关于包法利夫人的英文论文答辩稿

She wanted to Paris, where she also wanted to die呃，是这个么

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所周知，从古希腊到现在，西方的文学演变，虽然各民族、各国之间有区别;但其发展过程及趋向大体上是一致的。它们经历了中世纪、文艺复兴、古典主义、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、自然主义以及各种现实主义等发展阶段。但不论是哪个时代，流派如何演变，作品怎样复杂，一切文学作品在内容上归根结底都不能摆脱如下的范畴:人与自然的斗争，人与社会的斗争:人与人之间的斗争，人自身的矛盾斗争。病、死、友谊、爱情、战争、孤独、而在主题上不外乎是生、老、寂寞等等。但无论如何千变万化，仔细辨认一下唱的都是同一个曲子，但随着人类社会生活的演变，不同时代的作家似乎虽是在唱老曲子，用的却是新的调子和新的唱法。在这个意义上讲，一部文学的演变史同时也是人类社会发展的演变史。所不同的是，文学史是以文学作品反映人类对事物认识的演变过程。每个时代的作品毫无例外地反映了该时代人们对宇宙，对社会，对个人的认识深度。就以人类对人本身的认识来说，在文学作品里就能找到一条明显的发展线索。中世纪时期，对人的认识是:人是有罪的。文艺复兴时期，人成了宇宙的精华，万物的灵长，“人”代替了“神”。启蒙运动时期，人在求得解放后，发扬并强调了人的理性的一面。与此同时，人的感情面也开始苏醒，最后终于在浪漫派时期爆发出来。表面看来，启蒙和浪漫时期的主张似乎是相斥的，但实际上从整体观念看，都是互相作了补充的。到了批判现实主义时期则是另外一种情况，这时期着重刻划的是人在社会中的地位，探索客观环境对人产生的影响和作用。而到二十世纪的当代，文学作品中的人开始进行自我认识，追求自我价值、这个新倾向与信息时代的来临是密切相关的。这不仅是由于个人的作用通过知识转化为生产力而显得格外重要，同时对制造精密的“人功智能”，探索人的内心活动、人的思维规律，也是带有时代性的课题。这不仅是自然科学工作者的任务，作为反映现实生活的作家同样会追随时代的脉搏在他们的作品里涉及到这个方面。这里有自觉和不自觉的情况。当然，我们也不能忽视这样的事实:尽管自然科学与文学艺术可以同属一个时代，同样都处在不断变化之中，它们的演变都具有规律性。但是在文学艺术领域里，一种新思潮，某种新倾向却远不如自然科学的发明创造那样容易被人理解，得到承认。这原因也许是在子自然科学研究的对象是属自然现象本身的奥秘，而且可以通过实验手段予以论证。而文学艺术所涉及的不仅是对事物的认识，同时又包含有审美等观念，简而言之，文学艺术要受到人类社会活动的制约。因而，从历史上看，每当一个新潮流，新倾向一开始出现往往要遭到怀疑，非议甚至排斥，总要经历一段时期后才能为社会所接纳。法国文学史上的《欧那尼》演出的情景，美术史上1874年法国无名氏画家的画展所遭到的命运都是最好的说明。虽然我们今天讲到法国文学和美术时，谁都会承认雨果所代表的沫国浪漫派文学以及法国印象派绘画对后世的文学和美术发展所起的巨大影响作用。但在当时，看到并承认它们价值的却是少数。同样，当今，确立于二十世纪的西方现代派文学与传统文学相比，其差异更是十分明显，突出的一点是产生的艺术效果截然不同，传统文学唤起的往往是“同情”或“共鸣”，而现代派文学唤起的却更多的是“思考”。之所以引起这样的效果，原因是多方面的，但有一点是明显的，那就是当代作家所经历的快速变化的现实生活是过去任何时代的作家所不曾体验过的。当今人类在天体演化，生命起源，基本粒子方面的研究成果动摇了旧的科技体系结构。新的科学部门，例如系统科学、思维科学、人体科学正在形成和发展之中。现代人的视野二方面可伸展向一百亿光年的广裹无边的宇宙，另一方面却又细小到十万亿分之一厘米的基本粒子的内部结构。人类知识综合的阶段已经开始。处在这样的时代，作为一个作家他观察现实，分析现实的方法也必然随之发生变化，不可能仍然停留在旧的体系中，他必须使用与现代世界相适应的扩展性的、多层次的、深层分析的方法来看待现实。而当他再进一步要表现出他们观察到的现实时，他又必须寻找与之相适应的新的艺术方法。我们不妨回顾一下文学的发展史，可以看到每个流派的产生都是出于上述的道理。作家也不例外，就以福楼拜为例，他的《包法利夫人》原稿约为三千六百多页，但最后却删去了九分之八。原因何在?我们知道，福楼拜是敬佩巴尔扎克的，他赞扬巴尔扎克透彻地了解他的时代，但另一方面他又认为巴尔扎克所熟悉的社会己经开始瓦解，因而他主张该“唱唱别的歌了”。[2]于是福楼拜提出了小说是生活的科学形式的论点。于是他抛弃了过去传统文学那种对事物外观细致入微的描绘，而以解剖学家的锐利目光力求最科学地观察事物内在的矛盾，然后以高度概括，简洁的形式对现实生活作出本质的反映，《包法利夫人》就是这样由三千六百多页变成四百页的。马克思女儿艾琳娜不但把《包法利夫人》译成了英文在伦敦出版，而且她在译本的导言里对这部作品作了高度的评价，认为“这种奇妙的观察与分析的力量，这种结合了科学论文而具有得意的形式，这种作者人格完全隐藏的情况，以及所有人物的现实性。“这一切在帝国当时是新颖的。”法国著名文艺批评家圣佩甫也说，从《包法利夫_人》可看出“一些新的文学的标志:科学，观察的精神，成熟，力量……。”而左拉更把《包法利夫人》看成是“新的艺术法典”。由此可见，一个文学家对宇宙、对社会，对人的认识发展到什么程度，在艺术上也就会相应地把握到什么程度。如果我们承认内容与形式是不可分的话，对于这种情况，就非常容易理解了。那么，现代派文学究竟与传统文学区别何在呢?就以小说来说，传统文学多少有合情合理的情节，鲜明的人物性格。如果是一部剧本，戏剧矛盾冲突是必不可少的。至于诗歌除了情感和想象外，还需要有鲜明、的节奏与和谐的韵律。同样在绘画和雕刻领域里必需要有逼真的形象。而音乐没有旋、律是不可想象的。但在现代派的文学艺术里却是另一个样:·小说里的情节逐渐减弱，传统的人物形象开始模糊。事物表象的描绘愈来愈被抛弃，时空观念被任意颠倒，象征、比喻、寓意的手法在新的意义上被广泛使用。在美术领域里，线条，色彩和形体不再仅仅用于逼真的形象塑造，而是用来直接表达情绪和感受。形象转向.“变形”，三度空间变成六度。在音符里旋律不再是作品的生命，不协和弦的应用推翻了古典和声学的绝对地位，节奏的重要性受到了极端的重视。从有关这方面的例子来看，这种变化并非突然产生，而是随着时代社会的演变逐步形成的。我们不仅可以看到《包法利夫人》在情节和人物形象的刻划方面不同于巴尔扎克，也会进一步看出，福楼拜与海明威作品间的巨大区别。左拉曾经指出说，散乱在巴尔扎克巨著中的近代小说的公式，经过提炼，在《包法利夫人》一书中体现了出来。而海明成的作品又是另一回事，不仅情节简单，语言简洁，作品所着重表达的己开始转向主人公的遭遇所引起的情绪。他的《永别了武器》就是一个最好的例子。他的这种外形上极为简练的创作手法被誉为“白描手法”，很显然白描与浓重的细致的彩色画之间的区别是很大的。至于讲到文学中时空观念的变化，“意识流”作品最能说明这方面的间题。如福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》，其中的时空完全是随着主人公的意识流动而任意被颠倒。在莫迪亚诺的《暗店街》里，时序是随着主人公对自己过去的追寻不断变化的。在这些作品里时空的颠倒具有立足的现实基础，显得自然而富有层次。说到象征、比喻、寓意的手法，这些本来是古已有之的，但二十世纪以来，在各种流派的作品里这些手法使用得更为广泛。以表现主义、超现实主义、存在主义、荒诞派、黑色幽默等作品来说，它们不仅表达某一事物，某种思想，某种境况，同时也表达某种非普通语言所能传达的情绪或感受，而且它们愈来愈跟哲学的思考融合在一起。因而，它们往往首先被善于思考的青年人所接受。在西德“卡夫卡式的境遇”一词已经成为用来表达人处于一种不能掌握自己命运的，压抑境遇的专用词。同样，“等待戈多”已经成为人们用来说明人处于一种茫然存有希望，而希望总不来临的代用词，也许这就是为什么该剧在美国某监狱演出时意外获得成功的道理。至于卡夫卡的《变形记》、《城堡》或贝克特的《等待戈多》其原意是否是这个意思，这无关紧要，因为二十世纪的文学艺术所追求的恰恰正是读者的“思考”。而单纯的模仿自然是达不到这种效果的。美术领域也一样，以挪威画家蒙克的《呐喊》来说，画里的天堂是炽烈的红绿色，应用的是直线与曲线的对比，突出地表达了人物体验到的恐惧感;而图中的人物却被画家画得没有现实感，只是模模糊糊的雏形。这人体，这景象，这色彩充分表达了画家在孤独苦闷中感到自然界浩瀚无尽而发出的呐喊。这对读者的情绪极富感染力。同样，在音乐的领域里，早在德彪西的作品里就打破了“旋律是音乐生命”的常规，、而且和声不分三和弦，不协和弦可以任意混用，从他的《牧神午后》可以看到，音乐开始脱离注重形式的纯音乐的领域，转而表达一种模模糊糊的气氛，愈到近代，这种倾向就愈强烈。

Madame Bovary is the greatest novel written by Gustave Flaubert. The 1855 masterpiece portrays in searing detail the tragic tale of a young girl whose dreams turned into nightmares; whose sandcastles are swept away by unfulfilled passion; whose young life is ended in a tragic death. Years before Tolstoy limned the adultress woman in his Anna Karenina we see the consequences which ensue when a middle class wife and mother breaks the seventh commandment. The novel takes place near Rouen in the north of France. There are actually three Madame Bovarys in the story. Madame Bovary Sr. who is the mother of Charles Bovary dominates her weak son. Madame Bovary I is an ugly but wealthy woman who dies allowing Charles to wed the lovely Emma Bovary who is the the famed woman of the book's title. Emma has grown up on a farm coddled by her widower father. She has immersed herself in romantic tales and spent time in a French convent. Emma dreams of castles in the air and a charming prince to take her to paradise. Today she would be a reader of Harlequin Romances. She is a virgin plum ripe for picking! Charles Bovary ("bovine" meaning cow-like; also think "ovary for his scandolous wife Emma) is a dull, stupid and lethargic public health inspector. He is a good man but is a total dullard! Charles weds Emma after treating her father. At first all goes well as the couple set up house in a French provincial town where little exciting ever occurs. They have a daughter Berthe with whom Emma has little to do. She never grows up to becoming a mature woman. Emma carries on two affairs in the novel with the law student Leon and the wealthy but callous womanizing aristocrat Rodolphe. She is sucked into a cesspool of overwhelming debt being addicted to clothing, jewelry and furniture. Emma's lovers forsake her as her disillusionment with men and life itelf takes over life. Madame Bovary ends her life by committing suicide. The account of her horrific, painful and grotesque death from her fatal injection of arsenic rat poison will never be forgotten by the reader. Despite her many sins she deserves pity at such a sad end. Her husband dies a few years later and her daughter has to be farmed out to a relative. What makes this novel of adultery, satirical views of provincial life, mockery of the relgious hypocrisy in the French countryside and lacerating portraits of such types as the village atheist Homais so great? In my opinion the reasons this is such a landmark work must include: a. A picture of a woman seeking to break out of the nineteenth century bourgeoisie view of females as placid wives and mothers with no aspirations of their own. Throughout the novel there are images of birds seeking freedom from cages. Emma is a modern feminist in the nineteenth century society she finds impossible to escape. Emma is an iconoclastic rebel. b. A satirical and cynical view of human hypocrisy drawn with skill in the pictures Flaubert draws of such figures as the village priest, scientist, merchants and moneylenders. Society is concerned with money and social status to the detriment of more spiritual and ethical values. c. Flaubert introduces a new realism to the novel which will influence such naturalist as Emile Zola and others. The novel reads as if it was written today instead of over 150 years ago. d. Flaubert's descriptions of the beauty of nature (and its indifference to human suffering and troubles) are beautifully etched. His use of language and the level of suspense he maintains throughout the work are excellent. e. Flaubert is not afraid to describe female sexual longings. His sex scenes are tasteful to our eyes but viewed as prurient reading in his own day.

"One woman, be born the United States, leisurely way to live in a small town, there is a little people's husband, for love fantasy. She looked even more gorgeous in life stand, hoping to acquire a more free life, romantic love ... ... dull life, expansion of the fantasy of her heart give birth to the wings, first ... ... but Lai Lai Aung Aung away, take her heart into another ear Vladimir Luo Tao, a love field rebel, a master flirt. two men, deceived her, but did not hurt her. killed Emma is her own, her fantasies, her pursuit of vanity of life's heart. fantastic should continue, but since the 8000 francs in debt press the upper body, her whereabouts, and Luo Tao Lai Aung ear Driver for assistance She learned the truth, they are just living in her dream prince fantasy America, rather than in real life can help her a helping hand of the enthusiastic lover. high levels of debt took her back to reality, she has chosen to poison. It reminds me of a deed Ke-fu novels figure Aoer Jia. Ivanov, her whole life to get to know celebrities are looking for a great mania that can let her make her man happy, jumping around, love the vanity, dissolute men to those between the seemingly good, and she has been time and again delude ourselves into the next round of love and the pursuit, until her husband going to die, and she looked at herself Chuan Yijing pale fair face, recalling with his face more pale than the non-Colored once, she remembered that her husband ordinary day mild obedient smile, I am sorry for her husband's deep boundless love. Unfortunately, Madame Bovary did not understand what death is love. Her short life, are the ocean surf fantasy, until running aground sunk. " From a historical look back, in fact, a lot of real life, the shadow of Madame Bovary. Of course, we can not totally deny the yearning for love, the pursuit of a better life. Any person who has such a right. But must be the last to wake up, or a lifetime can not wake up, that's really sad! 或Just read on "Madame Bovary," the film critic, I feel it is worthy of much reflection on a woman. "One woman, be born the United States, leisurely way to live in a small town, there is a little people's husband, for love fantasy. She looked even more gorgeous in life stand, hoping to acquire a more free life, romantic love ... ... dull life, expansion of the fantasy of her heart give birth to the wings, first ... ... but Lai Lai Aung Aung away, take her heart into another ear Vladimir Luo Tao, a love field rebel, a master flirt. two men, deceived her, but did not hurt her. killed Emma is her own, her fantasies, her pursuit of vanity of life's heart. fantastic should continue, but since the 8000 francs in debt press the upper body, her whereabouts, and Luo Tao Lai Aung ear Driver for assistance She learned the truth, they are just living in her dream prince fantasy America, rather than in real life can help her a helping hand of the enthusiastic lover. high levels of debt took her back to reality, she has chosen to poison. It reminds me of a deed Ke-fu novels figure Aoer Jia. Ivanov, her whole life to get to know celebrities are looking for a great mania that can let her make her man happy, jumping around, love the vanity, dissolute men to those between the seemingly good, and she has been time and again delude ourselves into the next round of love and the pursuit, until her husband going to die, and she looked at herself Chuan Yijing pale fair face, recalling with his face more pale than the non-Colored once, she remembered that her husband ordinary day mild obedient smile, I am sorry for her husband's deep boundless love. Unfortunately, Madame Bovary did not understand what death is love. Her short life, are the ocean surf fantasy, until running aground sunk. " From a historical look back, in fact, a lot of real life, the shadow of Madame Bovary. Of course, we can not totally deny the yearning for love, the pursuit of a better life. Any person who has such a right. But must be the last to wake up, or a lifetime can not wake up, that's really sad!

If this book became traditional universal of the literature of an always current power, it is above all because of the character eponyme. Emma Bovary is a romantic heroin of a rare size and a modernite for the time. She is one of these hearts which carry in them the conscience that the prodigal world in promises is quite poor of effects. Its aspiration has the exaltation, with lyricism, has the size, against romantic of the existence runs up has the desesperante insipidity of reality. It is thirsty for an absolute in the love, in the daily newspaper, which cannot be satisfied that in the extraordinary one. Veiled its misfortune which it will fight in the literature has the water of pink, then gradually in the adultere. In vain. There is something of attractive, and accept to it the horrible one, in this incapacite has to live, has to accept the reel, its reel. Slowly, it builds its descent into Hell, a decadence which adds some with the myth and the romanticism of the character. Emma is not satisfied with rever, it compromises herself, corrompt with the wire of the pages, fan, blackens herself, until A to become a driving bolt. What could be larger than this heroin lost by its reves, if eloignee of the traditional portraits of the woman, so far from the epouse, so far from the mother, the menagere or simple in love.

Just read on "Madame Bovary," the film critic, I feel it is worthy of much reflection on a woman. "One woman, be born the United States, leisurely way to live in a small town, there is a little people's husband, for love fantasy. She looked even more gorgeous in life stand, hoping to acquire a more free life, romantic love ... ... dull life, expansion of the fantasy of her heart give birth to the wings, first ... ... but Lai Lai Aung Aung away, take her heart into another ear Vladimir Luo Tao, a love field rebel, a master flirt. two men, deceived her, but did not hurt her. killed Emma is her own, her fantasies, her pursuit of vanity of life's heart. fantastic should continue, but since the 8000 francs in debt press the upper body, her whereabouts, and Luo Tao Lai Aung ear Driver for assistance She learned the truth, they are just living in her dream prince fantasy America, rather than in real life can help her a helping hand of the enthusiastic lover. high levels of debt took her back to reality, she has chosen to poison. It reminds me of a deed Ke-fu novels figure Aoer Jia. Ivanov, her whole life to get to know celebrities are looking for a great mania that can let her make her man happy, jumping around, love the vanity, dissolute men to those between the seemingly good, and she has been time and again delude ourselves into the next round of love and the pursuit, until her husband going to die, and she looked at herself Chuan Yijing pale fair face, recalling with his face more pale than the non-Colored once, she remembered that her husband ordinary day mild obedient smile, I am sorry for her husband's deep boundless love. Unfortunately, Madame Bovary did not understand what death is love. Her short life, are the ocean surf fantasy, until running aground sunk. " From a historical look back, in fact, a lot of real life, the shadow of Madame Bovary. Of course, we can not totally deny the yearning for love, the pursuit of a better life. Any person who has such a right. But must be the last to wake up, or a lifetime can not wake up, that's really sad!