一篇法学essay往往是在大量文献引用和逻辑分析的基础上得出研究成果。在美国的法学论文中，单篇论文的引用文献往往都有上百个，我们甚至可能看到论文的引用部分所占有的篇幅甚至比正文还多。对于这种近乎疯狂的引用情怀，也遭到加拿大等其他国家法学家的讽刺（来自渥太华大学法学院优秀毕业生徐的转述）。然而，无论文献引用数量多少，我们需要做的基本功了解法学essay写作中的引用格式和引用规范。下面同学们就跟Meeloun小编一起来看看吧！引用规范包括两个要求：一是对于参考借鉴必须注明出处，二是引用形式要统一一、参考借鉴必须注明出处在法学essay写作中，引用的功能主要包括三个方面：（1）帮助读者识别和调用相关文献资源：Help readers identify and relocate the source work。（2）证明论文的观点是经过充分研究得出的；Provide evidence that the position is well-researched。（3）尊重提出原观点、理论的作者：Give credit to the author of an original concept or theory presented。此外，在阅读一些论文的时候，我们经常看到一个引用泛化的现象，就是引用没有体现上述功能。例如，将学界通识引用为个别知名教授的观点，将一些基本事实、常识引用为个别文章的成果，等等。二、引用形式要统一引用形式要统一，是指引用的格式必须按照标准化的要求做到全文统一，并遵循有关要求。在英文论文写作中，引用的格式有多种参考标准。在Google Scholar检索中自动生成的Citation形式里面，就有MLA、APA和GB/T 7714三种可选，其中第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》，在国内高校的毕业论文引用规范和理工科学术期刊中采用较多。此外，国际标准化组织（ISO）还发布了文献引用格式的国际标准ISO 690:2010（Information and documentation--Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources），致力于推动文献引用格式的国际协调一致。文献引用格式的标准化，有利于促进文献数据的信息化处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等诸多方面。目前，各种类型文献引用规范都是推荐性的。各个研究机构、学术期刊往往会根据本领域文献的特征，选择其中一种或者自创一种格式作为采用格式。在法学essay引用格式中，以《哈佛法律评论》等为主的期刊联盟就自行制定了文献引用体系的蓝皮书，也即The Bluebook，该引用格式目前是英文世界法学文献的主流引用格式。此外，APA、Martin也被诸多法学研究机构和学术期刊采用，故此，本文就分别介绍一下The Bluebook、APA、Martin的基本情况。1.The Bluebook文献引用格式The Bluebook的英文全称为The Bluebook:A Uniform System of Citation，中文全称为《蓝皮书：统一注释体系》。在使用过程中，一般直接称为蓝皮书（The Bluebook），它是一本在美国使用最为广泛的法律引用指南。蓝皮书是由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会共同参与编写。蓝皮书第一版出版于1926年，现在已经出到了第二十版。蓝皮书是美国绝大多数法学院进行引用时参考的指南，也是美国绝大多数联邦法院使用的引用格式。当然，美国最高法院有自己的引用格式，每个州在自己的法院系统里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。The Bluebook全书共计560页，详细的列举了各类文献的引用形式。在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文献的多种引用形式。在每一类文献的引用规范中，The Bluebook列举了许多中不同情况、不同形式的引用形式，供读者自己选择。例如，对于著作，他列举了一个作者、两个作者、三个作者以上的不同引用形式，同时对于一个作者的著作又列举了不同引用形式，供读者自行选择适用。在期刊论文、电子文献等其他各类资源下，也尽可能穷尽各种形式进行举例说明。The Bluebook的详尽引用规范，一方面得到大百科全书的赞誉，另外也因为其过于繁杂而饱受了许多批评。例如，芝加哥大学直接将蓝皮书简化改版为Maroonbook，以增加适用的便利性。总而言之，The Bluebook是法学论文写作的必备书，但是并不需要使用者全文阅读，而仅仅是在需要使用的时候查看。尤其对于其他引用规范没有提到的偏门文献，The Bluebook往往也可以让你查到其引用形式。The Bluebook虽然是必备必备工具书，但是其并未免费向社会提供，使用者必须用真金实银去购买方可获得。在The Bluebook发行的最初50年，该书的版权收益一直由《哈佛法律评论》100%占有，《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》到1974年时才意识到这一问题。最终经过争论，《哈佛法律评论》分享40%收益，另外三家各分享20%的收益，《哈佛法律评论》负责生产和销售。另外，记得在中国政法大学中欧法学院的课程中，讲授Legal Research and Writing的美国教授曾经专门向TheBluebook版权方询问，是否可以授权免费复印40余本用于教学。The Bluebook的版权方明确回答，必须付费方可使用，最后由学校付费才取得复印数十本的权利。在Amazon，目前第20版的The Bluebook售价32美元左右。The Bluebook的电子版在网上无法免费获得。对于其他途径获取电子版或复印版，各位可以根据著作权法的合理使用规则自行处理。2.APA文献引用格式APA格式英文全称为Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association，即《美国心理协会刊物准则》。它是美国心理协会（American Psychological Association）出版的，在包括法学在内的各个社会科学领域内广泛采用的文献引用规范。APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。目前，APA已出版至第六版（ISBN 9781433805615），总页数272页。在APA格式中，引注没有The Bluebook那么复杂，其采用的引用格式也比较容易被读者记下和掌握。但是，APA对于法学论文中常见的案例引用等特殊情况，没有作出说明，由此导致采用APA格式的法学论文都需要再配合The Bluebook使用。为了对APA格式有直观了解，举例如下：纸质著作：Finney,J.(1970).Time and again.New York,NY:Simon andSchuster.纸质期刊论文：Nevin,A.(1990).The changing of teacher education special education.Teacher Education and Special Education:The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children,13(3-4),147-148APA的第6版还特别新增了Kindle电子版图书的引用规范，例如：Eggers,D.(2008).The circle[KindleVersion].APA格式也是受到著作权保护的作品，其售价为15美元左右。同时，在Google上可以检索到该书第6版的电子版。3.Martin文献引用格式Martin格式的英文全名是Introduction to Basic Legal Citation，即《基本法律引用指引》。它是由康奈尔大学法学院前院长Peter W.Martin教授创作完成。Martin格式最初诞生于1993年，在2016年做了最新修订，共计500页。该格式比The Bluebook简单易懂，同时还补充了APA格式对于法学论文引用的不足。此外，Martin格式的由作者通过互联网免费向社会公开使用，可以不受纸质版出版周期限制而作出及时的修订。在Martin格式的第一章，其全面总结了主要的文献引用形式，并做了详细的讲解。因此，对于初学者来说，直接看Martin格式的第一章就可以比较全面的掌握英文文献引用的基本技巧。总结各类引用格式规范提供了多种参考格式，在没有其他要求的情况下，同学们只需要保障文中前后一致即可。此外，上述英文引用格式是写作英文论文所需要掌握和运用的。希望同学们都能掌握以上的法学essay的引用格式哦！回答来源于Meeloun，原文链接
法学的论文格式
导语：法学论文都有其固定的格式，想要写出高水平的法学学术论文，不仅要有较高的思想理论水平和坚实的法学专业基础知识功底，还要掌握一定的论文写作技巧，熟知论文的写作格式要求，下面我整理了法学的论文格式，欢迎参考借鉴！
一、内容及要求
提交的mba论文一般应包括：封面、目录、中英文摘要、正文、参考文献、致谢。
1、封面
封面按要求逐项填写清楚。
2、论文题目
论文题目必须在郑大自考办毕业论文选题系统中选择。
3、目录
目录是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，文字处理应简明扼要。排列顺序是：1.中英文摘要及关键词;2.正文;3.参考文献;4.致谢。并对每项标明页码。目录要求用word自动生成。
4、中英文摘要
中、英文论文摘要内容应一致，概括论文的中心论题、基本观点、方法和结论，字数要求：200－400字以内。
5、关键词
是表述论文主题内容信息的单词或术语，从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词，同时有中、英文对照，分别附于中、英文摘要后。
6、正文
正文是论文的主体，要求语言流畅，内容正确，有独立的观点和见解，应具备学术性，科学性和一定的`创造性，字数5000-8000字左右。
7、注释
引注统一采用“页下脚注”的方式（以出现的先后次序编号，编号以方括号括起，放在右上角，如[1]，[3～5]）。每页分别连续编号。
8、参考文献
毕业论文的撰写应本着严谨求实的科学态度，凡有引用他人成果之处，所列参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列。
参考文献的列举应与注释相区别。著作仅列出作者、书名、出版地、出版社及出版日期；论文仅列出作者、文章名称、期刊名称及出版期号等。文中重复引用的，不能重复列举列出。
9、致谢
根据自己的工作体会，对指导教师和协助完成设计的有关人员表示谢意。
二、论文格式规范及打印要求。
1、文字
用汉语规范文字书写，字数在5000-8000字左右。
2、书写
毕业论文版面不分栏，一律由本人在计算机上用Word输入、编排并打印在A4幅面白纸上。
3、页面设置
（1）页边距
左边距：2.4厘米，右边距：2.2厘米，上边距：2.6厘米，下边距：2.0厘米。
（2）页码的书写及编排
毕业论文页码从摘要部分开始至致谢，用阿拉伯数字连续编排，页码标在右下。
4、论文标题层次
统一采用中文国标。毕业论文的全部标题层次应有条不紊，整齐清晰。相同的层次应采用统一的表示体例，正文中各级标题下的内容应同各自的标题对应，不应有与标题无关的内容。
章节编号方法应采用分级中文数字编号方法，第一级为一、二、三等，第二级为（一）、（二）、（三）等,第三级为1、2、3、等，但分级编号一般不超过四级。
各层标题均单独占行书写。第一级标题居中书写；第二级、第三级、第四级标题均空两格书写序数，后空一格书写标题。第四级以下单独占行的标题顺序采用（1）、（2）、（3）……和①、②、③……两层，标题均空两格书写序数，后空一格写标题。正文中对总项包括的分项采用（1）、（2）、（3）…单独序号，对分项中的小项采用①、②、③…的序号或数字加半括号，括号后不再加其他标点。
5、目录
目录按统一要求的格式编写，目录要求列到二级标题，一级目录用小四号宋体，二级目录用小四号宋体（行距可视目录中标题的多少而定）。
6、中英文摘要
中文摘要包括题目“摘要”字样、摘要正文和关键词。摘要正文后下空一行打印“关键词：”，每一关键词之间用分号分开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。正文字体均用小四宋体。
英文摘要字体用小四号Times New Roman字体，内容、格式与中文摘要相同。
7、正文字体、字号及行距
正文部分：论文题目为三号黑体；一级标题为四号黑体；二级标题用小四号黑体，其他标题和正文用小四号宋体；数字和字母用Times New Roman体，段落前空2字符，1.5倍行距。
8、论文注释格式
凡文中引用的数据和观点均应以注释形式表明具体出处。正文中引用的数据和观点均用脚注的形式标明出处，采用①②这样的序号，标注处应该用上标（即①②……）。脚注序号每页新起，即每页序号从①开始。
脚注采用小5号宋体。
9、论文图表格式
（1）表和图均应有标题，以表1-1、1-2,表2-1、2-2，图2-1、2-2，图2-1、2-2的形式显示，表和图若为引用，必须标明详细出处（标在图、表的下方），表、图中的符号要予以说明。
（2）表序、表题放在表的上方，图序、图题放在图的下方。论文中的表述不要用上表、下表、上图、下图之类的表述，而是直接用表1-1，图1-1这样的表述。
（3）表序、表题和图序、图题用小4号楷体加粗。
（4）表序与标题之间、图序与图题之间不要加冒号，而是以空格隔开。
（5）表和图的内容（指标、符号、数据等）的字体应比正文文字字体小。
10、年代、年份、数字的表述方式
不能用18年之类的表述，而必须用2018年这样的表述；不能用90年代之类的表述，而必须用20世纪90年代（或1990年代）之类的表述。
数字在千位数以上，每隔3位数以空格隔开，如1000，10000000等。
11、英文缩写的表述方式
英文缩写第一次出现时，必须有中文全称。格式：中文全称（英文缩写）。
示例：世界贸易组织（WTO）。
12、参考文献
按毕业论文正文中出现的顺序列出直接引用的主要参考文献。参考文献的标注应符合国家标准GB7714－87《文后参考文献著录规则》。
文献为期刊的排列顺序是：编号、作者、文章题目名、出版年、期刊号、年份、卷号、期数、起止页码；文献为图书的排列顺序是：编号、作者、书名、出版时间、版次、出版单位、起止页码。
示例：
[1]．斯密:《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》，中文版，上卷，北京，商务印书馆，1979。
[2].于宗先:《资产泡沫化与经济消长》，载《经济学动态》，2004年第6期。
外文参考文献建议采用以下格式：
Eugene F.Fama,1968.Risk Return and Equilibrium:Some Clarifying Comments.The Journal of Finance,Mar 1968,Vol.23 Issue 1,pp.29-40.
Alfred E.Kahn，1998.The Economics of Regulation:Principles and Institutions.The MIT Press.
参考文献数量不少于10篇。
13、文献来源引注原则
注释及参考文献均应源自第一手文献（含外文文献的中译一手文献）,即不要用转载期刊或者转载网站上的文献，如《新华文摘》、人大复印期刊、中国期刊网刊载的论文等电子文献都是二手文献，不得直接引注。在转载期刊或者转载网站上发现的文献，务必查阅原发期刊，引注务必用原发期刊。
三、印刷与装订格式要求。
毕业论文统一用A4纸标准大小的白纸打印，单面印刷，左侧装订。（订两个订书针，上下各留50mm。装订顺序为：
1、论文封面【单独占1页】。
2、目录【单独占1页】。
3、中英文摘要。
4、正文。
5、参考文献【单独占1页】。
6、致谢【单独占1页】。
The theory of criminal law of shallow understanding errors
1. irrtumslehre
Legal irrtumslehre, namely, refers to the illegality mistake for own behavior in law, whether what crime constitutes a crime shall be punished by, or what is wrong, is to oneself the legal nature of the action of meaning or misunderstandings. Legal irrtumslehre usually includes three conditions: (1) the actor's behavior in law does not constitute a crime, the offender and constitutes a crime for which imaginary guilty, (2) the behavior in law constitutes a crime and does not constitute a crime, the offender mistaken assumptions that innocent, (3) for his act constitutes a crime shall be convicted and punishment in light of the existing errors, misunderstanding or punishment. Due to the legal irrtumslehre, only to the behavior of the offender is not correct understanding of the legal assessment, and for their actions in fact correct understanding of the situation is still there, so its act constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility is and how it is not usually occurs.
（1）Imaginary innocent treatment principle
The principles for imaginary innocence, whether it involves a deliberately elements. Foreign criminal law theory basically has the following kinds:
1）Should know that don't speak, just for criminal facts have understanding. Canada criminal code article 19 regulation: "the ignorance of the law excuses and crime can be ShuZui reason." Motto: "Roman law and legal disclaimer" somehow also expressed a principle, namely: "in the crime as subjective FanYi established condition, not request to recognize his behavior of richtswitrig".
2）Should know the reason, according to two: moral responsibility theory, personality responsibility theory. Moral responsibility theory emphasizes on the rationality of free will blame illegal conduct, is considered to be objective stance.
3）That said, the possible illegality of responsibility for deliberately, at least to the possibility of understanding illegality. While in China mainland, the introduction of the concept of crime has another concept -- social consciousness that harm to discuss richtswitrig already meaningless. Because the deliberate crime according to law condemn the illegality of the offender is not known, the law itself is not damaged, the law of the social consciousness is harm. Social harm consciousness is the essential contents of the crime, illegal consciousness is the legal form of social consciousness. Therefore, our country law more emphasis is on the rationality of essence, which is harmful to the society values.
Just because of its social harmfulness, with a social moral evaluation colour, easier for people to grasp and observe. Therefore, the author thinks that, in general, the person need to recognize his behavior may be the result of inevitable or harmful to the society, and has already know. With intentionally But in fact, the forbidden by law and mass that is harmful to the society in our country nowadays the behavior under the constitution should be consistent, in other words, know the social harmfulness also know the possibility of illegal, but know the possibility of illegal is inevitable should also realize social harmfulness, both are unified. Therefore, it is generally thought that the law is no excuse, the reason of law does not exclude the misunderstanding in principle, but can be culpable for deliberately discretion.
（2） Misunderstandings treatment principle. Punishment
We might as well so the essence of blame for his due: the crime in the subjective should blame or blame, for the intent or negligence performance. If the offender because of misunderstanding that legal person feels very innocent, lack of this should blame or condemning sexual, from the fundamental measure, blame is absolutely not consider disclaimer. Especially in the modern society, the legal category SAN marino, legal entry in different fields and different levels of books, recognized, comprehend legal apparently endless and same, so the person of law and misunderstandings, not inexcusable. Now, both in theory and practice, the method not cling to forgive "seems to have in shake. Therefore, to a certain extent, can also think admits exceptions excusable is legal misunderstanding of criminal law is an important symbol of humanity. In addition, it was not in the act of which is prohibited by the laws and regulations, especially after a circumstance, should have knowledge of richtswitrig actor, constitute the understanding of deliberate point of view, with the attitude of this understanding, of course, that is not the illegality or by the simple statement actor. The author thinks that the only when the legal establishment of may, FangKeZu but intentionally.
2. The fact mistake
That mistake, is to determine its subjective behavior nature and the criminal responsibility of the relevant facts wrong understanding. From the wrong reasons and phenomenon of angles, generally known that there are several mistakes:
（1） Object irrtumslehre
The object is known for errors, whether there is objectively error object. It includes actor in the implementation of the existing criminal behavior of the hazards for the object and actually does not exist, or for criminal object and actually does not exist, or infringe a criminal object and actually invaded another crime object. The object of objects is usually known errors caused by mistake, but the object of different social relationship reflects different. Evil doer of objects and actual expected in fact not only harm object does not agree, and in the nature of law is not consistent. Therefore, the object irrtumslehre may affect the form of sin, crime accomplishment, and may even attempted to influence the crime. For example, in view of the circumstances, not a thought before the enemy, and a party came to stick, afterwards just know the ox was wounded. A thought of damage is "people", and the actual wounded is "cow", do not belong to the same laws of the object. Similar situation and will generally be mistaken for drug trafficking items, Actor will stolen items in the theft of guns in stealing together. This object from the subjective errors, see, is a kind of mistake, From the objective, because the mistake crime to no avail, where the criminal attempted belongs.
1）Object mistake
Objects can be generalized mistake, including object mistake to belong to the object know mistake is inevitable object irrtumslehre. These include, is known to be wrong object of legal property of the same object mistake and legal properties of different objects, namely the object irrtumslehre irrtumslehre. In order to distinguish with the object mistake here, the cognition to the same object only mean error between the different objects, namely the misunderstanding of the evil doer expected objects and actual harm to the object, but not in fact in the legal nature of the same situation. This object mistake again say things on purpose mistake not criminal responsibility. As a reserve, killing b shall be killed as b and c, do not affect a rap. This is the need to consider that a kill b behavior "mistake" cause others (c), belong to an intentional crime (b) "death", for the excess result, according to the results, which determine the ordinary mail of death was deliberately recognized for deliberately, to the death of the fault is propylene, identified as negligence, according to the intention or negligence of the general mark recognized FanYi or state of mind, not applicable rules of the mistake.
2） Behavior irrtumslehre
Behavior mainly includes two kind of mistake: first, the behavior nature irrtumslehre. That actor has to its social harm nature, such as understanding not imaginary defense. Behavior nature mistake might affect the form of sin, and may also affect crime. Second, the behavior tools (methods) irrtumslehre. That person to use when the conduct of tool (methods), which affects not correct understanding of harm results, behavior tools (methods) mistake can affect crime or attempted was founded, also can affect crime or belongs to the incident, a typical for murder on hazardous substances, because the drug failure and failed to kill people, can think method or tools for error doer of consciousness beyond reason not to succeed. And as actor see armour, second coming together, hence shot to play, but can't hit by the party and. Look, this is from the phenomenon of an object, or the final results for the mistake, but this error is based on the fact that the wrong doer identify offender is carefully identify to begin, can think recognize is accurate, errors in ChaWu itself. The solution to this situation, "said", its legal with qualitative and recognize wrong object is consistent, namely directly recognized as an intentional homicide accomplishment. The death of a person is directly intentionally to b, death is the indirect intentional, just for a to b is attempted, accomplished. Additionally, if in daily life because misidentification object and damage of consequences, the crime itself is not just any criminal negligence because of problems.
3)Causality irrtumslehre
Causality mistake, is on his behavior and harmful results of actual connection between errors. Generally include: first, not some harm result, as has happened actor. This generally constitute a crime. Second, has certain harm result, but not for actor or for his behavior is caused, and does not affect crime accomplishment. Third, really happened, the offender is aware of its behavior, but with the actual development between the harm to the process or a mistake, general to punish crime accomplishment. In theory, the offender is not only a crime, but continuous movement, this several continuous action is not a few crime, but a crime. In this sense, doesn't exist on the results of the sack.
3.Legal irrtumslehre and facts mistake and procedures
Domestic scholars in fact know mistakes and errors between the issue legal representative views mainly include:
（1）For own behavior whether in law constitutes a crime, criminal or what kind of criminal punishment shall be under the incorrect understanding is legal irrtumslehre for his behavior on the implementation of the incorrect understanding is the fact that mistake,
（2）The objectivity of crime is a false understanding of crime, that mistake of objective facts have clear understanding, only to act in the evaluation of existing laws on the concept of law is not correct mistakes。
（3）Actor known facts and actual fact don't agree is wrong, the person that judgment and objective law is law of illegal inconsistency errors.
These ideas basically could in theory and legal irrtumslehre fact distinguish mistakes, it is important to emphasize that：
1) With the conviction that the so-called irrelevant, as this mistake to hit each other, the shooting head caused the death of heart, without vision of research into our.
2) Study of the theory of error, error occurs when the purpose, but whether to intentionally resistance, reduce plots affected only the wrong cognition, natural sentencing nor will it into the error theory category.
3) This does not constitute a crime and actor for crime, and for their behavior in the criminal law on the crimes and how to apply for criminal punishment on such specific knowledge error, conviction according to law. Based on this, the author thinks that, at the fact that criminal law is only to know wrong doer of elements to know the so-called objective facts constituents of mistake is the fact that the legal irrtumslehre error refers to the legal action is illegal and the evaluation of the mistake. From the theory of facts and legal irrtumslehre error, but the problem is in the law, criminal elements to the facts and law closely combined circumstances (like some administrative crimes and economic crimes), or is in a fact itself contains certain laws of evaluation content, to distinguish with a mistake is the fact that mistake or legal wrong, is often difficult. If the property of his humanity and obscenity obscenity, administrative rules and regulations, JinYuOu, disrupt public until its precondition of the legitimacy of the public, and legal irrtumslehre facts wrong intertwined, and this is what we distinguish facts and legal irrtumslehre errors will solve the problem.
In some cases, the defendant should know that because of the lack of knowledge, and not to the behavior of social harmfulness, so that the defendant is not "knowledge they will entail harmful consequences to society, and hope or allows such results" and deliberate crime, the burden of proof is only FanYi prosecution, in addition, prosecution without proof the defendant not normal, but normal mental and spiritual normal presumption defendant directly if the defendant that his spirit is not normal, it shall provide necessary evidence by himself to prove. Thus, the author, on legal irrtumslehre processing, can adopt the presumption of ways to handle. Which country presumption every normal citizens are known, unless the law can put forward defense "advantage prove" above, or the evidence rebut these presumption is established. From the efficiency of lawsuit, said the country is impossible to prove the defendant is known of the law.
