英国语言服务体系构建研究论文

你可以从以下几个方面着手：1.•the difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England, Wales and Scotland. • England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United Kingdom. • The . includes England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom is. • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern Scotland. • They are proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.• The reputation of the Scots: inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with money. (In the past, they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent . 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the Pope. All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the Bible. Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy”. • In the Middle Ages, the Popes was extremely powerful. In the 16th century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by Catholics. • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the Reformation. As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic Church. In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan age. • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus Christ. It was founded in the 1st century in Palestine. Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God, and his teaching is contained in the Bible, the holy book of Christianity. In Europe, Christianity is divided into three major groups. Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教).3.学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for universities. They are supported entirely by fees and private funs.• The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today, since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.• “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today, because far from being public, public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.• Some people feel, the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government, the armed forces, the church, t he universities, the professions, and even in business. They say, this proves the superiority of a public school education.• It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English education.• In England, parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public schools. • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton, Harrow and Rugby.• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools, they are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public schools.• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, and there is a distinctive boarding atmosphere. At the age of thirteen, the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”.• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, since its main target is not the “eleven plus,” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13, for admission to a public schools.• The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to be. • Firstly, their perfect system, their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools, and ,many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might envy.• Secondly, many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government, in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at all. • Thirdly, all public schools too, except a few of recognized standard, are liable to be inspected by the State.• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British education.• Oxford University was founded in the twelfth century. It contains about thirty separate colleges.• Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth century. It contains about twenty separate colleges.• There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. They are St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh. • London University has far more students than any other British universities. • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in Britain.• “red brick” describes their construction, which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and Cambridge. • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial system.• The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their course. The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take place. • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own room.• Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social reasons. It is open to everybody, and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other universities. It is non-residential. Lectures are broadcast on TV and radio. At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university .• The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure, as far as it can, that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment, old age, sickness or over —large families. • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn because they are old or sick.• 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health Service. • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work, and by any woman from the age of 60. • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first, but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger pension. • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are working. • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by taxpayers. • (2) For the first child of a family, nothing is paid, but an allowance is made for all children after the first. • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income tax. • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income tax. • (5) There are special payments for widows who have children."meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own cars. • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited people. (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own cars.• The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest grade. • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under supervision.• the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their time. They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their .

像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~

Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] . Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.