英文参考文献引用格式有两种:APA格式和MLA格式。
1、APA格式:APA(American Psychological Association)是一种标明参考来源的格式,主要使用在社会科学领域及其他学术准则中,国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。
APA文内注的参考文献格式是:“(作者姓氏,发表年份)”。
APA文末的参考文献目录格式是:Reference List, 必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:
期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数:起止页码】Smith,J.(2006).The title of the title of Journal,1,101-105。
非期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】.(2002).What computers can't York:Harp&Row。
2、MLA格式:MLA是美国现代语言协会(Modern Language Association)制定的论文指导格式,多用于人文学科(Liberal Arts)。
MLA文内注的基本格式:“(作者姓氏,文献页码)”。
MLA文末的参考文献目录格式:在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:
期刊类:【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】Nwezeh,.“The Comparative Approachto Modern African Literature.”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28(1979):22。
非期刊类:【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【发表年份】Winfield,Richard in Civil of Wisconsin P,1995。
文献引用不符合要求具体表现是:
1、所列文献范围过宽,凡所参阅过的均列出其中,如教材、内部刊物、获奖过但并未公开发表的成果报告等。
2、所列文献过多,如有些医生认为文献越多越好,将参阅过的文章书籍后的参考文献也悉数收录,有些文献作者并没有亲自阅读,只是认为跟自己的文章搭点边,也凑数其后。
3、所列文献过少,有些医生怕自己文章引述别人东西太多,被人认为抄袭,故意将一些重要参考文献略去。
4、对文献的理解偏面,以为只有引用文献原文才需要列出。
5、大而不当,将整期刊物甚至连续几期杂志或整张报纸作为参考文献。
本熟|咱戴≡
MLA是ModernLanguageAssociation英文词语的缩写。MLA是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,是一种常用的引用格式,由于在外国文章中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用,所以MLA格式很严谨。
MLA引用格式注意事项:
1、双倍行距。
2、第二行行首缩进5个字符(或半英寸)。
3、如果没有作者,从文章名开始
4、缩写全部月份名称,除了MayJune和July。
5、如果百科全书未按字母顺序排列文章,将其视为一般书籍文章。
5、网站:包括网页名称,网站全名及其建立者(此往往与网站名称相同)。此外,还包括文章创建及存在的日期(日、月、年)及你见到此文的日期。
6、互联网杂志文章:包括提供数据库服务的公司极其网址;文章的完整日期(日、月、年)及见到的日期;还有提供网络服务的图书馆或组织机构。如果引用的是期刊而不是杂志的话,还应有期刊的日期、卷册等。
可以参考下面这个 不知道是否都你有用 <<欧美教育理论与实验>>致中国投稿作者 欧美教育理论与实验(European & American Educational Theory and Experiment, 简称EAEE)由美国学术联盟协会出版、(登记注册号:3142311),面向全球公开发行的学术理论刊物,国际标准ISSN:21630925,为核心期刊国际认证协会收录期刊,并通过平台在线出版。投稿作者无需交纳论文审稿费和版面费,一经录用,酌致稿酬。前言:作者应保证英文投稿属首发,中文稿未被翻译成英文公开出版。为保护作者权益,本刊与作者签订出版合同。作者投稿必须遵守学术规范,请勿一稿多投、抄袭。作者投稿时应提交文稿的Word 文件,文章的中文题目、中文摘要和中文关键词,并提供准确的联系方式。1投稿要求文稿应具有实用性、科学性、创新性,设计合理。文字通畅简练。重点突出,数据准确,统计处理合理,结论可信。文稿一般不低于6000个单词。文稿应分为如下内容:标题,作者,单位,通讯作者姓名,地址,电话,传真, E-mail摘要,正文(包括引言,资料方法,结果,讨论),致谢,参考义献,图注,图表。文题简明醒日,确切反映文章主要内容,通常不超过25个单词。作者署名和单位作者姓名列于文题下。列入作者应是:①参与选题和设计,并是工作的主要实施或指导者;②论文的起草、修改者或提出关键性观点及主要内容的修改者;③能对编辑部的意见进行修改,并在学术界进行答辩者。单位:系指第1作者所在的工作单位,应注明地址及邮政编码;若是多单位多作者,应注明每位作者单位名称、地址及邮政编码。摘要稿件的正文前面需附摘要。要求写成结构式摘要,其内容包括:目的,方法,结果,结论4部分。摘要般在300个单词以内。关键词在摘要下面标引3-5个关键词,论文关键词的选取要简明扼要,切忌罗列过多。正文正文文稿一般可按引言,材(资)料和方法,结果,讨论的格式撰写。表格和插图图与表应少而精,并具有自明性。图应有图序、图题及图注(图题、图注用黑白体区分)。照片图要清晰,对比度适中,并适当编排(半栏不超过7cm,通栏不超过16,5cm)。表为三线表,应有表序、表题及表注。图及表中的字符以6号为宜。图表应随文排。2正文格式小标题 一般单独占行,居中;段首小标题,前空两格,后空一格。层次编码 依次使用一、二、三…;1.2.3.…;1)、2)…。也可使用1.1、1.2、1.3…的格式。 正文采用5号宋体字样打印。引文务请核实无误,并注明出处。3注释 注解性内容分附注、脚注和夹注. 附注 一般注释采用附注的形式,即在正文需注释处的右上方按顺序加注数码1、2、3、…,在正文之后写明“附注”或“注释”字样,然后依次写出对应数码1、2、3、…和注文,回行时与上一行注文对齐。 脚注对标题的注释或对全篇文章的说明以脚注的形式处理,注号用*而不用阿拉伯数字,列在当页正文下,正文和脚注之间加一横线。其他同于一般注释。 夹注 夹注可采用以下几种形式。(作者姓/名年代:原文页码) 例如:随着语篇研究的深入,人们认识到“只有把交际过程的所有因素都包容进来时,语篇才能得到恰当的解释和描写”(Dogil et al, l996: 481)。 作者姓/名(年代:原文页码)例如:Leather (1983: 204)认为“音段音位层面的迁移是受本身制约的,而超音段音位层面的迁移具有聚集性,因此更为严重”。(作者姓/名年代) 例如:研究表明,可控因素通常包括动机、观念和策略(Wen l993;文秋芳、王海啸1996)。作者姓/名(年代) 例如:Halliday (1985)认为,从语言的使用角度看,情景语境中有三个因素最为重要。 4参考文献 英文以字母顺序排序,中文以拼音排序。应该逐字考虑作者的名字,比如,Macewerner就比McAfee靠前。如果两个以上的文献出于同一作者,先列出年份靠前的。如果有作者的资料既有单人的、又有合作的,那么单个作者的文献排于多个作者的文献之前。若没有作者,就将标题移至作者的位置,且目录按标题的第一个有效字母排列。如果有两个以上的文献属于同一作者和年份,则在年份后用a、b、c、d等区分它们。在正文中引用时,使用相应的年份和字母。比如:National Institute of Mental Health, (1994a), Bipolar Disorder[Brochure], Indianapolis, IN:Dista Products,National Institute of Mental Health,(1994b), Depression[Brochure], Indianapolis, IN: Dista Products,所有的参考文献使用“悬挂缩进”格式,杂志名称和书名使用斜体字;如果是参加学术会议的论文,则论文标题为斜体字。期刊只有一个作者的期刊英文参考文献所必要的信息包括:作者的姓氏,名字和中间名字(若有的话)的大写字母,(出版年份), 论文标题, 杂志名称(使用斜体), 卷号, 所引页页码,注意:英文期刊每期均是起于第一页,在卷号后面用括号带数字标出期号。若不清楚出版日期,括号中写上“n,d”(即无日期)。同时要注意标点符号,姓氏之后是逗号“,”,名字字母之后是英文句号圆点“,”,年份带括号及圆点“,”,论文标题之后是圆点“,”,杂志名之后是逗号“,”,卷号及期号之后是逗号“,”,页码之后是圆点“,”。比如:Teri, L, (1982), Depression in adolescence: Its relationship toassertion and various aspects of self-image, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 11(2), 101-106, 中文参考文献所必要的信息包括:作者的姓名(出版年份)。论文标题。杂志名称(使用斜体),卷号,所引页页码。注意:中文期刊没有卷号的,用阿拉伯数字标出期号。若不清楚出版日期,括号中写上“无日期”。同样要注意标点符号,姓名之后接年份带括号,之后是句号“。”,论文标题之后是句号“。”,杂志名之后是逗号“,”,卷号或期号之后是逗号“,”,页码之后是句号“。”。比如:俞国良(1998)。学习不良儿童社会性发展与家庭资源因果关系的研究。心理科学,21(4),341-345。 两个作者的期刊 使用英文时,两名作者之间用“&”连接;使用中文时,两名作者之间使用“和”连接。比如:Sonne, J, L,, & Pope, K, S, (1991), Treating victims of therapist-patient involvement, Psychotherapy, 28, 174-187. 未发表的论文 引用未发表的论文时,论文标题使用斜体字。Borst, W, U, (1996), Guidelines for writing in APA style,Unpublished manuscript, Troy State University at Phenix City,雷雳(1999)。亲子沟通与儿童行为问题的关系。未发表手稿,首都师范大学。 学术会议上发表的论文 引用学术会议上发表的论文时,论文标题使用斜体字。论文标题之后表明该学术会议的名称及论文发表的形式,英文论文使用“Presentationat”或“Posterat”字样,中文论文使用“宣讲论文”或“张贴论文”字样。再之后是会议举办的地点(通常是城市)。Lei, L, & Wang, L,(2000, June), The difference ofself-regulated learning between LD and non-LD students, Poster atthe Second International Conference on Child and Adolescent MentalHealth, Kuala Lumpur. 国际论文摘要(DAI)及大学微缩胶片中的博士论文摘要 Bower, D, L, (1993), Employee assistant programs supervisoryreferrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferringsupervisors, Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B,(University Microfilms No, AAD93-15947) 书籍 所需信息:书的作者或编者, 出版年份,书名(使用斜体),出版机构所在地:出版机构,Elkind, D, (1978), The child's reality: Three developmental themes,New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,郭德俊和雷雳(1998)。教育心理学概论。北京:警官教育出版社。注意:“出版机构所在地”通常是指其所在城市,之后接冒号“:”,再就是出版社名称加句号,英文用圆点。 编辑的书 英文文献在编者后面加“(Ed,)”,中文在作者后面加“(编)”或“(主编)”。比如:Marshall, F, J, (Ed,), (1996), Common ground, Atlanta: Make BelievePublications. 编辑的书里的一篇论文 所引用的论文标题不用斜体,只有书名用斜体;英文文献在论文标题后使用“In”,之后接编者名的字母及姓氏,这一顺序与单独引用时不同;中文文献在论文标题之后使用“载于”。另外,另外在书中的页码范围用圆括号标于书名之后。比如:Duckworth, J, C,, & Levitt, E, E, (1994), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, In D, J, Keyser & R, C, Sweetland(Eds,), Test critiques: Vol, 10 (pp, 424- 428), Austin, TXro-Ed,雷雳(2000)。学习不良少年的自我概念与心理健康。载于陈烜之和梁觉(主编),迈进中的华人心理学(345-354页)。香港:中文大学出版社。 团体作者 这是指团体或者组织为作者。同时,当出版者和作者相同时,英文文献在出版者处写“Author”,中文文献写“作者”。American Psychiatric Association, (1994), Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed,), Washington, DC:杂志论文 每周出版的杂志要求有准确的日期;每月出版的要求有月份。Arie, M, (1996, October 8), Protecting yourself from evil E-mail,PC Magazine, 15, p, 192. 教育研究信息中心(ERIC)的文件 论文标题使用斜体字。Simms, H, S, (1996), The title of the article goes here (Report No,NCRTL-XX-99-1), East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research onTeacher Learning, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No, ED 888096) 只读光盘(CD-ROM)上的摘要 作者(日期)。论文名[CD-ROM]。杂志名,期号,页码。摘要来源:原始资料和检索信息Author, I, (date), Title of article [CD-ROM], Title of Journal, xx,xx-xx, Abstract from: Source and retrieval 只读光盘(CD-ROM)上的全文 Sears, S, W, (1994, Winter), The first news blackout,
引文的格式可采用文中夹注、脚注和尾注的形式,MLA和APA格式中一般不采用脚注或尾注,而使用文中夹注的形式。本文小编为大家解析两者引文的区别。
1.文中夹注(Parenthetical Citation)
注释要包括作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版社、出版时间及页码。引文较短时,要用双引号括起来,引文与正文融为一体。如果作者已在文中出现,注释中就不再列作者的名字;当引文较长时(四行或超过四行),引文要另起一段,缩进五个空格,不用引号;多个作者在第二次被提到时可用第一个作者的姓加et al.;引文是翻译材料时要注明最初出版时间和翻译时间。MLA格式要求标明作者的姓和页数,它们之间没有逗号。APA格式要求括号里标明作者姓名、出版日期,引文的其他信息可在参考文献中找到。
2.脚注(Footnotes)与尾注(Endnotes)的使用
脚注写在该页最后一行下面数四行的位置。如果该页有两个以上的脚注,脚注之间需要隔行。在正文中的引语(直接或间接)处的上方标上阿拉伯数字,脚注也标上相应的数字。脚注的字体必须与正文一样,可使用单倍行距,但相邻脚注之间应空行。在MLA的规范里,脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用:(1)提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息;(2)提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。
尾注要另起一页,放在该章的最后一页,标上Notes,隔行打印。引语处的上方要标上阿拉伯数字,尾注也同样标出相应的数字。
例子:,“The Comparative Approach To Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature,(1979):22.
3.引用整篇文献观点
引用整篇文献观点时有两种情况:
①作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现:
MLA:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.(Taylor)
APA:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.(Taylor,1990)
②.作者的姓氏在正文同一句中已经出现:
MLA:不需要使用括号夹注
APA:不需要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如姓氏和文献出版年份均已出现,则不需要使用夹注。
在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:MLA:(Zhu 12)APA:(Zhang,2005)
4.引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献中某一引用文献中具体观点或文字具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:
MLA:Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions(Marcuse190-203).
APA:Newmark(1988,)notes three characteristically expressive text-types:(a)seriousimaginative literature( poetry);(b)authoritative statements(political speeches anddocuments,statutes and legal documents,philosophical and academic works by acknowledgedauthorities);(C)autobiography,essays,personal correspondence(when these are personaleffusions).
注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法:MLA引文格式的规范是(Marcuse 190-203),而APA的规范是(1988,)。
参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA(the Modern Language Association)或者APA(the American Psychological Association),一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA,偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例,供参考。 正文中的引证 学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处,注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法,一般不使用脚注或者尾注。 引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:MLA:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).APA:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注,如:MLA:Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:APA:Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:APA:In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:MLA: (Zhu 12) APA: (Zhang, 2005) 引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:MLA:Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).APA:Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法:MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203),而 APA的规范是(1988, pp. 39-40)。 假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复,如:MLA:Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).APA:Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11). 引用多位作者写作的同一文献MLA(二至三位作者):Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).(如果有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。)MLA(三位以上的作者):The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).APA(两位作者):Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. 注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。APA(三至五位作者)第一次引用:According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995). 以后的引用: To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).APA(五位以上的作者):Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003) 引用同样姓氏的不同作者 假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如: MLA:Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).APA:Well-established SLA researchers (., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002). 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如: MLA: (. Wang 26) (. Wang 30)APA: (. Wang, 2003) (. Wang, 2003, p. 213) 引用团体作者(corporate author) 引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如: MLA:It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).APA:Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54). 引用无作者文献 引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如: MLA:An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).APA:(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001) 在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。 无论是MLA还是APA的规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字 书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:MLA:Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the :Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986). 引用同一作者的多篇文献 按MLA规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组,如:Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17). 或者Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17). 按APA规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004) 括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004) 同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如: (Bloom, 2003a, 2003b) 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献 括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:MLA:The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).APA:Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994). 在MLA的规范中,如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长,则不用括号夹注,而使用脚注(见第节)。 引用非直接文献(indirect source) 论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:MLA:Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).(注意:“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。)APA:Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. 引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。 引用文学作品和经典文献 按MLA的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。 在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如: In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” ().这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。(注意标点的使用。) 在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” ().这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“line”,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如: 第一次引用:(lines 5-8) 以后的引用:(12-13) 在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。(注意标点和缩略语的使用。) 在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. ).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。 对引语文字的更改 直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。图右边一栏两句句子均包含了引语,但均不合语法。正确:So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 正确:Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (59). 错误:So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63). 错误:Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59). 为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses“…”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brackets“[ ]”)以内。例如:删除词句:He stated, “The ‘placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.添加词组:Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.” 无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。 注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。 脚注(footnotes)的使用 在MLA的规范里,脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用:(1)提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息;(2)提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标,每页重新开始。在下面两个例子中,前一个属第一种情况,后一种属第二种情况: The commentary of the sixteenth-century literary scholars Bernardo Segni and Lionardo Salviati shows them to be less-than-faithful followers of Aristotle1.….Technological advancements have brought advantages as well as unexpected problems2.————————————— Notes1 Examples are conveniently available in Weinberg. See Segni, Rettorica et poetica d'Aristotile (Firenze, 1549) 281, qtd. in Weinberg 1:405, and Salviati, Poetica d'Aristotle parafrasata e comnetata, 1586, ms. , Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Firenze, 140v, qtd. in Weinberg 1: For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong, Yang, and Cuneo 80-82; Craner 308-11.(第二个例子中“Moulthrop, pars. 39-53”中的“pars”指的是“段落”即paragraph。) 在脚注中提到的文献同正文中提到的一样,都必须在正文后面的参考文献著录中详细注明。 脚注可使用单倍行距,但相邻脚注之间应空行。脚注的字体必须与正文一样。 参考文献著录的格式 参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited,在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册,本节仅提供部分著录实例,供参考。 著录已出版的文章一位作者写的文章MLA:Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): :Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380. 注意:(1)在MLA规范里,作者的姓名应完整,应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里,作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。(2)在MLA规范里,期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。(3)在APA规范里期刊的卷数(即“28”)应用斜体表示。(4)按MLA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号(“to”)以外都必须大写。按APA的规范,标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写,而其余每一个词的首字母,除专有名词以外,均不需要大写。两位作者写的文章MLA:Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): :Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.两位以上的作者写的文章MLA:Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): :Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43. 无论用MLA 还是APA,第一作者以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字或者名字的首字母,但是从第二作者开始,在MLA规范里以名字开始,继以姓氏,而在APA规范里以姓氏开始(加上逗号),继以名字的首字母。 如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如:MLA:Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): :Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review) MLA:Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: :Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book) MLA:Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. :Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman. 注意:(1)“Ed.”代表“编”。(2)在MLA规范中,书的编者的姓和名均用全称,在APA规范里,编者的姓用全称,名用首字母。杂志中的文章MLA:Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: :Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 58-67. 注意:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。报纸中的文章MLA:“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B. APA:Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)MLA:Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. :Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件(A government publication)MLA:United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO, 2000. APA:National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: . Government Printing 著录已出版的书籍一位作者写的书籍MLA:Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, :Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。新版书(Book with a new edition)MLA:Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, :Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.团体作者(Book with a corporate author)写的书籍MLA:College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, :American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.无作者书籍(Book with no author)MLA:Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, :Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 编撰的书籍(Edited book)MLA:Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-¬Verlag, :Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.翻译的书籍(Translated book)MLA:Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, :Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946) 注意在两种规范里,翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。重版书(Republished book)MLA:Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937.
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