Cars in America(美国的汽车)
Cars in America
Cars are an important part of life
in the United States. The car made the United
States
a
nation
on wheels.
And
it helped to make the United States what it is today.
There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.
The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used frequently.
The third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact timetable.And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to have.
The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.
美国的汽车
汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。
汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。
汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。
而第三个原因是最为重要的。
美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。
美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。
汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。
Car Pollution
Each year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!
Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.
One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is slow.
Another way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for us.
To prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total cars.They are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air clean.
But this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.
汽车污染
上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。
离开汽车，美国人无法生活!
大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。
解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。
目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。
另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。
要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。
但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。
汽车，即本身具有动力得以驱动，不须依轨道或电力架设，得以机动行驶之车辆。广义来说，具有四轮行驶的车辆，普遍多称为汽车。虽然，长久以来学术各界对“谁是第一位汽车发明者”皆有不同的看法及论述，未有完全一致性的看法，但是，绝大部份学者皆将德国工程师卡尔·本茨视为第一位发明者。美国人亨利·福特首先大量生产平价汽车，是使汽车得以普及化的人。
汽车（Car，卡尔·本茨发明）是一种现代交通工具，英文原译为“自动车”，在日本也称“自动车”（日本汉字中的汽车则是指我们所说的火车），其他文种也多称为“自动车”，只有在中国例外。
由动力驱动，具有四个或四个以上车轮的非轨道承载的车辆，主要用于：
——载运人员和/或货物（物品）；
——牵引载运货物（物品）的车辆或特殊用途的车辆；
——专项作业。
本术语还包括：
a）与电力线相联的车辆，如无轨电车；
b) 整车整备质量超过 400kg的不带驾驶室的三轮车辆；
c) 整车整备质量超过 600kg的带驾驶室的三轮车辆。
Scott Perl, Albuquerque, N.M. A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of temperatures. As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature, air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire pressure. While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers, we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using it. Skeptics question the practice, noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure nitrogen. A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen, especially in everyday use. Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake, Westminster, Calif. A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good weather. There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery conditions. Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of road. Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal, and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of security. Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as, 5W-30), would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say, 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz, Potomac, Md. A: Probably not. But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years ago. Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know of. Auto makers, however, say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight, and using the wrong oil, even in small amounts, can hurt an engine's performance and even cause harm. Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J. Jaffe, Germantown, Tenn. A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third), instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip gears. Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker shifts. Shifting is usually done through levers, buttons or switches. The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris, Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions, except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled electronically. The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned way. Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver skill.
意思：斯科特Perl,阿布奎基,N.M.答:汽车赛车已经告诉了我们的主要优势和氮气充填轮胎代替周围的空气是氮倾向于保持更一致的胎压在很大的温度范围内。作为之间的摩擦力的轮胎与路面驱动温度,空气和变化不定的含水量反应,会导致不一致的轮胎压力。虽然赛车驾驶员更容易注意到的优点优点长处的优势,我们比每天氮、磷、钾和还没有收到任何缺点,使用它。怀疑论者质疑的实践,指出空气是大约80%,氮、磷、钾和热胀冷缩速度一样纯氮。大量的读者表示没有欣赏不同的轮胎会如何回应如果充满了氮,尤其是在日常使用。问:它安全巡航控制在雨中或在潮湿的路面吗?斯科特制动、威斯敏斯特宫——。答:汽车制造商经常警告巡航控制应该只用在光路交通开放的好天气。据报道,事故的巡航控制时,车失去牵引力——或者hydroplaned——在滑的条件。一些汽车制造商发出警告,稳定的油门巡航控制——就像一脚的气体——可能导致车轮旋转时,他们打湿或冰的补丁的道路。Car-company代表说,克鲁斯-控制警告反映驾驶员应特别警惕时,条件是少于理想,独自徘徊在什么等于趋于平静一些局部自动驾驶产生了一种虚假的安全感。问:如果一个汽车手册显示有一定的重量油(例如,5W-30),将增加一夸脱的不同,10W-40油(重量)之间的完整的机油变化损害的汽车引擎?吉尔Ehrenkranz、波,——事宜。答:大概不会。但是今天的引擎通常是更精确的工程比20或30年前。我们中的很多人已经超过了我们的汽车和任何可用的石油发生不损坏,至少不是我们所知道的。汽车制造商,然而,现代的引擎,可以更敏感的改变时,油,使用错误的重量,即使在少量的油,能伤害一个引擎的性能,甚至造成伤害。问:什么是一个序列手操作的传动系统。它如何与一个自动或手动传输标准吗?Jaffe >,德国——哈利。答:一个序列机械式变速器齿轮箱,是需要改变是为了(第二次到第三个),而不是有一个工作模式与杆,让车手可以跳过齿轮。使用这种传输摩托车赛车的几十年就开始使用他们,因为他们允许更快年前。通常是通过转移杠杆,按钮或开关。今天的顺序传送——主要是在广告表现等车,阿斯顿·马丁和一些不佳,手动变速器宝马—技术,除了那个离合器和齿轮的变化是控制电子签名。好处是齿轮的变化,可以作出更快速、准确地比人类将传统的方式。传统说不利的是,他们根本不一样的乐趣来驱动,需要更少的司机的技能。
还有一篇：
Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon wheels.Andit helped to make the United States what it is today.There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used frequently.The third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact timetable.And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to have.The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.
Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is slow.Another way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for us.To prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total cars.They are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air clean.But this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.
意思：
美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。
汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车，美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。
vehicles have become indispensable to human life and means of transportation and other means of transport. Human needs has led to the continuous development of technology, the development of Hyundai Motor has been in the machinery do not have much space, focused on automotive electronics and control technology, sensor system and automobile electronic control technology is the vehicle a very important part of . Reflect the modern technology with a lot of automotive sensors, as the vehicle's "sensory organs" of the sensor will be a variety of input parameters into electrical signals. These signals are for the mediation and control of engine management systems, safety systems and comfort necessary for the system. Such as vehicle acceleration sensor is necessary for automotive airbags, and vehicle dynamic control system at the same time, anti-lock braking systems, anti-theft system, active suspension control, leveling headlights also need them in these areas. Therefore, the master sensor system for the car a better understanding of motor vehicles, vehicle maintenance and repairs have important practical significance. This paper attempts to analyze the sensor system through a number of typical sensors in the common introduction to all sensor auto sensor system.
Chapter seven of this article. Chapter for the preamble. Focus on the automotive sensing system and the background of the meaning of the introduction. Chapter II sensor system for automotive sensors, as well as the types and distribution of part of the role profile. The third to the six chapters for specific types of sensors described in detail. Chapter III-type sensors for temperature, the detailed information on coolant temperature sensor; Chapter IV for the pressure-type sensor, the details of the intake pressure sensor; Chapter V for f
解释：汽车传感器系统，旨在展示台湾的论文
摘要
随着技术的发展和社会进步，特别是在人们的收入增长和流行的各种车型的机动车辆，机动车辆已成为不可或缺的人的生命和运输工具和其他运输工具。人的需求已导致不断发展的技术，发展现代汽车已在机械没有太多空间，专注于汽车电子与控制技术，传感系统和汽车电子控制技术是汽车的重要组成部分。反映了现代技术与大量的汽车传感器作为汽车的“感觉器官”的感应器将是一个不同的输入参数为电信号。这些信号的调解和控制的发动机管理系统，安全系统和舒适系统所必需的。如车辆加速度传感器是必要的汽车安全气囊，车辆动态控制系统在同一时间，防抱死制动系统，防盗系统，主动悬架控制，找平大灯还需要在这些地区。因此，主传感器系统的汽车更好地了解机动车辆，车辆保养和维修具有重要的现实意义。本文试图分析传感器系统通过一些典型的传感器在共同引进的所有传感器自动感应系统。
第七章这一条。第一章为序言。专注于汽车传感系统和背景的含义引进。第二章传感器系统的汽车传感器，以及种类和分布的部分作用的个人资料。第三名至六个章节的具体类型的传感器中详细叙述。第三章型传感器的温度，详细的资料，冷却液温度传感器;第四章的压力式传感器，详情进气压力传感器;第五章为F
