汤姆叔叔的小屋论文相关文献

先看一下，这个是adobe #1In Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe emphasizes that the effects of slavery are as tragic for the slave as for the slave-holder. Discuss why Mr. Shelby and Augustine St. Clare are ambivalent figures because of their involvement in slavery.然后是 OutlineI. Thesis Statement: Mr. Shelby and Augustine St. Clare are ambivalent figures because despite being humane slave owners, they unwittingly contribute to their slaves’ . The slave owners’ humanityA. Both treat their slaves humanelyB. Mr. Shelby repulsed by Haley the slave...Tom is undeniably the central character of the novel that bears his name. He is of absolute importance to the major plot; he is the embodiment of the struggle that carries the major theme (the impact of slavery on human morality—or, to state it in more universal terms, the problem of evil as it threatens the human spirit). Tom is not a developing character in the usual sense—he experiences hope and joy, pain and despair, but he does not really change. He is in no way a better or a wiser or a different person at the end of the novel than he is at the beginning. Yet Tom is real and believable, and above all he is not the “Uncle Tom” of the twenty-first-century dictionary definition, the “elderly slave” who behaves “fawningly” towards is described, early in the book, as a physically powerful man, very dark-skinned, with African features. We can calculate his age approximately: He is eight years older than Shelby, both he and Shelby are the fathers of sons in their early teens; thus he must be, when the book opens, somewhere in his middle 40s—still in the prime of life. Although some of Stowe’s African-American characters are of racially mixed ancestry—almost always, it seems, for a specific reason related to plot or theme—Tom, although apparently born in the United States, is said to be “truly African,” and this is also for a reason: Stowe believed that specific psychological characteristics were peculiar to people of different races or ethnicities—for example, that Italians were volatile and excitable, “Anglo-Saxons” aggressive and adventurous, “Irishmen” (and women) overly sentimental and quick to anger or tears. She believed that members of the “African race” were more gentle, more loving and devoted to family (and thus potentially better Christians) than whites, especially those she called “Anglo-Saxons.” Thus we feel that she intended Tom’s unmixed African blood to show these traits in his character. Her narrator also says of Tom, several times, that he is “childlike” and “simple”; she does not mean that he is intellectually slow, but that he is what we would call entirely focused, unburdened by complexities of motive or doubt, confident (Stowe would say) of the goodness of order to understand this simplicity and confidence in Tom’s character, it is necessary to understand something of the Christianity in which Stowe herself was so firmly rooted. Traditional Calvinism, the religion of Stowe’s childhood, holds that the “elect”—those whom God has chosen to be saved—can do nothing of their own will to change their chosen status, nor can those who are not among the elect do anything to change their situation. A person’s actions show in which group he or she belongs. Stowe apparently did not subscribe completely to this theory; the “election” of many of her characters (Augustine St. Clare, for example) appears to be up for grabs, something to be settled, if not by the person’s own good or evil deeds, then at least by prayer while the person is still alive. But Tom himself is obviously among the elect; this is shown by his bearing and his spiritual power for good upon others as well as by his own confidence and in the specific signs of grace that he receives—for example, the vision of Christ he experiences when tempted to despair on Legree’s plantation. His election makes Tom a very strong character, but it also ensures that he will not change, as people like Cassy, St. Clare, even Legree change when Tom touches , it is important to recognize that Tom’s passivity is not a character flaw, not a failure to act when he ought to act, but really a kind of action, a species of resistance and of what our century would call “existential choice.” With each of his masters, from Shelby to Legree, Tom is pitted against materialism, which is the basis of slavery. Even in its most benign form, as manifested in St. Clare, this materialism denies the spiritual, denies human love, turns every human connection or virtue into something to be used for profit—the “making” of money (which is not really made but is extracted from the bodies and souls of those who are turned into things for this purpose).Stowe’s original subtitle for Uncle Tom’s Cabin was “The Man Who was a Thing”; she meant it ironically, of course, because Tom refuses to be made a “thing.” His inaction is this refusal; his passivity is love—not liking, for he does not like Legree and does not pretend to; not admiration or attraction, for Tom like the rest of us cannot freely give or withhold these things; but love in the sense that the New Testament defines it: “Love bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things” (see I Corinthians, 13: 1–13). Love is the recognition of the human spirit in one human being by another human being; it is the antithesis of materialism and of slavery. Tom’s courage, his strength, and his heroism are all based in the Christian love—the good—that he freely chooses (as, he believes, God freely chooses him) throughout the book.

容简介 《汤姆叔叔的小屋(中文导读英文版)》,19世纪最伟大的文学巨著之一,是被誉为“影响美国历史进程的经典著作”,它由美国著名作家比彻·斯托夫人编著而成。

又译作《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》，作者是美国女作家比彻·斯托夫人（1811—1896）。比彻·斯托出生在一个牧师家庭，曾经做过教师。她在辛辛拉提市住了18年，与南部蓄奴的村镇仅一河之隔，这使她有机会接触到一些逃亡的黑奴。奴隶们的悲惨遭遇引起了她深深的同情。她本人也去过南方，亲自了解了那里的情况，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》便是在这样的背景下写出来的。此书于1852年首次在《民族时代》刊物上连载，立即引起了强烈的反响，受到了人们无与伦比的欢迎，仅第一年就在国内印了100多版，销了30多万册，后来被译为20多种文字在世界各地出版。评论界认为本书在启发民众的反奴隶制情绪上起了重大作用，被视为美国内战的起因之一。林肯总统后来接见斯托夫人时戏谑地称她是“写了一本书，酿成了一场大战的小妇人”，这一句玩笑话充分反映了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》这部长篇小说的巨大影响。故事从一个奴隶主与一个奴隶贩子的讨价还价中开始。美国肯塔基州的奴隶主谢尔比在股票市场上投机失败，为了还债，决定把两个奴隶卖掉。一个是汤姆，他是在谢尔比的种植场出生的，童年时就当伺候主人的小家权，颇得主人欢心，成年后当上了家奴总管，忠心耿耿，全身心维护主人利益。另一个要卖掉的奴隶是黑白混血种女奴伊丽莎的儿子哈利，伊丽莎不是一个俯首贴耳死心塌地听主人摆布的奴隶，当她偶然听到主人要卖掉汤姆和自己的儿子哈利后，就连夜带着儿子在奴隶贩子的追捕下跳下浮冰密布的俄亥俄河，逃到自由州，再往加拿大逃奔。她丈夫乔治·哈里斯是附近种植场地奴隶，也伺机逃跑，与妻子汇合，带着孩子，历经艰险，终于在废奴派组织的帮助下，成功地抵达加拿大。汤姆却是另一种遭遇。他知道并支持伊丽莎逃走，但是他自己没有逃跑。由于他从小就被奴隶主灌输敬畏上帝、逆来顺受、忠顺于主人这类的基督教说教，对主人要卖他抵债，也没有怨言，甘愿听从主人摆布。他被转卖到新奥尔良，成了奴隶贩子海利的奴隶。在一次溺水事故中，汤姆救了一个奴隶主的小女儿伊娃的命，孩子的父亲圣·克莱从海利手中将汤姆买过来。当了家仆，为主人家赶马车。汤姆和小女孩建立了感情。不久小女孩突然病死，圣·克莱根据小女儿生前愿望，决定将汤姆和其他黑奴解放。可是当还没有来得及办妥解放的法律手续时，圣·克莱在一次意外事故中被人杀死。圣·克莱的妻子没有解放汤姆和其他黑奴，而是将他们送到黑奴拍卖市场。从此，汤姆落到了一个极端凶残的“红河”种植场奴隶主莱格利手中。莱格利把黑奴当作“会说话的牲口”，任意鞭打，横加私刑。汤姆忍受着这非人的折磨，仍然没有想到要为自己找一条生路，而是默默地奉行着做一个正直人的原则。这个种植场的两个女奴为了求生，决定逃跑，她们躲藏起来。莱格利怀疑汤姆帮助她们逃走，把汤姆捆绑起来，鞭打得皮开肉绽，死去活来。但是汤姆最后表现出了他对奴隶主的反抗，什么都没有说。在汤姆奄奄一息的时候，他过去的主人、第一次卖掉他的奴隶主谢尔比的儿子乔治·谢尔比赶来赎买汤姆，因为汤姆是小谢尔比儿时的仆人和玩伴，但是汤姆已经无法领受他过去的小主人的迟来的援手，遍体鳞伤地离开了人世。乔治·谢尔比狠狠地一拳把莱格利打翻在地。就地埋葬了汤姆。回到家乡肯塔基后，小谢尔比就以汤姆大叔的名义解放了他名下的所有黑奴，并对他们说：“你们每次看见汤姆大叔的小屋，就应该联想起你们的自由。”《汤姆叔叔的小屋》赏析评论既描写了不同表现和性格的黑奴，也描写了不同类型的奴隶主嘴脸。它着力刻画了接受奴隶主灌输的基督教精神、逆来顺受型的黑奴汤姆；也塑造了不甘心让奴隶主决定自己生死的具有反抗精神的黑奴，如伊丽莎和她的丈夫乔治·哈里斯。同时，也揭示了各种类型的奴隶主的内心世界和奴隶主不完全相同的表现。这本书通过对汤姆和乔治·哈里斯夫妇这两种不同性格黑奴的描述，告诉读者：逆来顺受、听从奴隶主摆布的汤姆难逃死亡的命运，而敢于反抗敢于斗争的乔治夫妇得到了新生。因此，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》对社会发展起到了积极作用，特别是对美国废奴运动和美国内战中以林肯为代表的正义一方获得胜利，产生了巨大的作用。作为一本文学作品，美国著名诗人亨利·朗费罗说它是“文学史上最伟大的胜利”。