法律与英语结合的论文

O. J. Simpson murder case辛普森杀妻案The O. J. Simpson murder case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in history,[1] in which O. J. Simpson, former American football star and actor, was brought to trial for the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. Simpson was acquitted in 1995 after a lengthy trial, the longest jury trial in California history.[2]Simpson hired a high-profile defense team led by Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey. Los Angeles County believed it had a solid prosecution case, but Cochran created in the minds of the jury the belief that there was reasonable doubt about the DNA evidence (then a relatively new type of evidence in trials),[3] including that the blood-sample evidence had allegedly been mishandled by lab scientists and technicians.[4] Cochran and the defense team also alleged other misconduct by the Los Angeles Police Department. The televising of the lengthy trial riveted national attention on the dramatic case. By the end of the criminal trial, national surveys showed dramatic differences between most blacks and most whites in terms of their assessment of Simpson's guilt.[5]Later, both the Brown and Goldman families sued Simpson for damages in a civil trial, which has a lower standard of proof for determining responsibility.[citation needed] On February 5, 1997, the jury unanimously found there was a preponderance of evidence to find Simpson liable for damages in the wrongful death of Goldman and battery of Brown. In its conclusions, the jury effectively found Simpson liable for the death of his ex-wife and Ron Goldman.[6] On February 21, 2008, a Los Angeles court upheld a renewal of the civil judgment against him.这个案子很经典，上面的一段是wiki上的英文案例，你可以找一些关于这个的中文资料，然后选择一个角度（比如种族歧视与陪审团制度的矛盾、毒树之果原则、媒体和舆论与司法公正的矛盾等等），或者一篇参考的中文文章（很多中国的法律人也会研究这个案子，发表一些观点），自己写或者翻译一篇英文论文出来就是了。下面引用一段英文资料，有个人在提问，为什么法院在刑事诉讼中判决辛普森无罪，但是在民事诉讼中又判决他赔偿自己妻子死亡赔偿金。 Jeralyn Merritt对这个问题进行了简略的回答。我想你大一的论文，字数要求不会太多，所以参考一下他这段答复吧。如果字数不够就把上面wiki的资料加一些进去,简单的交待一下案情。Q. I am a high school government student, and I have a question that has been bothering me that my teacher refuses to answer. In the . Simpson case I know that the state jury did not find him guilty on the charge of murder, but the federal court did on the charge of wrongful death. What is the difference and why were they able to do that? -- Geni A. . Simpson was charged with first degree murder in the state court in California. The jury found him "Not Guilty." A "not guilty" verdict means the state failed to prove the charges "beyond a reasonable doubt", which is the standard of proof in all criminal prosecutions. Criminal cases are brought on behalf of the citizens of a particular state or federal district, not by the victims or their . Simpson was found not guilty in the criminal case, the families of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman sued him in the state (not federal) court in California for wrongfully causing their deaths. Civil lawsuits for wrongful death are tried for money damages, not to put the defendant in prison. Civil cases are brought in the name of individuals, not in the name of the evidence was introduced in the . Simpson civil and criminal trials. For example, although . Simpson denied it, evidence was presented in the civil trial that . Simpson owned a pair of Bruno Magli shoes that matched shoeprints left at the murder . Simpson exercised his constitutional right against self-incrimination and chose not to testify in the criminal trial. All defendants in criminal cases have this right. In the civil trial, . no longer had such a right because he had been found not guilty of murder and could not be tried again for it. He had to testify when the opposing side called him as a witness. Thus, the jury in the civil case got to hear 's testimony while the criminal jury did the criminal case, the jury got to see that the glove left at the scene of the crime did not fit . Simpson. This experiment was not repeated for the civil jury. The jury in the criminal trial got a far stronger portrayal of the problems with the DNA and other scientific evidence in the case, and the poor management of the crime scene, than did the civil jury. And the criminal jury got to hear the false testimony of Los Angeles police officer Mark Furman, who later admitted lying and pleaded guilty to , the burden of proof in criminal and civil cases is different. In criminal cases, the standard is "proof beyond a reasonable doubt." There is also a presumption of innocence that stays with the defendant until and unless the jury returns a guilty verdict. In civil cases, the standard of proof is "by a preponderance of the evidence," which essentially means "more likely than not," or put another way, proof by 51% or jury's verdict in the civil case was not that . Simpson was guilty of murder, but that he was liable for (which essentially means responsible for causing) the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron light of the different evidence presented, burdens of proof and ultimate issues the juries were called upon to decide, the verdicts in the criminal and civil trials were not really all that inconsistent. -- Jeralyn Merritt

通常英语专业毕业从事法律工作的，一般都是做法律文件的翻译，如果同时有法律背景的，一般就是做法律文件英文版本的起草。所以，如果你没有法律教育背景，建议还是从“如何做好法律文件的翻译”的某一个题目去写。比如，法律文件翻译和一般文件翻译的不同之处什么的。。希望对你有帮助。

law and order是个固定词组，中文解释即：法律与秩序(右派针对犯罪与暴力所提出的口号)“与”字有和之意，所以按此题目故而应写两者。中国具有代表性的计划生育就是一个很好的素材，不过要是从这两者下笔，我认为从中国法律的历史来写更容易些。以上只是个人见解，希望能对你有所帮助。

2012年02月13日 09时00分，《英语资源网:英语论文：法律英语的汉译[1]》由英语我整理. 摘要: 法律英语有其独特特征,表现为用词正式庄重,句式复杂冗长,篇章结构规范严谨。本文从“功能对等”理论出发,结合其文体特征,在分析其遣词造句和篇章特点的基础上,探讨如何实现法律英语汉译的“功能对等”。 关键词:尤金?奈达 功能对等 法律英语 一、引言 刘宓庆认为,法律文书即狭义上的公文文体;贾文波将法律文书归类为经贸文体;而吕俊等人则认为法律文书属于专门用途文体。尽管看法不一,但都强调了法律语言的特殊性,即:用词准确规范,句子长且复杂,语篇结构严谨。奈达提出“功能对等”翻译原则。论文论文参考网他强调在语言的诸多功能中信息功能最为重要,认为翻译应追求一种“共同语言”,使得译文读者能够以原文读者理解和欣赏原文的方式理解和欣赏译文文本。因此法律文本的译者不仅要熟悉原语和目的语的法律术语和文体特点,还要对这两种语言的词汇、句法以及语篇有深刻的认识,从而达到翻译的“功能对等”。 二、法律英语的功能对等汉译 (一)语言特征下的功能对等汉译 1.法律词汇 法律英语用词正式庄重。它有许多专业词汇,使用古体词和外来词,一些普通词有其特殊的法律意义。译者应遵循语言“规范化”,即使用官方认可的规范化语言,也应在两种语言中建立完全对等的语义关系,以找到等价术语。译者还需注重语言的“一致性”,即一个术语在同一个语篇中只用一个表达。 2.法律词组 法律文本经常使用近义词,近义词组rectify,amend or modify体现了法律语言“准确性”特征,译为校正、修改和修正。法律英语也常使用大量的同义词来表达同一概念的现象。这些同义词组只表达一个含义,如fair and equitable(合理的)。译者应遵循“精炼性”,做到精练准确。 3.动词名词化 动词名词化在法律英语中较普遍。汉语是动词占优势的语言,所以英译汉时应将名词翻译为动词,以符合汉语表达方式。如:The obligations under Articles 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights.划线部分应译为动词:获得和维护。 4.情态动词 法律英语中使用大量情态动词,如shall和may。shall的使用表现出立法成员的强烈意志,具有强制性,通常译为应该、必须,但在翻译时注重其“规约性”,把这种强制的语气表达出即可。 5.模糊语言 法律文书有时须使用意义模糊灵活的词语去准确表达法律概念或事实。如:necessary,as early as possible等,可译为:所需和尽早,这些词是对无法量定的情况进行限制概括,体现了法律的“科学性”。 (二)句式特征下的功能对等汉译 法律英语句式复杂冗长。刘宓庆将长句翻译分六步:紧缩主干、辨析词义、区分主从、捋清层次、调整搭配及润饰词语。通过庖丁解牛,分析句子逻辑关系和语义关系,理解句子的各成分之间的关系,并用符合中文的表达方式进行翻译,译者方可达到翻译的“功能对等”。如: China shall establish or designate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws,regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods,services,TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange and,after publication of its laws,regulations or other measures in such journal,shall provide a reasonable period for comment to the appropriate authorities before such measures are implemented,except for those laws,regulations and other measures involving national security,specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or m