法律英语即法律领域使用的英语,我国在处理国际法律事务中,需要借助法律英语,法律英语不同于其他英语,它需要注重逻辑性、缜密性、专业性,在具体使用过程中有许多注意事项.下面学术堂整理了二十个法律英语论文选题,供大家进行参考:
1、影响法律英语翻译的因素分析
2、我国法律英语教材编撰与出版探析
3、法律英语的冗余性及其翻译策略
4、法律英语术语误译
5、浅议法律法规绘本制作对高职旅游英语专业学生素质能力的培养
6、法律英语文本中的后修饰语歧义分析
7、英语法律语篇中的言语行为研究
8、法律英语教学中的自我效能感研究
9、大陆法系与英美法系的法律差异对法律英语翻译的影响
10、法律英语教学面临的问题
11、超学科视野下的法律英语教学研究
12、浅谈法律英语的词汇特征
13、结合理论浅谈法律英语的翻译
14、法律英语两个译名的译法商榷
15、高校法律英语教学的现状和对策
16、基于生态翻译学的法律英语翻译误译研究
17、法律英语中的隐喻研究及其汉译
18、浅析法律英语翻译的精确性与模糊性--以法律语言为视角
19、法美学何以为人学--从话语分析角度看法美学与法律英语翻译的关联
20、法律英语翻译中原文风格的再现--UCP600两个汉译本的对比研究
O. J. Simpson murder case
辛普森杀妻案
The O. J. Simpson murder case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in history,[1] in which O. J. Simpson, former American football star and actor, was brought to trial for the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. Simpson was acquitted in 1995 after a lengthy trial, the longest jury trial in California history.[2]
Simpson hired a high-profile defense team led by Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey. Los Angeles County believed it had a solid prosecution case, but Cochran created in the minds of the jury the belief that there was reasonable doubt about the DNA evidence (then a relatively new type of evidence in trials),[3] including that the blood-sample evidence had allegedly been mishandled by lab scientists and technicians.[4] Cochran and the defense team also alleged other misconduct by the Los Angeles Police Department. The televising of the lengthy trial riveted national attention on the dramatic case. By the end of the criminal trial, national surveys showed dramatic differences between most blacks and most whites in terms of their assessment of Simpson's guilt.[5]
Later, both the Brown and Goldman families sued Simpson for damages in a civil trial, which has a lower standard of proof for determining responsibility.[citation needed] On February 5, 1997, the jury unanimously found there was a preponderance of evidence to find Simpson liable for damages in the wrongful death of Goldman and battery of Brown. In its conclusions, the jury effectively found Simpson liable for the death of his ex-wife and Ron Goldman.[6] On February 21, 2008, a Los Angeles court upheld a renewal of the civil judgment against him.
这个案子很经典，上面的一段是wiki上的英文案例，你可以找一些关于这个的中文资料，然后选择一个角度（比如种族歧视与陪审团制度的矛盾、毒树之果原则、媒体和舆论与司法公正的矛盾等等），或者一篇参考的中文文章（很多中国的法律人也会研究这个案子，发表一些观点），自己写或者翻译一篇英文论文出来就是了。
下面引用一段英文资料，有个人在提问，为什么法院在刑事诉讼中判决辛普森无罪，但是在民事诉讼中又判决他赔偿自己妻子死亡赔偿金。 Jeralyn Merritt对这个问题进行了简略的回答。
我想你大一的论文，字数要求不会太多，所以参考一下他这段答复吧。如果字数不够就把上面wiki的资料加一些进去,简单的交待一下案情。
Q. I am a high school government student, and I have a question that has been bothering me that my teacher refuses to answer. In the O.J. Simpson case I know that the state jury did not find him guilty on the charge of murder, but the federal court did on the charge of wrongful death. What is the difference and why were they able to do that?
-- Geni
A. O.J. Simpson was charged with first degree murder in the state court in California. The jury found him "Not Guilty." A "not guilty" verdict means the state failed to prove the charges "beyond a reasonable doubt", which is the standard of proof in all criminal prosecutions. Criminal cases are brought on behalf of the citizens of a particular state or federal district, not by the victims or their families.
After O.J. Simpson was found not guilty in the criminal case, the families of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman sued him in the state (not federal) court in California for wrongfully causing their deaths. Civil lawsuits for wrongful death are tried for money damages, not to put the defendant in prison. Civil cases are brought in the name of individuals, not in the name of the State.
Different evidence was introduced in the O.J. Simpson civil and criminal trials. For example, although O.J. Simpson denied it, evidence was presented in the civil trial that O.J. Simpson owned a pair of Bruno Magli shoes that matched shoeprints left at the murder scene.
O.J. Simpson exercised his constitutional right against self-incrimination and chose not to testify in the criminal trial. All defendants in criminal cases have this right. In the civil trial, O.J. no longer had such a right because he had been found not guilty of murder and could not be tried again for it. He had to testify when the opposing side called him as a witness. Thus, the jury in the civil case got to hear O.J's testimony while the criminal jury did not.
In the criminal case, the jury got to see that the glove left at the scene of the crime did not fit O.J. Simpson. This experiment was not repeated for the civil jury. The jury in the criminal trial got a far stronger portrayal of the problems with the DNA and other scientific evidence in the case, and the poor management of the crime scene, than did the civil jury. And the criminal jury got to hear the false testimony of Los Angeles police officer Mark Furman, who later admitted lying and pleaded guilty to perjury.
Finally, the burden of proof in criminal and civil cases is different. In criminal cases, the standard is "proof beyond a reasonable doubt." There is also a presumption of innocence that stays with the defendant until and unless the jury returns a guilty verdict. In civil cases, the standard of proof is "by a preponderance of the evidence," which essentially means "more likely than not," or put another way, proof by 51% or more.
The jury's verdict in the civil case was not that O.J. Simpson was guilty of murder, but that he was liable for (which essentially means responsible for causing) the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman.
In light of the different evidence presented, burdens of proof and ultimate issues the juries were called upon to decide, the verdicts in the criminal and civil trials were not really all that inconsistent.
-- Jeralyn Merritt
通常英语专业毕业从事法律工作的，一般都是做法律文件的翻译，如果同时有法律背景的，一般就是做法律文件英文版本的起草。所以，如果你没有法律教育背景，建议还是从“如何做好法律文件的翻译”的某一个题目去写。比如，法律文件翻译和一般文件翻译的不同之处什么的。。
希望对你有帮助。
下面是我整理的高中英语 议论文 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读!
高中英语议论文范文：The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games, first held in 776BC, has a history of more than one thousand years. The modern Games is held every four years. Many countries try their best to bid for hosting the Olympic Games. And every country does its best to get more medals in the Games.
There are five rings on the Olympic flag, which are considered to symbolize the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. The Olympic motto is: "Swifter, higher, stronger." The Games can promote the understanding and friendship among different peoples and different nations.
高中英语议论文范文：Internet Changes Life
Internet Changes Life
Globally, we have moved from a culture centered on network television, cable, AM and FM radio and telephone into a digital society with mass media,streaming information, intelligent computer.To shift to a digital economy, best demonstrated by the explosive growth of the Internet, is transforming everyday products and practices.Ideas expressed in soft wares, chips, communication systems, financial institutions and mass media have enormous leverage worldwide.Beyond emails and online shopping, the Internet promises to change dramatically huge spectrum activities.Its benefits can be well illustrated in the following aspects.
在全球范围内，我们已经从一个 文化 中心为网络电视，有线电视，AM和FM收音机，电话的社会进入到以大众媒体，信息流，智能计算机的数字社会。转变 成数字经济，最明显体现在互联网的爆增，它正在改变日常产品和实践。思想体现在软件，芯片，通信系统，金融机构和大众媒体拥有巨大的全球影响力上。除了电 子邮件和网上购物，互联网还承诺大改光谱活动。它的好处可以在以下几个方面说明。
In the first place, it contributes to escape us from laborious work, save our time, facilitate our lives.Secondly, with computer’s extensive reach into every corner of the world, a perspective of human life can be shown only with a single keystroke.No matter where we are, in school, business workshops, operating rooms, labs, banks of halls of government, the Internet appears to reflect a perspective of human life.Furthermore, computer profits us by relaxation and entertainment it provides.
首先，它有助于我们摆脱费力的工作，节省时间，方便了我们的生活。其次，计算机的广泛延伸到世界的每个角落，只需一个单一的按键就可以透视人类生 活。不管我们在哪里，在学校，企业车间，手术室，实验室，银行政府大厅，因特网似乎都可以反映人类生活。此外，电脑不仅提供放松和娱乐还有利润。
But on the other hand, some people debate that it is also inconvenient, waste the time, isolated us from people, and make our lives more complicated.Some people repair the most sophisticated computer but can’t mend a pair of socks.Yet in fact, computer collapse the distances and demolishes all boundaries.Whether computer is a blessing or a curse, depends on
高中英语议论文范文：My View on Mistakes
Mistakes are something done, said, or believed, as a result of wrong thinking or understanding, lack of knowledge or skills. No one is perfect, and no one never makes any mistakes.
Because many people are afraid of making mistakes, they don't believe, say or do much. They behave like this just because they want to make no mistake. As I said, it's impossible, Being afraid of making mistakes is a mistake itself.Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress. Making mistakes for pursuing truth is much better than doing nothing. Failure is the mother of success. Many scientists may make a great number of mistakes before they make any discovery. If we humans didn't make mistakes, we would make no progress and still live a primitive life.
Mistakes are the best teachers who guide us through difficulties. Don't let mistakes scare you. Let's learn from mistakes.
高中英语议论文范文：自律不容易
When people are in the public, they have the sense that they should not speak loudly in the public place and they should not jump the line and so on, these are rules for them, though it is not the law makes it, but the power of morality. Self-behave seems easy to do, but when the great temptation comes, self-behave will be changed quickly.
当人们身处公共场所的时候，他们意识到不应该在公共场合大声说话和不应该插队等等，这些是规则，虽然法律没有规定，但是这是道德的力量。自律看起来很容易做到，但是面对巨大的诱惑时，自律很快就会被打破。
It has been reported that in Hong Kong, a police car which was loaded with crash attracted many people to grab the money when the crash slipped down from the police car. It was such crazy, the money should be handed to the band, while on its way to the bank, people grabbed some and then left quickly. Two days later, the police found back most of the money, some people who refused to return the money were caught into the prison.
据报道，在香港，一辆装载着钱的警车，当现金从警车上滑下来的时候，吸引了很多人去抢。这是多么疯狂啊，钱本应该上交到银行，然而在运去银行的途中，人们拿走了一些，然后快速离开。两天以后，警察找回了大部分的钱，一些拒绝还钱的人被抓到，并坐牢。
Self-behave is not easy, people are easy to obey the public rules on the small issues, while when the great temptation comes, these rules are easy to be broken. The one who can refuse to the great temptation can say he is totally self-behave.
自律不容易，人们很容易遵守关于小事的公共规则，然而当面临巨大诱惑的时候，这些规则很容易就会被打破。谁能拒绝大诱惑，谁就能说他是完全的自律。
高中英语议论文范文：
Nowadays, we can see some boys and girls who live in a small world of their own. They bury themselves among books and are proud of themselves. They think that it will make them lose their face if they do housework for they often think themselves very noble.
These young people are wrong. In my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. After all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. Boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? Though not all boys remain single, yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. Anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
For what I said above, we can find some examples of our fellow-students studying abroad. All young men do housework as girls do. Someone would argue that we can employ servants. This is true. However, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? We just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. And what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ?
We must work for ourselves. Why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late?Everyone should learn to do housework. What do you think about my idea?
翻译是将一种相对陌生的表达方式，转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
篇1
简论英文合同翻译概论
摘 要：随着中国成功加入世界贸易组织，商务英语的重要性是不可忽视的，尤其是在英语合同的翻译过程中。此文章就从英文合同的定义、结构以及英文合同的词语特点等方面加以论述。
关键词：英文合同 翻译 结构 词语特点
综述：
在英文合同翻译中，前提条件是弄懂合同的定义，包括合同中应有的基本要素，下面就从合同的定义着手，并提出一些在英文合同翻译中应注意的事项，笔者对英文合同作了以下论述：
第一，英文合同的定义
1.在英文中，合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。
1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为：A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons， legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“Contract is a promise，or a set of promises，for breach of which the law gives remedy，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。
2. 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。
它们要约和承诺构成的由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。
L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”
1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance 要约和绝对接受
2. consensus ad idem 意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds
3. intention to create legal relations 建立合同关系的意愿
4. genuineness of consent 同意的真实性
5. contractual capacity of the parties 合同当事人的缔约能力
6. legality of object标的物的合法性
7. possibility of performance 履行的可能性
8. certainty of terms条款的确定性
9. valuable consideration等价有偿
第二，英文合同的结构特点
合同类法律档案用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。
中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______month，______year by and between Party A hereinafter called “ Party A ”and Party Bhereinafter called “ Party B ”
然后是开始陈述：
WHEREAS...THEREFORE
... It is hereby agreed as follows:
或以：
WITNESSETH， WHEREAS...
NOW THEREFORE， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
接着是正文，最后是证明部分：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。
第三，英文合同翻译的用词特点formal term
合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化professional、正式formal、准确accurate。具体体现在下列方面：
1. may，shall，must，may not或shall not的使用;may，shall， must，may not 或shall not对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。
权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。
may旨在约定当事人的权利可以做什么，shall约定当事人的义务应当做什么时候，must用于强制性义务必须做什么，may not 或shall not用于禁止性义务不得做什么。may do不能说成can do，shall do，不能说成should do或ought to do， may not do，在美国一些法律档案里可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not，例如，在约定解决争议的途径时，可以说：
The parties here to shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
Should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好像一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。
本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成共识的，可将争议提交给有管辖权的人民法院解决。
2.正式用语formal term
合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。
例如：
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”，远远多于“due to”，一般不用“because of ”;
“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”;
“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”;
“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”;
“开始”用“mencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”;
“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”;
“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by *** .
“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”，而不用“other matters/events”;
“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“prehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”;
“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”;
3.用词专业technical terms
合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，用以上英语表达分别为defect，remedy，force majeure /Act of God，jurisdiction，damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ，such... as ，whereas， in witness whereof， for and on behalf of ， hereby， thereof 等虚词，就其中几个细说：
比如：
1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意，即特此，因此，兹等意。常用于法律档案、合同协议的正式档案的开头语，在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明，如：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and pletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may bee payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中：
hereby意为 by reason of this，特此的意思。
therein意为in the Works在本工程中。
such...as是关系代词，相当于that， which，把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确，避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。
其它的还有：
“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“pensation”
“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate”
“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”
“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease 名词是cessation a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”。
还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”，
“当事人在破产中的和解”用“position”
“依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。
“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。
4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列
FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell， transfer， assign and set over to _____all his right， tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____， 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____，a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在这里的同义词和近义词并列如sell， transfer， assign and set over，right和 tile and interest，在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思，都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。
并列的词还有：
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges， fees， costs and expenses
any and all
any duties， obligations or liabilities
the partners， their heirs， successors and assigns
第四，英文合同翻译中的注意事项
实践证明，英文合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说不是大的陈述性条款，而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
A. 限定责任 众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的许可权与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。
1.1 and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。
例1：如果上述货物对船舶和或船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.
1.2 by and between
常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller，whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned modity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例3:自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例4：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months， i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not no later than用“not no later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例5：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract， i.e. not later than December 15.
2.2 include的相应形式
常用include的相应形式：inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。
例6：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。
This credit expires till January 1inclusive for negotiation in Beijing. or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing. 如果不包括1月1日在内，英译为till and not including January 1。
3.1 大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY.
3.2. 正确使用货币符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891，568，不能写成：Can $ 891，568。另外，翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点.还是分节号，，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。
综上所述，本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手，使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解，包括其构成的基本要素，在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处;从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础，并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。
参考文献：
[1]邱建芳.中国加入WTO与涉外经济合同的翻译[J].社会科学学报增刊，2000，82.
[2]傅伟良.英文合同写作指要[M].北京：商务印分馆国际有限公司，2002.
[3]葛亚军，齐恩平.合同英语[M].天津：科技翻译出版公司，2002.
[4][6]李正中.国际经贸英汉翻译.北京中国国际广播出版社，1997.
[5]戚云方.新编外经贸英语函电与谈判.浙江大学出版社，2002.5.
[6]张莉莉.经贸翻译的多视角.外语研究，2004.
篇2
旅游资料英文翻译方法
摘要：由于在英汉两种语言文化间的存在差异，不利于翻译，而旅游资料的翻译从一定程度上讲就是向外国游客介绍一个国家独特的文化，因此，研究翻译的方法突显重要。本文分析音译、增补、简化、借喻等方法，来进一步提高旅游资料的翻译的准确性。
关键词：旅游资料 翻译 方法
来中国旅游的国外游客一般是通过阅读旅游资料，包括景点介绍、民俗风情画册、告示标牌、图片、古迹楹联解说等内容来了解我国的奇观异景。隐含文字特征的旅游资料，其译文质量直接影响外国游客对中国的了解，也是翻译的重点和难点，影响我国文化的传播。由此看来，进一步提高旅游资料翻译的准确性显得尤为重要，本文就旅游资料的英译过程中可以采用的方法进行探讨。
1、旅游英语翻译中的中西方文化差异
中西方民族在长期的社会实践中形成了不同的文化心理和思维方式，反映在语言中就是谋篇布局、写作方式等行为习惯。中文写作的功能与价值都强调“表达”，而英文写作的功能与价值都注重“阐释”。强调表达的中文写作传统使中文写作充满了主观的意识、想象和情绪。而强调阐释的英文写作传统则使英文写作充满了客观的反映、分析、推演和论证。英汉两种思维的差异，易导致翻译错误。英汉两种文化的差异，导致汉语中有些旅游词汇在英语中找不到对等词汇，中国独有的文化遗产、古迹、历史传说、典故、民族风情、宗教信仰和思维模式等，相关词语出现缺失现象。如“紫禁城”没有对等翻译。
2、旅游英语翻译方法
为了加强旅游英语翻译过程中外国旅游者对我国民族文化的理解，更直观、准确地进行语言和文字的交流与沟通，应灵活运用各种翻译技巧，进行文字的转换与文化的传播。
2.1音译法
在中国的人文景观的名称前常用汉语拼音方法给出英语对等词语。例如：岳阳楼，Yueyang Tower;峨眉山的宝光寺，Bao Guang Monastery Divine Light Monastery等。因其文化内涵需要解释性词语加以说明，有时不可避免地需要音译，音译是外国人和中国人对中国思维模式和名胜古迹的认同。
2.2增补法
因文化差异，英文读者对富含文化背景的译文往往难以理解。因此，在进行旅游资料英译时，译者可以增加相应的文化背景解释，努力将原文中的特色文化传达到译文中，即增添适当的理解原文所必需的背景知识，如历史事件发生年代，名人身份及其在历史上的贡献等。以满足国外游客对中国文化的好奇心理，从而吸引更多的游客。如：“岳阳楼”中的“岳阳”是指古时一个地名，因此得名岳阳楼。三月三节，可译为“San Yue San Festival a festival that usually takes place on the third day of the lunar third month, when minority people, especially the young get together for folk song contest or making friends with each other ”。三月三节是我国少数民族的一个传统节日，极具民族色彩，在农历三月初三的日子，青年男女聚在一起举行歌舞大赛，并借此交朋友。如果不加上解释性翻译，国外游客很难理解其真正含义。
2.3减化法
在旅游文字惯用的表达方式中，许多汉语词语往往只是为了渲染气氛或顺应行文习惯的需要，本身并无多大实际意义，而在英语中，这些介绍往往让人觉得繁琐冗长，抓不到重点。因此翻译时可以省略那些华而不实的“溢美之词”，省略原文中累赘或不重要的资讯，进行适当地简化可以使译文简洁明了。
例：崂山，林木苍翠，繁花似锦，到处生机盎然，春天绿芽红花，夏日浓廕庇日，秋天遍谷金黄，严冬则玉树琼花。其中，更不乏古树名木。景区内，古树名木有近300株，50%以上为国家一类保护植物，著名的有银杏，桧柏等。
译：Laoshna ScenicAreaisthickly covered wihttrees of many species，which add credit for its scenery.Among them over 300 ale considered rare and percious，half of which ale plants under top-level protection.Themostf~tnlous species include gingko an d cypress.
原文用许多夸张性词语形容崂山的景色，如“林木苍翠”、“繁花似锦”、“玉树琼花”。在西方人眼里，这些形容词缺乏实际内容，夸张余而真实感不足。因此，译者将这些虚化朦胧的词语省略，只译出原文主要内容，使译文景物描 *** 实客观，符合英语读者的审美习惯。
2.4 借喻法
借喻法就是借用英语文化中人们比较熟悉的人物事件，来解释中国文化中特有的内容。可以借西方文化来比喻中国文化，从而国外游客加深印象，更好地理解中国文化。例如，在翻译梁山伯与祝英台的时候，我们用“Chinese Romeo and Juliet”要比“Love legend of Liang and Zhu”好得多。这种类比的翻译可以让游客联想到罗密欧和朱丽叶凄美的爱情故事，而梁山伯与祝英台的爱情故事与此有许多类似之处，这样可以使读者在自己的文化基础之上接受异国文化,加强文化交流。
3、总结
翻译不是简单的语言的对等，而是一种文化的对接和转换，对旅游资料的翻译要和国际接轨，我们应该把重点放在译文，利用文中提到的适用翻译方法，地道的表达，才能被外国游客理解，语言才能有效传递文化资讯，将我们的传统文化有效地宣传，从而让世界更好地了解中国。
参考文献：
[1]邓红顺.旅游文字翻译与中国文化的传播[J].赤峰学院学报：汉文哲学社会科学版,2010年 第3期
[2]喻颖，龙婷.浅谈旅游英语翻译中的修辞和中西方文化差异[J].今日湖北下半月,?2011年第1期
[3]赵晓丰.?谈旅游文化资讯翻译的原则和方法[J].商业时代,2009年16期
