than the gut that exclusively express the cd8 homodimer shown by the cd8 iiel population. these cd8 tregs target activated t cells expressing only a particular tcr v-chain (in our case v8.2) and are restricted by a nonclassical mhc class ib molecule, qa-1 (27). the well-known unique properties of the cd8 iiels and the possibility that the cd8 homodimer may serve as a specific marker for tcr v-reactive cd8 tregs compelled us to further investigate the in vivo stimulation of the cd8 tregs in the control of eae. using clones of tcr v8.2-reactive cd8 tregs, we have examined their tcr repertoire and found that they are oligoclonal with respect to their tcr v gene usage. surprisingly we found that the cd8 tregs were resistant to deletion and instead were activated by a tcr v-specific mab in vivo. these data underscore the unique properties of these self-reactive mhc class ib-restricted cd8 tregs in vivo and the importance of cd8 t cells in the maintenance not only of gut homeostasis but also of immune tolerance in the periphery.
materials and methods
mice and cell lines
b10.pl and pl/j mice were purchased from the jackson laboratory and bred under specific pathogen-free conditions in our own colony at torrey pines institute for molecular studies (san diego, ca). aged-matched female mice (from 6 to 14 wk of age) were used in all experiments. experiments involving animals were performed in compliance with federal and institutional guidelines and have been approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the torrey pines institute for molecular studies.
induction of eae
mice were immunized s.c. with 150 g of mbpac1c9 (acasqkrpsqr) (where ac indicates n-terminal acetylation) emulsified in cfa. pertussis toxin (pt; 0.15 g) in pbs was injected on the same day and 48 h later. mice were observed for clinical symptoms of paralysis daily. disease was scored on a five point scale as described earlier (28): 1, flaccid tail; 2, hind limb weakness; 3, hind limb paralysis; 4, whole body paralysis; 5, death.
proliferation assay
to examine the proliferation response of draining lymph node cells derived from immunized mice and cd8 t cell lines and clones, 5 x 104 cells were stimulated with relevant peptides in the presence of 5 x 105 syngeneic apcs. eighteen hours before harvest, the cells were pulsed with tdr (1 ci/well), and counts per minute were counted on a trilux scintillation beta counter.
generation of cd8 t cell lines and clones
pl/j mice were immunized s.c. with the peptide p42c50 at a dose of 20 g/mouse. ten days later draining lymph node cells were harvested and stimulated in vitro as follows: 30 x 106 irradiated splenocytes in 5 ml of dmem complete medium (20% fbs, 100 u/ml penicillin and streptomycin, 3.125 x 10c5 m 2-me, 1 mm sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mm nonessential amino acid, and 10 mm hepes) were pulsed with p42c50 (10 g/ml) at 37?c and 10% co2 for 2 h. draining lymph node cells (30 x 106) in a 5-ml volume were added into the flask and mixed. cells were cultured vertically at 37?c and 10% co2 for 7 days. the resulting cells were then cloned at 100 or 1000 cells/well in dmem medium containing 10 iu of il-2 and 1 x 106 p42c50 pulsed irradiated syngeneic splenocytes. the cells were supplemented with fresh medium (2% conditioned medium and 50 iu/ml il-2) every 3 or 4 days and restimulated with p42c50 every 2 wk. cells from proliferating wells were then transferred to 24-well plates and expanded using the procedure as described above. to generate p42c50-reactive lines, the restimulated draining lymph node cells were expanded using 50 iu/ml il-2 and 2% conditioned-medium in 24-well plates. the lines were supplemented with fresh medium every 3 to 4 days and restimulated with p42c50-pulsed irradiated splenocytes every two weeks.
to generate siinfekl (ovap257c264)-specific ctl clones, splenocytes from ot-1 transgenic mice were stimulated with an engineered fibroblast cell line, mec.b7.sigova. briefly, the adherent fibroblast apcs were seeded at 100,000 cells per well in 24-well plates and cultured overnight. the next day, the plates were irradiated with 7000 rad and washed three times with medium to remove any nonadherent cells or cell debris. ot-1 transgenic cells (5 x 105) were seeded into wells and then replenished with new medium containing 50 iu/ml il-2 and 2% conditioned medium every 3 or 4 days and restimulated every 2 wk. clonality was confirmed by flow cytometry, which showed that all cells expressed the v5 and v2 transgenic tcr.
rt-pcr, real-time pcr, and gene sequencing
total mrna was extracted from cells using the rneasy mini kit (qiagen) and subjected to cdna synthesis with an oligo d(t)12c18 primer. for rt-pcr analysis, each pcr contained 2 l of cdna, 0.5 l of dntp (20 mm; amersham biosciences), 0.4 l of amplitag polymerase (5 u/l; applied biosystems), 6 l of mgcl2 (25 mm, applied biosystems), 1 l of forward and reverse primers (10 m), and 5 l of 10x pcr buffer (applied biosystems). the reaction volume was 50 l. a typical cycle for tcr v6 or v8.2-c145 was as follows: denatured at 95?c for 11 min, 40 x 2.25-min cycles (45 s at 95?c, 45 s at 60?c, and 45 s at 72?c), and 10 min of incubation at 72?c. the mg2+ concentration and cycles were varied depending on the primers used.
real-time pcr was performed using the brilliant sybr green quantitative pcr kit (stratagene) on a stratagene mx3000p machine. the calculation of comparative mrna expression was performed by the stratagene software and was designated as relative quantity after normalization against internal control genes (l32 and cyclophilin) and after consideration of the amplification efficiency of individual genes.
to sequence the tcr v gene from the p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs clones, tcr v6 and c145 primers were used to amplify the v6-c gene products. v6-c pcr products were cloned into a pcr2.1-topo vector using a topo ta cloning kit for sequencing (invitrogen life technologies). the pcr2.1-topo constructs were transformed into competent escherichia coli and positive clones were then sequenced using a bigdye terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (applied biosystems) on an automated abi prism 3100 genetic analyzer with a pop-4 polymer and a 5c47 cm x 50-m capillary (applied biosystem).
major primers used in the above studies: l32 sense (5'-gaaactggcggaaaccca-3') and l32 antisense (5'-ggatctggcccttgaacctt-3'); cyclophilin sense (5'-ggccgatgacgagccc-3') and cyclophilin antisense (5'-tgtctttggaactttgtctgcaa-3'); tcr-v6 sense (5'-ctctcactgtgacatctgccc-3'); tcr-v8.2 sense (5'-cattattcatatggtgctggc-3'); c145 antisense (5'-cactgatgttctgtgtgaca-3') and c5 antisense (5'-cttgggtggagtcacat ttctc-3').
elisa
il-2, il-4, il-5, il-6, il-10, il-12, il-13, tnf-, and ifn- levels were measured by a sandwich elisa using supernatants obtained from peptide-stimulated cd8 clone cultures as described earlier (29). briefly, nunc maxisorp f96 immunoplates were coated with a capture ab at 4?c overnight. after blocking with pbs containing 10% fbs, 50 l of supernatants was added and the plates were incubated overnight at 4?c. plates were extensively washed with pbs plus 0.05% tween and incubated with a biotin-conjugated detection ab. finally, plates were washed and developed using avidin-peroxidase and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) substrate (sigma-aldrich,). od405 was measured. all cytokine capture and detection ab pairs were purchased from bd pharmingen.
cellular elispot analysis
ifn-c and il-4cproducing cells were enumerated in restimulated splenocytes from mbpac1c9 immunized mice by cellular elispot assay as described earlier (30). briefly, splenocytes (5 x 106 cells/ml) were cultured for 48 h in 24-well plates either with medium alone or with mbpac1c9 (40 g/ml). millititer ha nitrocellulose plates (millipore) were coated overnight at 4?c with anti-ifn- or anti-il-4 abs. after blocking the coated plates, ag-stimulated cells were added at graded concentrations for 24 h at 37?c. the wells were then incubated with biotin-conjugated anti-ifn- or anti-il-4 mabs followed by incubation with avidin peroxidase (vector laboratories). spots were developed by the addition of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole substrate (sigma-aldrich) and counted using a computerized image analysis system (lightools research) and the image analyzer program nih image 1.61.
flow cytometry
cell surface molecules were detected by fluorescence-conjugated mabs. briefly, 1c4 x 105 cells per 100 l were incubated with relevant abs at 4?c for 30 min. cells were then washed twice with facs buffer containing 1% fcs and 0.05% sodium azide and analyzed on a bd biosciences facscalibur flow cytometer. abs purchased from bd pharmingen include 145-2c11 (anti-cd3), 53-6-7 (anti-cd8), 53-5.8 (anti-cd8.2), h1.2f3 (anti-cd69), rr4-7 (anti-tcr v6), and mr5-2 (anti-tcr v8.1/8.2).
thymic leukemia ag (tl) tetramer staining of the cd8 t cell clones was conducted. tl monomers were provided by dr. h. cheroutre?s laboratory (la jolla institute for allergy and immunology, san diego, ca). to conjugate the monomers, streptavidin-pe was added into a tl monomer at 1:1 ratio. mixtures were incubated on ice for 15 min in the dark. to stain the cd8 clones, 1 l of the above-conjugated tl-tetramer was added into 100,000 cells per 100 l in facs buffer. cells were incubated for 30 min at 4?c and were then washed twice with buffer before being analyzed on the becton dickinson facscalibur.
statistical analysis
data are expressed as mean ? sem for each group. statistical analyses were performed using spss software. two independent samples were tested by independent t test. otherwise, the anova test was used. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
results
analysis of tcr v usage by the cd8 tregs clones
recently we have cloned a novel population of cd8 tregs from draining lymph nodes in mice immunized with a peptide, p42c50, derived from the conserved cdr2 region of the tcr v8.2-chain (27). the cd8 tregs express exclusively cd8 homodimers (cd8 tregs) and protect mice from eae either by adoptive transfer or upon in vivo activation by their cognate ag p42c50 (27). to analyze the tcr repertoire of the p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs, we determined the tcr v usage of three independently generated cd8 tregs clones using gene spectratyping. the data revealed that two of the three cd8 tregs clones used the tcr v6 gene segment. a representative spectratyping analysis of a cd8 tregs clone, 2d11, that uses tcr v6 and j2.4 gene segments is shown in fig. 1a. to further confirm the tcr v-gene usage, we have also sequenced the tcr v6+ cd8 treg clone and determined its cdr3 region sequence (fig. 1b). to verify the cd8 homodimer expression by the cd8 tregs, the dominant v6+ cd8 tregs were stained with anti-tcr v6 and either anti-cd8 or a tl tetramer that selectively binds to cd8 homodimers with high affinity (31). fig. 1c clearly shows and confirms our earlier finding that the cd8 tregs are cd8+tcrv6+tl-tetramer+.
figure 1. cd8 tregs clones predominantly use the tcr v6 gene segment. peptide p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs clones were generated from the draining lymph nodes of p42c50-immunized pl/j mice by using limiting dilution techniques as described in materials and methods. a, mrna was extracted from the cd8 tregs clones and examined for tcr v and j usage using gene spectratyping. data are the tcr v-j profiles of a predominant cd8 tregs clone. b, cdr3 regions of the cd8 tregs clones were further analyzed by gene sequencing. data show the cdr3 sequence of a representative cd8 treg clone, 2d11. c, cd8 tregs clones were analyzed for the surface expression of specific tcr and cd8 homodimers by flow cytometry. shown are flow cytometry profiles of the 2d11 clone stained with anti-tcr v6 and anti-cd8 (53-6-7) or tl tetramers (tl-tet).
cd8 tregs predominantly use the tcr v6 gene segment
due to the difficulty in generating and maintaining long-term cd8 tregs clones, we also generated a total of 14 short-term p42c50-reactive cd8 t cell lines (cd8 tregs lines) to further analyze the apparent oligoclonal tcr v6 gene usage by the cd8 tregs. we have previously demonstrated that t cell lines raised in response to p42c50 possess the same potent regulatory properties as our three characterized cd8 tregs clones and that the regulatory property of these lines depends on the presence of cd8+ t cell (27). as shown in fig. 2a, compared with naive spleen cells the p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs lines have a significant expansion of both tcrv6+cd8+ (upper panel) and v6+tl-tetramer+ t cells (lower panel). a typical dot plot analysis of a cd8 tregs line is shown in fig. 2b, which demonstrates the expansion of cd8+tcrv6+tl-tetramer+ cells following in vitro culture.
figure 2. p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs dominantly use the tcr v6 gene segment in vivo. a, p42c50-reactive cd8 treg lines were generated from the draining lymph nodes of p42c50-immunized mice as described in materials and methods. the expression of cd8 homodimers and tcr v6 was analyzed by facs using anti-tcr v6 mab and either the anti-cd8 (53-6-7) mab or tl tetramers. the data show the percentage of tcr v6+cd8+ (upper panel) or the tcr v6+tl-teramer+ (lower panel) t cells in both naive spleens and p42c50-reactive cd8 treg lines. the data are combined from at least four independent experiments. *, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.05; anova test. b, dot plot analysis of a p42c50-reactive cd8+ t cell line for the expression of cd8, tcrv6, or cd8 homodimers (tl tetramer+). the data are representative of two independent experiments. c, pl/j mice were immunized with either p42c50 (lower panel) or mbpac1c9 (upper panel). the draining lymph node cells were examined for recall response (ifn-) to p42c50 (lower panel) or mbpac1c9 (upper panel) in the presence of an isotype control, anti-tcr v11, or anti-tcr v6 mabs. the results are shown as percentages relative to the response in the presence of igg isotype control (100%). the data are representative of two independent experiments. *, p < 0.01 for anti-tcr v6 vs igg or anti-tcr v11. d, pl/j mice were immunized with p42c50 and the draining lymph node cells were examined for cytokine response (ifn-) upon re-stimulation with p42c50 in vitro in the presence of the indicated mabs. the data are representative of three independent experiments.
these data confirm that the cd8 tregs preferentially use the tcr v6 gene segment. to further explore the predominance of v6+ t cells among the p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs lines, we have asked whether an ab directed toward this tcr could block an in vitro response to its cognate ag. groups of pl/j mice were s.c immunized with the tcr peptide p42c50, and draining lymph node cells were analyzed for recall response to p42c50 in the presence of isotype control (igg), anti-tcrv11, or anti-tcrv6 mabs. as shown in the lower panel of fig. 2c, anti-tcrv6, but not the igg isotype control or the anti-tcr v11 mab, inhibits the response of the draining lymph node cells to p42c50 (the percentage of inhibition in the presence of the anti-tcr v6 mab ranged from 35.48 ? 22.04% to 78.59 ? 6.89%). the inhibitory effect of the anti-tcr v6 mab was specific, because the same ab did not block a recall response of draining lymph node cells to mbpac1c9 whose response does not predominantly use the tcr v6 gene segment (fig. 2c, upper panel). fig. 2d shows a dose-dependent inhibition of the above p42c50-mediated in vitro recall response of lymph node cells in the presence of the anti-tcr v6 mab, but not in the presence of an isotype-matched control ab. table i shows combined data from three independent experiments. overall, the data demonstrate that the anti-tcrv6 mab significantly blocks the response of the cd8 tregs to their cognate ligand, confirming their functional oligoclonality with respect to the tcr v gene usage.
table i. anti-tcr v6 mab blocks cd8 treg response in vitroa
administration of anti-tcr v6 mab leads to activation of tcr v6+ lymphocytes and down-modulation of their receptors
predominant usage of the tcr v6 gene segment by cd8 tregs prompted us to ask how the treatment of mice with the anti-tcr v6 mab could affect the cd8 treg repertoire in vivo. b10.pl mice were injected i.v. with the anti-tcr v6 mab (rr4-7; 300 g/mouse), and splenocytes were examined for the presence of v6+ and v8+ t cells by flow cytometry on days 0, 1, and 3. as shown in fig. 3a, injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab leads to activation of tcr v6+ t cells in vivo as determined by expression of the early activation marker cd69 (fig. 3a, second column from left) and an apparent down-regulation of their receptors in both cd8+ (fig. 3a, left column) and cd4+ t cells (data not shown). the effect of the anti-tcr v6 mab is tcr specific, because tcr v8+ t cells are not affected under the identical conditions (fig. 3, third and fourth columns from the left).
figure 3. in vivo injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab leads to activation of tcr v6+ lymphocytes and down-modulation of their receptors. a, the anti-tcr v6 mab was injected i.v. (300 g/mouse) at days 0, 1, and 3 and splenocytes were stained with tcr v6-fitc/cd8-pe/cd69-percp (first and second columns from the left) or tcr v8-fitc/cd8-pe/cd69-percp (third and fourth columns from the left) to analyze the expression of the early activation marker cd69. data are representative of two independent experiments. b, mrna was extracted from the splenocytes of the above anti-tcr v6 mab-injected mice and examined for the expression of tcr v6 (upper panel) or tcr v8.2 (lower panel) gene expression using real-time pcr. expression of the specific transcripts is presented as relative quantity after normalization against two internal control genes (l32 and cyclophilin). data are representative of two independent experiments. statistical analysis from combined data of two independent experiments: *, p < 0.01 for day 0 vs day 1; p < 0.0001 for day 0 vs day 3 and day 1 vs day 3; #, p < 0.05 for day 0 vs day 1 and day 0 vs day 3; p = 0.01 for day 1 vs day 3.
to further evaluate the effect of the anti-tcr v6 mab on tcr v6+ t cells in vivo, we analyzed the tcr v6 mrna in splenocytes of injected mice. as shown in the upper panel of fig. 3b, injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab leads to a brief increase followed by a significantly reduced level of tcr v6 mrna (day 0 vs day 3; p < 0.0001). the level of tcr v8.2 mrna, however, is slightly decreased followed by an increase on day 3 (day 0 vs day 3; p < 0.05). however, the increase in v8 mrna is more variable from mouse to mouse compared with the tcr v6 mrna level (fig. 3b, lower panel). furthermore, the transfer of cfse-labeled tcr v6+ cells into syngeneic mice followed by the injection of the anti-tcrv6 mab yielded a reduced number of v6+ cells (data not shown). these data collectively suggest that in vivo injection of the anti-tcr ab results in partial deletion of the tcr v6+ t cells following an initial activation.
injection of anti-tcr v6 mab does not delete the 2d11 clone or cd8 t cells in the periphery
cd88 iiels have been shown to use different cd3 signaling molecules than conventional cd8+cd4ctcr+t cells (cd8 t cells) and to express high levels of anti-apoptotic molecules of the bcl-2 family (32). we therefore planned to determine whether an in vivo injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab depletes the cd8 tregs population or not by using tl-tetramers and primers derived from the tcr v6+ cd8 tregs clone 2d11. as shown in fig. 4a, these primers specifically amplify an mrna sequence from the cd8 tregs clone, but not from an irrelevant ot-1 clone or from naive splenocytes. fig. 4b shows an analysis of mrna amplification in the cd8 treg clone, the ot-1 clone, and naive splenocytes by real time pcr using the cd8 treg-specific primers.
figure 4. in vivo injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab does not delete cd8 or the dominant p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs clone 2d11. a, primers specific for the cdr3 region of the dominant cd8 tregs clone (2d11) were designed and used to amplify the clone-specific transcripts from the 2d11 clone, the ot-1 clone, and naive splenocytes using rt-pcr. data are representative of three independent experiments. b, the amplification of the 2d11 specific transcripts by the above designed primers was further confirmed by real-time pcr. expression of the 2d11-specific transcripts is presented as the relative quantity after normalization against two internal control genes (l32 and cyclophilin). data are representative of three independent experiments. c, the anti-tcr v6 mab was injected into mice i.v. the tl tetramer was used to detect cd8+ t cells by facs analysis (upper panel) and 2d11-specific primers were used to detect 2d11 by real-time pcr (lower panel). data are representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 for day 0 vs day 1.
using the cd8 treg clone-specific primers and tl tetramers, we then further examined the repertoire change in the splenocytes of mice injected with the anti-tcr v6 mab. as shown in the upper panel of fig. 4c, tl-tetramer+cd8+ t cells are not deleted following the ab injection. indeed, the percentage tl tetramer+cd8+ t cells was increased (p < 0.05) following the mab injection and maintained for at least 7 days. similarly, the lower panel of fig. 4c shows that the mrna specific for the cd8 tregs clone, 2d11, was not decreased but rather increased significantly (p < 0.05) in a similar pattern to that of the tl-tetramer+cd8+ t cells. the increased expression in both tl-tetramer+cd8+ t cells and mrna specific for the cd8 tregs clone is consistent with the activation of tcr v6+ cells as mentioned above and may further suggest a moderate in vivo expansion of the cd8 tregs following anti-tcr v6 mab injection. these data are similar to findings in the cd8 iiels that show poor but definite responses to their cognate ags or to tcr cross-linking (7).
administration of anti-tcr v6 mab leads to protection from eae
activation rather than deletion of p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs allowed us to ask whether an injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab could protect mice from mbp-induced eae. groups of mice were immunized for eae with mbpac1c9/cfa/pt followed by injection with a low dose of anti-tcr v6 mab (100 g/mouse), an isotype control mab, or pbs i.v. on days 1 and 8. the data in fig. 5 show that an in vivo injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab results in protection from eae in b10.pl mice (p < 0.05 between the pbs and the anti-tcr v6 groups on days 15c23; p < 0.05 between the igg and the anti-tcr v6 groups on days 20c23). table ii shows a summary of the combined data from four independent experiments.
figure 5. in vivo injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab results in protection from eae. b10.pl mice were injected with an isotype control mab (100 g/mouse), an anti-tcr v6 mab (100 g/mouse), or pbs on days 1 and 8 after eae induction (day 0). mice were monitored for paralytic disease as described in the materials and methods. p values between pbs/control and anti-tcr v6 groups: 0.024 (day 15); 0.007 (day 16), 0.006 (day 17); 0.009 (day 18); 0.04 (day 19); 0.03 (day 20); 0.02 (day 21); 0.05 (day 22); and 0.04 (day 23). p values between igg vs anti-tcr v6 groups were as follows: 0.03 (day 20); 0.01 (day 21); 0.04 (day 22); and 0.04 (day 23).
table ii. activation of tcr v6+ cd8+ t cells leads to protection from eae
injection of anti-tcr v6 mab prevents expansion of th1-type mbpac1c9-reactive t cells in vivo
although the role of th1- and th2-type cytokines in disease progression or remission is complex, it is well established that th1-type cells contribute toward pathogenesis whereas th2 cytokines prevent eae in this system (33). to further study the mechanisms of protection from eae following injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab, we examined the frequency of mbp-reactive th1/th2 cytokine-secreting cells in animals treated with anti-tcr v6 mab. groups of mice were immunized for eae with mbpac1c9/cfa/pt followed by i.v. injection with a low dose of anti-tcr v6 mab (100 g/mouse) or an isotype control as described above. splenocytes were analyzed for mbpac1c9-specific ifn-- or il-4-secreting cells by elispot. as shown in fig. 6, ifn--secreting cells are significantly decreased compared with il-4-secreting cells in the anti-tcr v6 mab injected mice as detected by a significant decrease in the ifn- to il-4 ratio (p < 0.05). therefore, injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab results in the immune deviation of the response to mbp from the th1 to the th2 direction and in protection from the disease.
figure 6. in vivo injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab inhibits the function of mbpac1c9-reactive, ifn--producing cells. b10.pl mice were injected with either an isotype control mab (100 g/mouse) or an anti-tcr v6 mab (100 g/mouse) on days 1 and 8 after eae induction with mbpac1c9/cfa/pt (day 0). at the recovery stage of paralytic disease, splenocytes were examined for ifn-- or il-4-producing cells in vitro by elispot in response to restimulation with mbpac1c9. the data are combined from three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 from an independent t test.
discussion
the function and origin of cd8+cd4ctcr+ (cd8 t cells) in peripheral lymphoid organs other than the gut are not known. we have cloned and characterized a novel population of cd8 t cells that are specific for a determinant derived from a conserved cdr2 region of the tcr v 8.2-chain (p42c50) and display regulatory function in an eae model in h-2u mice (b10.pl or pl/j) (27). in this report, we further analyzed the tcr repertoire of the cd8+cd4ctcr+ regulatory t cells (cd8 tregs). the data demonstrate that the tcr peptide-specific cd8 tregs predominantly use the tcr v6 gene segment. injection of anti-tcr v6 mab leads to activation of the majority of tcr v6+ t cells followed by the down-modulation of their receptors or partial deletion. ab treatment also results in apparent expansion of cd8 t cells (tl-tetramer+ t cells) or the cd8 tregs in the peripheral lymphoid organs. in addition, in vivo injection of anti-tcr v6 mab leads to protection from eae that correlates with the immune deviation of the immunodominant anti-mbp response.
earlier studies have suggested that thymus-derived lymphocytes migrate into the intestine and develop into cd8 t cells and that cd8+cd4ctcr+ thymocytes (cd8 thymocytes) are generally absent in normal mice even at very early developmental stages, for example, embryonic day 14 (34, 35). however analysis of h-y tcr transgenic male mice has shown that the h-y transgenic thymus does contain detectable numbers of cd8 thymocytes in the first 2 wk after birth, demonstrating that in the presence of agonistic ags the thymus has the ability to positively select cd8 t cells (1). one explanation for the absence of cd8 thymocytes in the normal thymus is that most of the cd8 thymocytes in normal mice, for example the tcr peptide-specific cd8 thymocytes described here, develop in the thymus at a very low numbers due to the relatively low concentration of a particular agonistic self-ag available locally. an alternative possibility is that there may exist a particular population of precursors that are committed to the cd8 lineage in the thymus but actually acquire the cd8 homodimers in the intestine or under certain conditions in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. indeed, a recent report indicates that triple-positive thymocytes (cd4+cd8+cd8+) represent the preselection stage; however, double-negative cd5+tcr+ thymocytes are postselection precursors of the cd8 iiels. these precursors require further maturation into cd8 iiels after export from the thymus in an il-15-rich environment, e.g., the gut (36).
interestingly, nearly all cd8 iiels express fcri -chains as part of the cd3 complex, whereas conventional tcr+ iiels express homodimers of cd3 or heterodimers of cd3 and (37). this characteristic phenotype appears to be akin to the expression of fcri -chains in immature double-negative thymocytes and the fact that the immediate precursors of double-positive thymocytes are cd4ccd8+ (32). it is therefore possible that the cd8 t cells may directly derive from dn thymocytes under the pressure of agonistic ligands (2). in addition, cd4ccd8+ thymocytes express high levels of anti-apoptotic factors of the bcl-2 family (32), which is consistent with the finding from our and other laboratories that cd8 t cells are resistant to apoptosis induced by tcr cross-linking (see below).
we have further demonstrated that tl tetramer+ t cells (cd8+ t cells) also exist in the peripheral lymphoid organs at a very low percentage in normal naive mice (<1%) (figs 2a and fig. 4c), which is consistent with the findings from other laboratories (38). it is important to note that the percentage of cd8 t cells is increased in both spleens (>10%) and among the iiels (>20%) of mhc class ia-deficient mice (5, 6, 38), suggesting that mhc class ib molecules are important in the development of cd8 t cells in both the peripheral lymphoid organs and the intestine. however the relationship between these two groups of cells is not clear.
ags recognized by cd8 t cells and role of these cells in the periphery have not been described. recent data support the notion that t cells specific for any ag have the ability to develop into cd8 t cells (1, 4). cd8 iiels have been shown to be the only cell subset among iiels that can suppress colitis induced by the adoptive transfer of tcr+cd4+cd45rbhigh cells into scid mice (9). however, due to the rarity of cd88 t cells in the secondary lymphoid organs, it had been extremely difficult to analyze their function in the periphery. our data demonstrate that cd8 tregs specific for tcr self-peptides constitute an important pool of regulatory t cells in the periphery, bearing similarity to the cd8 t cells among the iiels that also display a regulatory function (9).
an effort to specifically deplete cd8 t cells to analyze their function has been made by the deletion of a cd8 locus enhancer (e8i), which leads to the selective reduction of cd8 homodimer expression on iiels (39). recent data generated from these mice suggest that conventional cd8+cd8+cd4ctcr+ t cells (cd8 t cells) also transiently express cd8 homodimers upon activation (cd8cd8 t cells) that were shown to contribute to the survival of cd8+ memory t cells (40). however, other laboratories have failed to confirm a general requirement for the cd8 homodimers in cd8+ t cell memory (39, 41, 42). data from our and other laboratories have clearly shown that cd8 t cells from both peripheral lymphoid organs and iiels have regulatory function. it is therefore tempting to speculate that cd8 homodimers actually endow a specific cd8+ t cell lineage with a regulatory function. the cloning of tcr peptide-specific cd8 tregs provides an important tool for analyzing this unique group of cells.
repertoire analysis of the p42c50-reactive cd8 tregs described here reveals a predominant usage of the tcr v6 gene segment that is reminiscent of two other populations in this system, the tcr v8.2 peptide p76c101-specific cd4+ tregs that predominantly use tcr v14 (28), and the mbpac1c9-specific cd4+ pathogenic t cells that predominantly use tcr v8.2 (20, 21). the highly restricted usage of tcr v gene segments in this system has made it easier to dissect different components in the immune system. it is important to note that the restricted usage of tcr variable gene segments to different degrees has been reported in immune responses to virus, allograft, tumor, 2-glycoprotein i, soluble hen egg white lysozyme, and others (26, 43, 44, 45, 46). therefore, the existence of dominant repertoires suggest that certain dominant t cell clones or even multiple clones can be targeted for therapy in t cell-mediated diseases.
our data further suggest that although in vivo injection of anti-tcr v6mab leads to activation of the cd8 tregs, it results in down-modulation of the tcr or partial deletion of the bulk v6+ t cell population (figs. 3 and 4) as suggested by real-time pcr and cfse-labeling experiments. interestingly, the number and mrna of cd8 t cells and the cd8 treg clone, respectively, are actually increased upon in vivo injection of the anti-tcr v6 mab. although, the underlying mechanism(s) remains unknown, it may be related to the relative resistance of cd8 t cells to apoptosis upon tcr cross-linking owing to unique signal transduction pathways (2, 32, 37). it is noteworthy that some anti-cd25 mabs were recently found not to deplete the cd4+cd25+ tregs, suggesting that regulatory t cells may have some common features that render them resistant to depletion by mabs (47). interestingly, polyclonal anti-lymphocyte serum has also been shown to spare the cd4+cd25+ tregs from deletion although it deletes most of the other lymphocytes. at least 2 wk after anti-lymphocyte serum treatment it appeared that the residual cd4+cd25+ tregs showed a much stronger in vitro suppressive activity (48). although the mechanisms of the above polyclonal anti-lymphocyte sera appear complex, our data collectively suggest that anti-tcr ab-mediated activation of the cd8 tregs in vivo provides an important pathway for generating an effective regulatory response with potential clinical implications for the therapy of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejections.
acknowledgments
we thank dr. yang dai for help with the cdna sequencing, dr. ramesh halder for sharing his unpublished data, edward e. lemmnes for help with preparation of the anti-tcr v6 mab, and drs. randle ware and trevor smith for critical reading of the manuscript.
disclosures
the authors have no financial conflict of interest.
【参考文献】
yamagata, t., d. mathis, c. benoist. 2004. self-reactivity in thymic double-positive cells commits cells to a cd8 lineage with characteristics of innate immune cells. nat. immunol. 5: 597-605.
cheroutre, h.. 2004. starting at the beginning: new perspectives on the biology of mucosal t cells. annu. rev. immunol. 22: 217-246.
rocha, b., h. von boehmer, d. guy-grand. 1992. selection of intraepithelial lymphocytes with cd8 / co-receptors by self-antigen in the murine gut. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 89: 5336-5340.
cruz, d., b. c. sydora, k. hetzel, g. yakoub, m. kronenberg, h. cheroutre. 1998. an opposite pattern of selection of a single t cell antigen receptor in the thymus and among intraepithelial lymphocytes. j. exp. med. 188: 255-265.
gapin, l., h. cheroutre, m. kronenberg. 1999. cutting edge: tcr + cd8+ t cells are found in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of mice that lack classical mhc class i molecules. j. immunol. 163: 4100-4104.
park, s. h., d. guy-grand, f. a. lemonnier, c. r. wang, a. bendelac, b. jabri. 1999. selection and expansion of cd8/(1) t cell receptor /(1) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in the absence of both classical major histocompatibility complex class i and nonclassical cd1 molecules. j. exp. med. 190: 885-890.
poussier, p., h. s. teh, m. julius. 1993. thymus-independent positive and negative selection of t cells expressing a major histocompatibility complex class i restricted transgenic t cell receptor / in the intestinal epithelium. j. exp. med. 178: 1947-1957.
leishman, a. j., l. gapin, m. capone, e. palmer, h. r. macdonald, m. kronenberg, h. cheroutre. 2002. precursors of functional mhc class i- or class ii-restricted cd8+ t cells are positively selected in the thymus by agonist self-peptides. immunity 16: 355-364.
poussier, p., t. ning, d. banerjee, m. julius. 2002. a unique subset of self-specific intraintestinal t cells maintains gut integrity. j. exp. med. 195: 1491-1497.
van parijs, l., a. k. abbas. 1998. homeostasis and self-tolerance in the immune system: turning lymphocytes off. science 280: 243-248.
sakaguchi, s.. 2004. naturally arising cd4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. annu. rev. immunol. 22: 531-562.
kronenberg, m.. 2005. toward an understanding of nkt cell biology: progress and paradoxes. annu. rev. immunol. 23: 877-900.
gershon, r. k., k. kondo. 1970. cell interactions in the induction of tolerance: the role of thymic lymphocytes. immunology 18: 723-737.
vlad, g., r. cortesini, n. suciu-foca. 2005. license to heal: bidirectional interaction of antigen-specific regulatory t cells and tolerogenic apc. j. immunol. 174: 5907-5914.
kumar, v.. 2004. homeostatic control of immunity by tcr peptide-specific tregs. j. clin. invest. 114: 1222-1226.
field, a. c., l. caccavelli, m. f. bloch, b. bellon. 2003. regulatory cd8+ t cells control neonatal tolerance to a th2-mediated autoimmunity. j. immunol. 170: 2508-2515.
zimring, j. c., j. a. kapp. 2004. identification and characterization of cd8+ suppressor t cells. immunol. res. 29: 303-312.
jarnicki, a. g., j. lysaght, s. todryk, k. h. mills. 2006. suppression of antitumor immunity by il-10 and tgf--producing t cells infiltrating the growing tumor: influence of tumor environment on the induction of cd4+ and cd8+ regulatory t cells. j. immunol. 177: 896-904.
metwali, a., t. setiawan, a. m. blum, j. urban, d. e. elliott, l. hang, j. v. weinstock. 2006. induction of cd8+ regulatory t cells in the intestine by heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. am. j. physiol. 291: g253-g259.
urban, j. l., v. kumar, d. h. kono, c. gomez, s. j. horvath, j. clayton, d. g. ando, e. e. sercarz, l. hood. 1988. restricted use of t cell receptor v genes in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis raises possibilities for antibody therapy. cell 54: 577-592.
acha-orbea, h., d. j. mitchell, l. timmermann, d. c. wraith, g. s. tausch, m. k. waldor, s. s. zamvil, h. o. mcdevitt, l. steinman. 1988. limited heterogeneity of t cell receptors from lymphocytes mediating autoimmune encephalomyelitis allows specific immune intervention. cell 54: 263-273.
jiang, h., s. i. zhang, b. pernis. 1992. role of cd8+ t cells in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. science 256: 1213-1215.
koh, d. r., w. p. fung-leung, a. ho, d. gray, h. acha-orbea, t. w. mak. 1992. less mortality but more relapses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in cd8c/c mice. science 256: 1210-1213.
kumar, v., e. coulsell, b. ober, g. hubbard, e. sercarz, e. s. ward. 1997. recombinant t cell receptor molecules can prevent and reverse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: dose effects and involvement of both cd4 and cd8 t cells. j. immunol. 159: 5150-5156.
madakamutil, l. t., i. maricic, e. sercarz, v. kumar. 2003. regulatory t cells control autoimmunity in vivo by inducing apoptotic depletion of activated pathogenic lymphocytes. j. immunol. 170: 2985-2992.
hu, d., k. ikizawa, l. lu, m. e. sanchirico, m. l. shinohara, h. cantor. 2004. analysis of regulatory cd8 t cells in qa-1-deficient mice. nat. immunol. 5: 516-523.
tang, x., i. maricic, n. purohit, b. bakamjian, l. m. reed-loisel, t. beeston, p. jensen, v. kumar. 2006. regulation of immunity by a novel population of qa-1-restricted cd8+tcr+ t cells. j. immunol. 177: 7645-7655.
kumar, v., e. e. sercarz. 1993. the involvement of t cell receptor peptide-specific regulatory cd4+ t cells in recovery from antigen-induced autoimmune disease. j. exp. med. 178: 909-916.
jahng, a. w., i. maricic, b. pedersen, n. burdin, o. naidenko, m. kronenberg, y. koezuka, v. kumar. 2001. activation of natural killer t cells potentiates or prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. j. exp. med. 194: 1789-1799.
kumar, v., v. bhardwaj, l. soares, j. alexander, a. sette, e. sercarz. 1995. major histocompatibility complex binding affinity of an antigenic determinant is crucial for the differential secretion of interleukin 4/5 or interferon by t cells. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 92: 9510-9514.
liu, y., y. xiong, o. v. naidenko, j. h. liu, r. zhang, a. joachimiak, m. kronenberg, h. cheroutre, e. l. reinherz, j. h. wang. 2003. the crystal structure of a tl/cd8 complex at 2.1 a resolution: implications for modulation of t cell activation and memory. immunity 18: 205-215.
takahama, y., e. w. shores, a. singer. 1992. negative selection of precursor thymocytes before their differentiation into cd4+cd8+ cells. science 258: 653-656.
kumar, v., e. sercarz. 1998. induction or protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis depends on the cytokine secretion profile of tcr peptide-specific regulatory cd4 t cells. j. immunol. 161: 6585-6591.
imhof, b. a., d. dunon, d. courtois, m. luhtala, o. vainio. 2000. intestinal cd8 and cd8 intraepithelial lymphocytes are thymus derived and exhibit subtle differences in tcr repertoires. j. immunol. 165: 6716-6722.
das, g., c. a. janeway, jr. 2003. mhc specificity of iiels. trends immunol. 24: 88-93.
gangadharan, d., f. lambolez, a. attinger, y. wang-zhu, b. a. sullivan, h. cheroutre. 2006. identification of pre- and postselection tcr+ intraepithelial lymphocyte precursors in the thymus. immunity 25: 631-641.
guy-grand, d., b. rocha, p. mintz, m. malassis-seris, f. selz, b. malissen, p. vassalli. 1994. different use of t cell receptor transducing modules in two populations of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes are related to distinct pathways of t cell differentiation. j. exp. med. 180: 673-679.
kurepa, z., j. su, j. forman. 2003. memory phenotype of cd8+ t cells in mhc class ia-deficient mice. j. immunol. 170: 5414-5420.
