【关键词】 树突状细胞;绿色荧光蛋白;RNA;转染
Effect of dendritic cells transfected with total RNA of HepG2 cell line using GFP marker in vitro
【Abstract】 AIM: To investigate the feasibility of GFP as a marker to observe the dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with total RNA of tumor cells and the feasibility of the transfected DCs serving as a vaccine for potential immunotherapy. METHODS: Plasmid pGFPC3 was transfected into HepG2 stably. Total RNA was extracted from the HepG2GFP using Trizol; DCs were induced by liver cancer patients peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and transfected with the total RNA. The effect of transfection was observed by a fluorescence microscope, the changes of phenotype were detected by flow cytometry, and the change of IL12 secretion in the supernatant of DCs was detected by ELISA assay. The cytotoxic effect of CTLs was assessed by MTT assay. RESULTS: GFP was expressed stably in the HepG2GFP cells that presented green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope, so did DCs transfected with total HepG2GFP cell RNA. After transfection, the expression of membrane molecules such as CD80 (13.2% to 86.7%), HLADR (38.9% to 97.9%), CD83 (0.9% to 97.1%), CD86 (31.2% to 92.5%) was increased dramatically, IL12 secretion in the supernatant was elevated significantly 〔(61.3±8.1) ng/L to (287.4±29.3) ng/L, P<0.05〕. The CTLs activated by DCs transfected with total HepG2GFP RNA showed a potent specific lysis to HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: GFP could be used as a marker to observe the effect of transfection of DCs with total tumor cell RNA. DCs transfected with total tumor cell RNA may serve as a promising vaccine of immunotherapy.
【Keywords】 dendritic cell;green fluorescent protein;RNA;transfection
【摘要】 目的:探讨GFP作为标记观察肝癌细胞RNA转染DCs效果的可行性及肿瘤细胞RNA转染DCs制备疫苗的可行性. 方法:绿色荧光蛋白质粒载体 pGFPC3稳定转染肝癌细胞HepG2,Trizol法提取筛选后细胞HepG2GFP总RNA;分离肝癌患者外周血单核细胞体外诱导DCs细胞,总RNA转染DCs,荧光显微镜下观察转染效果,流式细胞仪检测转染前后DCs表型变化;ELISA法检测转染前后上清中IL12变化情况;MTT法检测效应细胞对靶细胞的杀伤率. 结果:pGFPC3稳定转染肝癌细胞HepG2后可得到稳定表达GFP的细胞HepG2GFP,荧光显微镜下呈绿色荧光;总RNA转染的DCs荧光显微镜下呈绿色荧光,CD80(13.2%上升至86.7%),HLADR(38.9%上升至97.9%),CD83(0.9%上升至97.1%),CD86(31.2%上升至92.5%)表达明显升高,上清IL12分泌量ng/L显著增高(61.3±8.1→287.4±29.3,P<0.05);诱导的CTL能够对肝癌细胞株HepG2起特异性杀伤作用. 结论:GFP可以作为肿瘤细胞RNA转染树突状细胞的观察标记,肿瘤细胞RNA转染DCs可作为一种有效的肿瘤疫苗.
【关键词】 树突状细胞;绿色荧光蛋白;RNA;转染
【中图号】 R739.41
0引言
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,适合手术治疗的患者只占一少部分,具有较高的复发率,预后很差,严重威胁人类健康〔1〕. DCs(dendritic cells, DCs)是体内功能强大的专职性抗原提呈细胞,它能够高效的摄取、处理抗原,并将处理后的多肽呈递给静息型T细胞,引起针对该抗原的特异性免疫反应〔2〕. 国内外类似的研究中,都没有明确的可以观察肿瘤RNA转染DCs效果的指标,我们应用绿色荧光蛋白质粒载体 pGFPC3稳定转染肝癌细胞HepG2,提取筛选后细胞HepG2GFP总RNA转染DCs,观察转染后DCs绿色荧光蛋白表达及特异性表面标志及功能相关分子表达,检测其上清细胞因子分泌,探讨其作为肿瘤疫苗的可行性.
1材料和方法
1.1材料肝癌患者外周血单个核细胞来源于我科造血干细胞移植患者;HepG2肝癌细胞株由我科常规传代培养. 流式细胞仪(BD),DG3022A型酶联免疫检测仪(华东电子管厂),荧光显微镜Optiphot XIF(Nicon)等均为我院常备. FITCCD80,FITCHLADR,PECD83,PECD86抗体购自BD公司;rhGMCSF,rhIL4购自Peprorotec公司;TNFα购自我校生物技术中心;绿色荧光蛋白载体pGFPC3由陕西省肿瘤医院贾军博士惠赠;脂质体Transfection2000,Trizol Reagent购自Invitrogen;RPMI 1640培养基、胎牛血清、G418购自Gibco公司,Xvivo无血清培养基购自BioWhittaker;IL12 ELISA检测试剂盒购自Bioscience公司;MTT购自Sigma公司.
1.2方法参照Transfection2000说明书,pGFPC3转染HepG2,G418筛选2 mon. 筛选细胞命名HepG2GFP,荧光显微镜下观察. Trizol试剂提取HepG2GFP总RNA,紫外灯下观察,-80℃冻存备用. 同样方法提取HepG2总RNA. 取肝癌患者造血干细胞分离液,贴壁法分离单核细胞,贴壁细胞在细胞因子rhGMCSF,rhIL4作用下,诱导DCs. 倒置显微镜、电子显微镜观察细胞形态,流式细胞仪检测细胞表型.
1.2.1转染树突状细胞收集培养4 d的DCs,转入6孔板,转染HepG2GFP总RNA. 另设转染HepG2总RNA及空白对照组. 继续培养48 h. 荧光显微镜下观察.
1.2.2细胞因子分泌的测定48 h后,收集各组DCs上清,ELISA法检测转染前后各组细胞上清中IL12分泌量.
1.2.3CTL效应收集各组DCs,30 Gy 60Co照射后与复苏冻存的非贴壁细胞按20∶1比例混合接种于24孔板,培养5 d,收集的细胞即为效应细胞. 收集对数生长期的HepG2细胞作为靶细胞,将效应细胞与靶细胞按20∶1比例混合接种于96孔板. 同时设单一靶细胞组、单一效应细胞组. 培养24 h后,MTT法检测.以下述公式计算杀伤效率.CTL杀伤效率=〔1-(效靶A490-效应细胞A490)/靶细胞A490〕×100%.
统计学方法:结果采用SPSS 10.0统计软件分析.
2结果
2.1HepG2GFP总RNA转染DCs稳定转染及筛选后得到的HepG2GFP细胞,能够稳定的表达GFP,荧光显微镜下所有细胞都呈现绿色荧光(图1),传代20次以上仍无消失. 与对照细胞相比,GFP基因修饰细胞在形态、生长等特性上均无显著改变,也未见GFP表达对靶细胞的毒性. 使用Trizol提取HepG2GFP细胞总RNA后,取2 μL总RNA进行凝胶电泳,可见5 s,18 s和28 s条带(图2). 单个核细胞贴壁后,贴壁细胞在细胞因子GMCSF,IL4的作用下,培养第2日出现细胞集落,但细胞集落较小. 5 d后,集落明显增加、变大,出现具有毛刺状突起的细胞. 至7 d,集落开始减少,产生大量具有树枝状突起的细胞(图3A,B). 荧光显微镜下,HepG2GFP总RNA转染DCs组细胞呈绿色荧光,而HepG2总RNA转染组及空白对照组则无明显荧光表达(图4A,B,C).
图1荧光显微镜下pGFPC3稳定转染后HepG2胞浆荧光阳性 ×250(略)
图2HepG2GFP细胞的总RNA电泳(略)
图3树突状细胞形态(第7日)(略)
2.2流式细胞仪检测细胞表型诱导d 7,DCs表达CD80 13.2%,HLADR 38.9%,CD86 31.2%,CD83低表达,仅0.9%;转染后上述分子表达明显升高,分别为CD80 86.7%,HLADR 97.9%,CD86 92.5%,CD83 97.1%,提示转染后细胞具有成熟DCs特征.
图4总RNA转染DCs×250(略)
2.3ELISA检测IL12分泌HepG2GFP总RNA
转染DCs组上清中IL12分泌明显增加,显著高于转染前〔(287.4±29.3) ng/L vs (61.3±8.1) ng/L; n=6,P<0.05〕.
2.4CTL介导细胞毒效应HepG2GFP总RNA转染DCs刺激的CTL对HepG2细胞杀伤率为(62.6±2.9)%,未转染的DCs刺激的T细胞对HepG2的杀伤作用为(20.8±1.5)%,无DCs刺激T细胞对HepG2的杀伤作用为(20.8±1.5)%,总RNA转染DCs刺激的CTL对HepG2细胞杀伤率明显高于两个对照组(n=6,P<0.05). HepG2GFP总RNA转染DCs刺激的CTL对SMMC7721和K562细胞杀伤率分别为(37.7±1.8)%和(26.8±1.1)%,对HepG2细胞杀伤率明显高于SMMC7721和K562细胞(n=6,P<0.05).
3讨论
DCs是体内功能最强大的专职性抗原提呈细胞,它在T细胞免疫中发挥着极其重要的作用〔2〕. 应用各种肿瘤抗原致敏DCs制备疫苗是近年来研究的热点 〔3-8〕. 肿瘤细胞总RNA转染DCs制备疫苗与其他方法相比,具有如下优越性:首先,它不受已知肿瘤抗原的限制,可诱导出多克隆的CTL;其次,转染所需的RNA可以通过扩增方法得到,很少量的肿瘤组织样本即可扩增得到大量的RNA〔8〕. 但目前国内外的研究中,尚未有可以明确观察总RNA转染DCs效率的方法. 我们应用稳定表达GFP的HepG2GFP总RNA转染DCs,以GFP为标记观察总RNA转染DCs的效率,探讨其作为肿瘤疫苗的可行性,为肝癌临床治疗提供实验基础.
本试验中,HepG2GFP总RNA转染后的DCs在荧光显微镜下观察,胞质呈现绿色荧光,证实GFP mRNA可以在DCs胞质内正常表达,同时说明肿瘤细胞总RNA同样也可以在DCs胞浆内进行翻译表达. 转染后CD83,CD80,CD86,HLADR表达明显升高,IL12分泌明显增加,说明RNA转染,促进了DCs的体外成熟. 成熟DCs主要通过MHCI类途径,将肿瘤细胞总RNA在DCs胞质内进行翻译表达的肿瘤抗原呈递给T淋巴细胞. 此途径诱导的T淋巴细胞主要为CD8+细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL). 本试验中,诱导的CTL对HepG2的细胞毒效应明显高于对照组T细胞,证实诱导的T淋巴细胞为肿瘤特异性的. 因此,在当前仍未发现肝癌特异性抗原情况下,应用肝癌细胞总RNA转染DCs制备瘤苗,诱导针对肝癌细胞的多克隆CTL,可以作为肝癌DCs疫苗的一个发展方向.
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