介词[编辑本段]一、概念:介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。并且在定语从句“介词+whom/which”的结构中,不能用that 代替whom/which。She is a good student from whom we should learn.[编辑本段]二.相关知识点精讲介词口诀:自从以当为按照,由于对于为了到;和跟把比在关于,除了同对向往朝;用在名词代词前,修饰动形要记牢。[编辑本段]1.表示地点位置的介词1)at ,in, on, toat (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近,旁边”in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。on 表示毗邻,接壤,“在……上面”。to 表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤;或“到……”He arrived at the station at is sitting at the arrived in Shanghai lies in the east of lies on the north of is to the south of Jiangsu )above, over, on 在……上above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。on表示某物体上面并与之接触。The bird is flying above my is a bridge over the put his watch on the )below, under 在……下面under表示在…正下方below表示在……下,不一定在正下方There is a cat under the write your name below the )in front of, in the front of在……前面in front of…意思是“在……前面”,指甲物在乙物之前,两者互不包括;其反义词是behind(在……的后面)。There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。)in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”,即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…(在……范围内的后部)。There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom.我们的教室前边有一块黑板。Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom.我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里)5)beside,behindbeside 表示在……旁边behind 表示在……后面His bag is beside Kitty's bag is behind Ben's desk.[编辑本段]2.表示时间的介词1)in , on,at 在……时in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every )in, after 在……之后“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。My mother will come back in three or four arrived after five will appear after five o’clock this )from, since 自从……from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。He studied the piano from the age of have lived here since )after, behind 在……之后after主要用于表示时间;behind主要用于表示位置。We shall leave after is hiding behind an old house.时间名词前介词用法口诀年前周前要用in具体日子却要禁遇到几号要用on上午下午又是in要说某日上下午用on换in记清楚午夜黄昏用at黎明用它也不错at用在时分前说“差”可要用上to说"过''要用past[编辑本段]3.表运动方向的介词:across, through 通过,穿过across表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关;through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。She swam across the walked through the forest.[编辑本段]4.表示“在……之间”的介词:between, amongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间;among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the teacher is standing among the students.[编辑本段]5.表示其他意义的介词1)on ,about 关于on 表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式。There will be a lecture on economics this is writing a book on told me a lot about his life in the summer )by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;with 表示用 …工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段;in 表示用…方式,用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等;He makes a living by selling broke the window with a foreigner spoke to us in )except, besides 除了except 除……之外,不包括在内;besides 除……之外,包括在内。Except Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)[编辑本段]三.巩固练习1. Taiwan is ________ the southeast of China.(in, on, to)2. Go _________ the bridge _________ the river, you’ll find the shop.(across, through; over, above)3. I go to school __________7:30 every morning.(in, on, at)4. He would like to meet her __________8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow morning.(between, among )5. The Greens have lived in China ________ three years.(in, for, after)6. We go to school every day ________ Saturday and Sunday.(except, besides)7. He wrote the letter _________ ink.(by, with ,in)8. She returned to her country _________five years.(in, after, for)9. There is a big tree _________ our classroom.(after, behind)10. I usually go to work _________ bike.(by, on, with)[编辑本段]其它常用介词介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小,但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义:about 关于,附近,大约,周围,随身.I have bought a book about Shakespearean.我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。There are about fifteen trees in the picture.图片里大约有十五棵树。above 在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游.The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。I think the man is about sixty years old.我想那人有六十多岁了。across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面.Can you swim across the river?你能游过河吗?We live across the street.我们住在街的对面。after 在...后面,依照.He went home after school.他放学后就回家了。Read after me, please.请跟我朗读。against 撞到,靠着,反对,违背,The car hit against the tree.汽车撞了树。He is standing against the wall.他靠墙站着。along 沿着,顺着.They are walking along the river.他们沿着河行走。among 在...当中.He is the tallest among them.他是他们当中个子最高的。around 在...的周围,在...那一边.They sat around the table talking the news.他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。There is a drugstore around the corner.拐角处有一家药店。as 作为.He doesn't like people treat him as a child.他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。at 在...时刻,在...点钟,在...岁时, 向,在...之中,按...速度,值(卖)...钱,He always gets up at six in the morning.他时常早上六点钟起床。He shot at the bird but missed it.他向鸟射击,但是没射中。The car goes at eighty miles an hour.汽车以每小时八十公里的速度行驶。before 在...的前面(位置),在...之前(时间)He took a picture before the car.他在汽车前照了张照片。He can't finish his work before supper.晚饭前他完不成工作。behind 在...的后面(位置), 落后于,不如,迟于,晚于(时间)Are there any brooms behind the door.门后有扫帚吗?All of us are behind him in mathematics.我们数学都不如他。below 在...之下,低于,There are four lights below the ceiling.天花板下面有四盏灯。The murderer run away below the police's eyes.杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了。beside 在...的旁边,在...之外,与...相比.He found the body beside the river.他在河边发现了尸体。Beside yours, my computer is too slow.与你的计算机速度相比,我的就慢多了。besides 除...之外,We are all here besides Bowe.除鲍外,我们也都来了。between 在...两者之间,The relations between the two countries has improved since then.两国的关系从那以后得到了改善。beyond 在...那边,The shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it.你要找的商店在街的那边,你不会找不到的。but 除去.He has nothing but money.他除钱以外什么都没有。by 被..., 在...的近旁 , 在...之前, 不迟于, 以...为手段。The classroom was cleaned by the students.教室由学生们打扫干净了。Miss Lucy came to China by air.露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。down 沿着...望下。She walked down the street.她沿着街道走。during 在...期间,在...时候。During the holiday, we went to the south.我们假期去了南方。except 除...之外。He knows nothing except English.他除英语以外什么都不知道。for 为..., 因为..., 至于... 。He works for this company.他为这家公司工作。She came back to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom.她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。from 从..., 来自..., 因为...。Where are you from?你是哪里人?He died from an accident.他死于一场事故。in 在..., 在...之内,从事于..., 按照..., 穿着...。He was born in 1992.他生于1992年。I could finish the program in two weeks.我可以用两周时间完成这个项目。He spend less time in reading.他读书时间很少。The man in black jacket is our teacher.穿黑夹克的那个人是我们的老师。like 象...,如同...。The twins are like their father.双胞胎像他们的父亲。near 靠近....。There are some flowers near the house.房子附近有一些花。of ...的,属于...。This is a map of China.这是一张中国地图。off 离开...,在...之外。The young man got off the train quickly.那个年青人很快下了火车。I live in a village a little way off the main road.我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。on 在...之上。My book is on the table.我的书在桌子上。out of 从...出来,在...之外。The dog run out of the house.狗从房子里跑出来。outside ... 外边.They are waiting outside the gate.他们在门外等着。over 在...之上,遍于...之上,越过...。There is a light over the desk.桌子上方有盏灯。He is over sixty years old.他有六十多岁。past 越过...,过...,超越...。The students walked past the post office.学生们走过了邮局。It is ten past two.现在是两点十分。round 围着...,绕过...,在...周围。We sat round the table.我们围着桌子坐下。The earth goes round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。since 自... 以后,自...以来。He has made great progress in English since he came into the college.从他来到大学后,他的英语有了很大进步。through 经过...,穿过...。They went through the forest.他们穿过了森林。throughout 遍及...,在各处。The police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain.警察搜山寻找犯人。till 直到...,在...以前。He didn't come back till eleven o'clock.他直到十一点钟才回来。We'll be home till six.六点以前我们都会在家。to 到...,向...,趋于。How long is it from here to the station?从这儿到车站有多远?under 在...之下,低于。There are some footballs under the bed.床底下有几颗足球。These students are under seventeen years old.这些学生们不到十七岁。until 直到,在...以前,Please wait for us until we come back.请等着我们回来。It was not until last week that I handed in mathematics paper.直到上周,我才交了数学论文。up 在...上面,在...上。He went up the stairs.他上了楼梯。upon 在...之上,迫近...。It's not polite to look down upon him.蔑视他是不礼貌的。within 在...之内。You must finish the work within two weeks.你必须两周内完成这项工作。without 没有,不,在...之外。We can't do it better without your help.没有你的帮助,我们就做不好。We couldn't live without air and water.没有空气和水,我们就不可能生存。[编辑本段]介词英文缩写:介词英文缩写是prep.是英文prepostion的缩写
一个比赛的论文,看行不1.页面设置页眉内容:“第8届研究生科技论坛参赛论文”,居中。字型字体:宋体、小五。版 心:上、下、左、右边距 厘米(菜单文件-页面设置-页边距)。页 脚:标明页码(仅写页码,“-1-”,居中)。纸 张:A42.文档设置论文题目:黑体、二号;居中。作者姓名:仿体、四号;居中。(名字前可加班级,如“工研04 XXX”)中文摘要:(300字以内)字型、字体:楷书、小五。(“摘要”二字:顶头,为黑体、小五,“摘”和“要”之间空一格,“摘要”与随后的内容之间空一格,如“摘 要 本文…”)关键词:(3~5个):楷书、小五。(“关键词”三字:顶头,为黑体、小五,与随后内容之间空一格。)正 文:宋体、五号标 题:标题前不空,按1,2,,……编号。一级标题(标题1):上下不空行,设置段前后间距为6磅(菜单格式-段落-间距,段前、段后6磅);黑体、小四。二级标题(标题2):上下不空行,设置段前后间距为0磅;黑体、五号。参考文献:“参考文献”四字为黑体、小四,上下空一行,居中;内容为宋体,小五,按1,2……等自然排序,各条目顺序为:期刊类:作者,文章名,期刊名,年份,卷(期),页号;专著类:作者,书名,版本,出版社,出版年,起页码;论文集:作者,题名,主编,论文集名,出版地,出版年,起止页码;英文摘要:Times New Roman字体标 题:小三、加粗,除介词外单词首字母大写。作者名:斜体,五号。“Abstract”、“Keywords” 加粗。内 容:Times New Roman字体,五号。作者简介:(100字以内)楷体、五号。每篇文章的版面(含题目、中英文摘要、正文、参考文献、作者简介等)控制在5页!
根据韦氏词典的定义,介词是“ a word or group of words that combines with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase that usually acts as an adverb, adjective, or noun”, 用中文理解就是“与名词或代词相结合使用的一个词或一组词,所形成的短语通常充当副词、形容词或名词使用”。这种定义人们可能听到过很多次,但可能还是不太清楚究竟什么是介词,以及为什么在英语写作时不能忽略这些令人困惑的词,如何才能避免将它们弄混。 本文阐述介词在句子中的功能,以及为了确保英语写作正确清晰所应避免的常见错误。本文还针对介词的用法提供常用表达方式列表,供学术论文的作者在校对手稿时参考。 介词究竟做什么用? 介词用于其他单词或短语之间,告诉读者:某人或某事与其他人或事之间的位置关系,某人对某事或其他人做了什么,人与事物如何联系等。设想一下如果只用名词和代词造句,省略所有介词,而理由只是因为介词令人困惑不好用,而你又不想选错介词,所以干脆弃之不用。那么,你这样写出来或说出来的句子就是: “ I put the book the table noon. ” 为了掌握介词的用法,我们仔细分析一下这句话究竟出了什么问题。当你对你的朋友这样说话时,如果他正在找这本书,因为他需要这本书来完成作业,那他将不知道在哪里才能找到这本书。而这就是因为你没有说明句子中不同元素之间的关系——你是不是把书放在了桌子 上面 ?这很有可能。但是,你也可以把书放在了桌子 下面 、桌子 旁边 、桌子 后面 ,或者桌子 里面 (如果有抽屉的话)。 而且,还因为你没有说明行动(把书放在什么地方)与时间(中午)之间的关系,你的朋友可能会更加困惑。因为动词“put”既可以代表过去时,也可以代表现在时,那么这句话的含义就存在很多种可能性了。你的意思很可能是你已经把书放在桌子的上面、里面、后面或下面了,而放置的时间发生在中午之前或中午。所以,如果现在已经是下午2点,书还没有在那里,那么一定是发生了什么事情,你这样说话就误导和迫使你的朋友想办法去调查一下。 但是,另外一种可能性是你的朋友猜测你使用时态比较随意,那么你有可能将在中午把书放在那里。如果是这样,你其实应该说“I will”。但是,由于你的句子非常令人困惑和缺少信息,你的朋友便有很好的理由首先质疑你的语法。如果他这时现在看了看手表,发现现在是下午12点3分,他可能会认为你很快就会来,那么就可能决定在等候期间先去喝杯咖啡。 你看到这里可能会乐了,你或许认为这个缺失介词的例子扯得有点夸张,但实际上它恰好说明介词的重要性和缺失或误用介词所导致的严重后果。你或许觉得你的朋友应该很容易能够弄清楚究竟发生了什么,因为毕竟还有上下文可供推断。但是,需要记住的是,英语与许多亚洲语言不同,它是一种低语境语言;换言之,使用者必须尽可能精确,避免歧义,以便清晰地交流。因此,与其将介词误认为是一个可用可不用的、令人困惑的语法难点,还不如老老实实地接受介词的复杂性,并将重视它们,将介词视为必不可少的、关键性的句子元素,帮助你准确地表达你想说的意思。 读者能够在很多线上或线下的英文写作指导资源中找到详细的语法规则、介词列表和常见的用法示例。本文不重复这些内容。本文重点讨论英语不是母语的学术论文作者在写作时最常犯的介词错误,以及如何检查和纠正它们。 目录 如何检查介词的用法 学术论文中常见的介词错误 学术论文中介词的正确用法 关于介词规则的问答 如何检查介词的用法 介词可以用来表示方向、时间、空间、位置、地点或更加抽象的关系。介词的正确用法遵循高度习惯化原则,主要由固定的表达方式决定。因此,除了大量阅读习惯用法之外,正确使用介词的最好方法是了解单词与所有能够搭配使用的介词所形成的不同含义。查找介词及其正确用法的比较好的参考资料是韦氏在线词典、剑桥词典和当代美国英语语料库。 人们可以简单地使用谷歌搜索(Google search)或谷歌的Ngram Viewer查看所使用的搜索字符串的年度出现频率。这两个搜索工具都能显示短语出现的频率。Ngram Viewer还能显示同一个动词与不同介词组合在一起时出现的频率。许多动词的意思取决于它们搭配使用的介词。另外,虽然“grateful for ”这个词出现的频率比“grateful to ”的频率更低,但这并不意味着其中一个是正确的、而另一个是错误的。这些词组之间的频率比较只表示人们更频繁地使用什么词组而已。 事实上,正是因为介词的数量庞大,而且动词与不同介词组合时会产生不同的意思,所以介词误用是学术写作中最常见的错误之一。既然介词并没有很多通用规则可供遵循,那么就应当先从各个用法实例入手,看一下学术论文中常见的介词错误,以及应该如何纠正。 学术论文中常见的介词错误 1. 时间:由于时间区段、间隔、周期、时间表等在科研工作中非常重要,需要注意表达时间的介词用法,避免歧义和混淆。这些介词包括at、on、in、for、during、since、before、after、between、within等。 错误: The samples were incubated during 30 minutes. 正确: The samples were incubated for 30 minutes. 错误: The patient had been treated by us since 2 years. 正确: The patient had been treated by us for 2 years. 错误: Participants were enrolled between January 2021 to May 2021. 正确: Participants were enrolled between January 2021 and May 2021. 正确: Participants were enrolled from January 2021 to May 2021. 2. 位置和方向:事情发生的位置或事物放置的位置也是实验或科研中的重要细节。误用表达位置和方向的介词会导致歧义,特别是在论文的方法部分。这些介词包括at、on、in、above、behind、below、close to、inside、over等。 正确: The green arrow was displayed among the red circles. 正确: The green arrow was displayed between the red circles. 正确: The green arrow was displayed above the red circles. 正确: The green arrow was displayed across the red circles. 错误: The patient presented to our hospital. 正确: The patient presented at our hospital. 错误: One additional variable was entered to the analysis. 正确: One additional variable was entered into the analysis. 3. 比较:任何实验或研究结果通常都在比较的基础上进行描述。需要在论文的结果部分正确使用介词,包括than、to、as、among、with、from等。 错误:The students’ replies were similar than the office workers’ replies. 错误:The students’ replies were similar as the office workers’ replies. 正确: The students’ replies were similar to the office workers’ replies. 错误:The design of experiment 2 was the same to the design of experiment 2. 正确: The design of experiment 2 was the same as the design of experiment 2. 错误: The mode of action of cilostazol is different with that of acetylsalicylic acid. 正确: The mode of action of cilostazol is different from that of acetylsalicylic acid. 错误: Cardiac blood concentrations were higher as peripheral blood concentrations. 正确: Cardiac blood concentrations were higher than peripheral blood concentrations. 学术论文中介词的正确用法 以下英文列表包括在学术论文的各个部分中常见的介词用法,包括容易混淆的介词。在论文定稿之前,建议对照查看这些用法,纠正误用的介词。 1. 引言部分 X is the leading cause of Y in most industrialized countries. X is a common disease characterized by … X is a widely discussed issue in the field of … Recent developments in X have raised questions about … In recent years, increasing attention has been drawn to … The majority of earlier studies on X have focused on … Over the past 20 years, the incidence of Y has steadily increased. In the last 20 years, a number of studies have reported on … Since the late 1980s, advancements in the field of Y have led to … We tested the effect of antibiotics on bacteria in the treatment of … Past research into X has been lacking, due to methodological restrictions. A limited number of experiments have been reported on X so far. Despite its long use in clinical research, method X still has serious limitations. The main purpose of our study was to expand our understanding of … 2. 方法部分 The patient presented at our hospital with dizziness. The patient suffered from gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient complained of recurring headaches. Patients underwent surgery on the first day of hospital admission. Patients with no complaints during the past 2 weeks were considered pain-free. Participants who reported not having a smartphone were excluded from the study. A total of 45 participants who provided consent were included in the analyses. To prevent participants from moving, we placed a cushion under their head. In order to detect motion artefacts, the data were analyzed with Y software. Samples were collected over a period of… Stimuli were presented at intervals of… 3. 结果与讨论部分 Our comparison of different fish species revealed differences in food preference. The majority of participants responded to all questionnaire items. Group 1 showed a bigger effect than group 2. Nine of the 20 mice died of respiration arrest. Our analyses show that there are problems associated with the use of… We tested the correlation between X and Y and found that… ANOVA was used to assess the effect of X on Y . Figure 3 shows the differences between the treatment and control groups. We found no significant reduction in X compared to baseline concentrations. Our findings provide crucial insights into … Our findings point to an important role of X in … The results of the current study are not consistent with earlier findings. Our findings differ from those of earlier studies. Our results are in line with those of earlier studies. The differences between our study and that by Smith et a. can be explained by … A possible explanation for the discrepancy in results could be that… The differences could be attributed to … Our results show the effectiveness of X as a cure for Y in elderly patients. Our findings highlight the role of X in the treatment of Y . Further studies focusing on X are needed to clarify the role of … 关于介词规则的问答 1. 句子能够以介词结尾吗? 是的,可以。有人或许听说过不能用介词结束句子的说法,但是这种说法是错误的。努力试图不以介词结尾会导致写出的英文非常不自然。 YES(正确) Where did he come from ? 由于不能只说“ Where did he come? ”,而“ From where did he come? ”又听起来在语法上有些过时,那么在这种情况下,以介词结尾的写法会更好,如上例。 2. 可以省略介词吗? 不能简单地省略介词。但是,可以重新措辞,避免使用介词。这种做法实际上能够减少用词啰嗦的写法,提高写作水平。关于更多介绍,建议查看这篇文章:如何消除介词短语。 3. 我检查了我用的介词,但如何能够也检查词汇? 如果你担心会混淆类似的单词,那么请看这篇文章,以及关于有效短语和强有力动词方面的更多写作指导资源。
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