中西方城邦文化差异毕业论文

文化差异进行论述: 一、物质文化差异 中西方文化在物质文化上的差异主要是指...由于中国与西方生产生活习性的不同，中国人吃饭用的餐具是"筷子"，西方人则用"刀子和叉子"，且中西方饮食中的主食构成不...

中国和西方的 文化 存在着很大的差异，这种差异是由多方面的因素所造成的。无论是 家庭 教育 还是学校教育，教育的内容、方式、目的和结果，中西方在教育体系上都存在着巨大的不同。下面是我给大家推荐的中西方教育文化差异论文，希望大家喜欢!

《论中西 传统文化 中的教育思想》

摘要：孔子与苏格拉底是中西传统教育史上两位举足轻重的人物，他们的教育思想，一直以来都被认为是中西方教育思想发展的源头。通过对二者的教育思想的比较研究有助于真正认识到当今中西教育思想差异的源头所在，有助于我们认识当今中西方各自教育思想中的优势与不足，做到取其精华，去其糟粕。

关键词：孔子;苏格拉底;教育思想;差异;影响

孔子与苏格拉底是中西思想文化史上里程碑式的人物，他们的思想对后世产生了巨大的影响，尤其是在教育思想上，两者可以看作是中西教育思想的源头，但是在不同的地域与文化差异的影响下，两者的教育思想有着本质上的差异。这种差异反映在两者的教育目的，教育过程中确立的教师地位与师生关系，以及教育 方法 上。而这种差异有对中西传统教育思想以及日后中西教育的发展走向也造成了深远的影响。

一、孔子与苏格拉底教育思想的差异

孔子与苏格拉底教育思想的差异主要有三个方面：教育目的差异，教师地位与师生关系的差异，以及采用的教育方法的差异。

(一)教育目的的差异

孔子与苏格拉底生于不同的国家，但却处于一个相似的时代。两者都生在了一个社会转型和过渡的时期，孔子生活在我国春秋末期，正值奴隶制社会向封建制社会的过渡时期，而苏格拉底生活在希腊城邦奴隶制的衰落时期。战乱之时，礼崩乐坏、道德沦丧，两者都极力想挽救这场社会危机，重塑道德在人心中的地位。所以两者不约而同的选择了教育作为重塑人的灵魂，提升人的道德观念的一种途径。两者都赋予了教育神圣而伟大的意义，都希望通过教育解决道德问题，从而达到最终的社会安定繁荣的目的。

从这点来看，两者实施教育的最初出发点是基本一致的，且两者的肯定了应该通过教育来实现人民道德的升华，但两者的具体目的却是不同的，而正是因为这种不同，才造成了后来中西传统教育思想的不同走向，也对中西文化发展产生了不同影响。

1、孔子的教育目的

孔子的教育目的是让人拥有“仁”的具体道德修养，这也是孔子教育精髓与最高理想。“仁”是孔子要求培养学生具备的最高道德品德。仁涵盖了很广的范围，如忠，孝，城，信，智，勇，温，良，恭，俭，让，廉，和，宽，敏，惠，爱人等等。而仁中最重要的两个要素就是“孝”和“爱人”，其中孝是实现“仁”的基础，爱人是“仁”的核心。

孝是处理家庭内部关系的行为准则，是实现“仁”的基础。孔子说：“孝弟者也，其为仁之本与。” [1](P3)孔子一直认为只有做到孝才能爱人，孝是爱人的本源和基础。孔子强调了孝中包含的情感意蕴，他认为孝无须其他理性的理由，它的依据就是父母子女之间的血缘关系,而父母生养子女的恩情就是子女孝敬父母的终极理由。而孔子又把“孝”与“忠”联系了起来，他认为：“事父母，能竭其力;事君者，能致其身。” [1](P3)在他看来，只有在家能尽到孝道的人在朝才能尽到忠君。把他的这种“孝”推及到了整个国家的治理之上，把这种父母子女之间的血脉亲情融入到了君臣关系之中，这种把治家之情、之理迁移到了治国、平天下的宏图伟业之中，使得整个国家治理也处于这种温情脉脉的人际关系之中。

爱人是“仁”的核心，孔子多次强调了爱人的重要性，在《论语》中，“樊迟问仁。子曰:‘爱人’” [1](P114)，意思就是说有仁德的人对别人要赋予爱心，对于统治者来说更是如此。因此孔子要求为政者能够“博施于民而能济众” [1](P56)，即多从人民的利益着想，做到“其养民也惠，其使民也义”。[1](P41)孔子认为一个真正有仁德的人治理国家，必须做到“节用而爱人，使民以时” [1](P2)，“因民之所利而利之” [1](P192)等等，由此可见，孔子在治国的问题上还是选择了情，要求执政者做到惠民、重民及养民，保持这种君民之间的浓厚情意。

这样看来，孔子的教育目的最终是把教育引向了一个道德伦理的高度，它强调仁，强调感情，这也是与苏格拉底教育目的的根本差异。

2、苏格拉底的教育目的

与孔子不同，苏格拉底的教育目的是“美德”本质的追求。美德就是善，而善又是苏格拉底追求最高的道德理想。在苏格拉底看来,之所以有恶的存在是因为无知，而有知识的人必定也是有德行的人,只有对善无知的人,才会去作恶。所以只要人人拥有了知识，人人就拥有了美德。这就是他的著名命题“美德即知识”[2](P232)的由来。

但是，苏格拉底并没有仅仅停留在像孝道、友爱等美德的具体表现表象，而是越过这些形式化的各种表象，去寻求永恒的美德的本质。例如在《美诺篇》里，苏格拉底问美诺什么是美德，美诺立刻就分别回答了男人的美德是什么，女人的美德是什么，苏格拉底讽刺他说：“当我只问你一种美德时，你就把你所留着的一窝美德都给我端出来了” [3](P153)，而这并不是他所要问的，他要问的是“美德本身”。因为美德“不论他们有多少种，而且如何不同，它们都有一种使它们成为美德的共同本性”。[3](P153)对于美德，苏格拉底需要使人知道的不仅仅是具体的美德行为，而更在于使人知道美德的本质。因为他认为，某些看似有很多知识的人之所以为恶，没有美德，就在于并没有真正地掌握普遍的永恒的美德，或者说，并没有真正地掌握知识。所以苏格拉底倾其毕生，教育学生去寻求美德的本质。

因此，苏格拉底最终把教育引向了一个哲学高度，教育的最终目的是为了对美德，对真理的探求，与孔子选择情相对，苏格拉底选择了智。

(二)教师地位与师生关系差异

在实现各自教育目的的过程中，孔子与苏格拉底也确立了教师在教育中的不同地位，同时导致了两种不同的师生关系。孔子与苏格拉底教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系存在根本差异：孔子确立了以教师为主体的教师权威地位，从而建立了一种“师为上、生为下;师为主、生为仆;师为尊、生为卑”的师生关系;与之相对，苏格拉底却是在平等民主的基础上确立了以学生为主体的学生中心观，建立了师生平等的师生关系。

1、孔子教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系的确立

对于孔子而言，“仁”是他教育的目的，而“礼”就是他实现“仁”的途径，因此孔子要求每个人以“礼”来规范自己的行为，提倡“复礼”。[4](PP1-3)孔子所谓的“礼”，主要是指遵守等级社会的道德规范和生活规范。这种规范，大而言之，包括国家内部上下的尊卑的社会制度;小而言之，则包括了人们日常生活人与人之间交往的礼仪常识。这样看来，孔子的“礼”中不仅规范君臣、父子、兄弟、朋友、夫妇之间的关系，也规范了师生之间的关系。正如他所说的“君君、臣臣、父父、子子” [1](P111)，这里面隐含的另一个含义就是“师师、生生”。对于孔子来说，“礼”中暗含的等级制度是绝对肯定的，正因为如此，在教师地位的问题上孔子强调教师的地位与权威的绝对性。而这种绝对权威的教师地位就要求学生的绝对服从，正如孔子说的：“君子有三畏：畏天命，畏大人，畏圣人之言。” [1](P160)对于他的学生来说，“畏圣人之言”就是对自己传授的东西的绝对服从，这就造成了学生只能无条件的被动接受教师所传授的知识，从而确立了以教师为主的教师权威地位。在师生关系上，孔子与学生虽然和睦但并不平等。正如孔子自己所说：“道不同，不相为谋” [1](P154)，意旨主张不同，互不商量。同时孔子也认为“刚、毅、木、呐近仁” [1](P126)，其实就是他“畏圣人之言”主张的表现。而这也正是孔子教育思想中师生关系的一种体现，孔子遵循的师生关系是一种“师为上、生为下;师为主、生为仆;师为尊、生为卑”的关系，虽然和睦但不平等。

2、苏格拉底教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系的确立

相对而言，生活在古希腊的苏格拉底却深受当时的民主政治的影响，而当时“法律面前人人平等”更是让他与自己弟子、学生之间确立了一种民主、平等的关系。无论是在对学生进行道德教育，还是在对学生传授知识的过程中，苏格拉底始终把自己的学生看作是教育和教学的主体，主张师生关系的平等，强调多元主体见的对话，而对话中充满了机智的争论，在争论的过程中，双方都是对话的主体，都是平等的地位，这一点我们可以从他与尤苏戴默斯关于正义的对话中看出。在整个对话的过程中，苏格拉底采用了一种对话的形式，在对话中他提出问题，举出例子来证明对方思想中的不恰当之处，使对方认识到自己思想中的错误之处，随后再步步深入，最后使对方认识到自己的无知。[5](PP140-154)整个过程双方地位平等，苏格拉底并没有像孔子那样以权威自举，在他整个的教育过程中是对真理的探讨，真理才是最高的权威，正如他自己所说：“我们一定不能把对个人的尊敬看得高于真理”。[6]而这正是亚里士多德那句 名言 “吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理”的由来。

总而言之，孔子在教育和教学过程中，确立了以教师为主，过分迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观，而苏格拉底在民主和平等的基础上，确立了尊重学生，以学生为主体，不迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观。而这种师生关系的差异也造成了两者在实践其教育思想时所运用的教育方法的差异。

(三)教育方法的差异

因为孔子与苏格拉底在教育目的及教师地位，师生关系上的根本观念的不同，两者在实现自身教育思想的过程中，也采用了不同的方法。

1、孔子的教育方法

孔子的教育目的是的最终目标是明白为仁之道，即是致仁，因此为了达到这种圣人之道，孔子强调教育不在朝夕，而重在省悟，做到温故知新，举一反三，所以对孔子教育方法的最好论述就是《论语?述而》中提到的“不愤不启，不悱不发，举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也”。[1](P59)孔子主张在教育过程中要求学生首先必须拥有求知的欲望，即努力达到“仁”的愿望，然后再在合适的时机，对学生进行启发。在启发的过程中要求学生反复思考，做到举一反三。如果学生达不到这个目的，教育就只有被迫中断，这里孔子强调了在教育过程中学生思考大重要性。《论语》就是最好的例子，这部孔子与弟子之间的问答语录中记载了，学生们提出的各种各样的问题，而孔子及时而恰当地予以针对性很强的回答，通过这一问一答，启发学生的思维，增进学生的学识。而在“举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也”中有隐含了另一层含义，就是这个举一反三得出的最终结果必须与孔子自己坚持的“仁”的观点相符和，所以学生获得的知识永远不能跳出孔子的“仁”观念。而在教育过程中，孔子永远是处于一个教师的地位，学生只能永远向他请教知识。

2、苏格拉底的教育方法

苏格拉底教育思想的目的是寻求“美德”的本质，教人寻求真理。所以苏格拉底运用的教育方法是一种逻辑性强的辩证术――产婆术。产婆术分为四个部分：讥讽，助产术，归纳与下定义。[2](P232)具体来说，“讥讽”就是在谈话中让学生提出自己对某一问题的看法，然后揭露学生谈话中的自相矛盾点，迫使学生成人自己对这一问题的一无所知。所谓“助产术”，就是用谈话的方法帮助学生把知识回忆起来，就像助产婆助产产出婴儿一样。所谓“归纳”，就是通过问答使学生的认识能逐步排除事物的个别特殊性，揭示出事物的本质普遍的东西，从而得出事物的“定义”。苏格拉底之所以这样做，是因为他相信只有人们知道自己无知，才会去追求知识，所以若要教育他们，就必须先让他们自知其无知。虽然苏格拉底的产婆术也是一种启发性的教育方法，但是他并没有像孔子那样设下各种限制，学生可以在讨论的过程中自由的放飞自己的思想，通过不同的途径到苏格拉底最终获得真理的教育目的。

由此可见，孔子与苏格拉底的教育思想存在着根本的差异：在教育目的上追求着“仁”与“美德”的不同目标;在教师地位与师生关系上两者分别确立了强调教师权威的教师中心观与强调师生平等，以学生为主体的学生中心观;在教育方法上，两者通过举一反三与产婆术两种不同的方法启发学生，从而达到两者追求的不同的教育目标。而正是因为孔子与苏格拉底教育思想中这些本质上的差异的存在，使得两者的教育思想对后世教育思想，文化发展走向都产生了巨大的影响。

二、孔子与苏格拉底教育思想差异造成的影响

(一)两者的差异对中西传统教育思想及文化走向的影响

孔子与苏格拉底追求“仁”与“美德”的两种完全不同的教育目的导致了日后中西教育思想的不同走向，同时也给中西文化的发展造成了不同的影响。孔子的“仁”教思想经过孟子等儒家后继者的发展，最终形成了注重道德修养，注重血缘亲情道德教育传统，让中国文化中充满了的人文主义精神，也使中国的哲学形成了典型的道德型哲学。而苏格拉底对“美德”的追求以知识为基础，注重对真知的追求，充满着理性，导致了西方重知识教育的传统。这种思想经过柏拉图等人的发展，形成了西方典型的知识型哲学，处处体现了西方的科学主义精神。

(二)两者的差异对当代教育方式与教育效果造成的影响

两者在教育过程中确立的教师地位，师生关系及使用的教育方法也对现代教育造成了巨大得影响。在孔子以教师为主，过分迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观的影响下，我国学校教育过分地强调了学生的接受学习，对知识的死记硬背和顶礼膜拜。而对教师权威的迷信和崇拜，强调在师道尊严，尊师重道，因而造成了我国在教育和教学中只注重教师的作用，而忽视学生的主动性和积极性地发挥。教师总是教，学生总是被教;教师总是无所不知，学生总是知之甚少，甚至一无所知;教师总是在思考，学生总是被动地思考;教师总是讲，学生总是顺从地听讲，教师有主动作用，学生总是围绕教师转;教师是教育和教学过程的主体，学生是教育过程的客体;教师是知识的权威，学生只能听从教师。学生就犹如在水渠之中，一切早已被教师决定。在很显然，这一切都极大地阻碍了学生健康、主动、积极地发展，也不利于创新人才地培养。

与孔子不同，建立在苏格拉底民主平等，以学生为主体，不迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观上的西方教育更为开明与先进。教师和学生的地位是平等的。在教育和教学的过程中，教师不以自己为中心，而是以学生作为教育和教学的中心。教师在教学的过程中，更多地强调学生对知识的理解和感悟，而不是对知识的死记硬背。教师和学生通过相互沟通、交流、对话来进行学习，不是把教师看作知识的权威而加以顶礼膜拜，教师和学生在课堂中相互学习。在这种环境下学生更像是水流，在知识的道路上断的探索，而又没有绝对的结论。正如在西方教育一词education 的本意是“引导”的意思一样，教师只是一个引导者而已。这样极大地调动了学生学习的主动性和自觉性，不仅培养了学生的创新能力，而且促进了学生健康地成长和发展。

三、结语

由此看来，孔子与苏格拉底的教育思想有着根本上的不同：首先是教育目的的差异，教育目的是两者教育思想的发源，虽然两人都选择了教育作为塑造人的灵魂、提升人的德行以救治现实社会的手段，但是两者的目的是不同的，孔子旨在让人们拥有“仁”的具体道德修养，而苏格拉底的目的在于对“美德”的本质的追求。其次是两者教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系的差异。教师地位与师生关系是实现教育思想的基础，孔子在教育过程中确立了以教师的地位为主的教师权威化，而苏格拉底却以民主平等为基础，确立了以学生为主体的师生关系。最后是教育方法的差异。教育方法是推行教育思想的重要手段，两者运用了不同的启发式教育与不同的方法原则，而正是这些差异导致了日后中西文化发展走向的不同――人文主义与科学主义的差别。同时，这种差异又对现代的中西教育产生了巨大的影响，中国教育中的教师的权威地位，学生填鸭式的 学习方法 与西方教育中的师生平等，在讨论中获得知识形成了强烈的对比。

但是我们也必须得看到，虽然孔子与苏格拉底虽然有着不同教育思想，但是他们的根本目的都在于通过教育实现社会的发展和人类的进步。我们在对两者教育思想的研究中应该看到两者各自的有事与不足，应该本着古为今用、洋为中用的原则，一方面要继承和弘扬祖国宝贵的思想文化遗产，发扬中国传统道德教化的特色，认识并挖掘其现实价值，以从中吸取其精髓;同时也要批判借鉴西方文化资源中的精华，学习西方追求真理、勇于创新的思维特质，以取长补短，推陈出新。取其精华，去其糟粕，更好的促进中西方文化的一种交汇与融合。

参考文献：

[1]论语[Z]. 杨逢彬，杨伯峻注译.长沙：岳麓书社，2002.

[2]王凌皓.中外教育史[M].长春：东北大学出版社，2002.

[3]北京大学哲学系编.古希腊罗马哲学[M].北京：商务印书馆，1982.

[4]全国教育史研究会编.孔子教育思想研究[M].北京：人民教育出版社，1985.

[5]色诺芬.回忆苏格拉底[M].吴永泉译.北京：商务印书馆，2004.

[6]柏拉图.理想国[M].郭斌和，张竹明译.北京：商务印书馆，.

点击下页还有更多>>>中西方教育文化差异论文

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.