开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。版面格式应符合以下规定。
开 题 报 告学 生：
一、 选题意义1、 理论意义2、 现实意义二、 论文综述1、 理论的渊源及演进过程2、 国外有关研究的综述3、 国内研究的综述4、 本人对以上综述的评价三、 论文提纲前言、一、1、2、3、··· ···二、1、2、3、··· ···三、1、2、3、结论四、论文写作进度安排毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排参考文献： 《论旋律》，玛采尔著，人民音乐出版社
《高师视唱练耳教学中的几个问题》，沈涛著，乐府新声，2000．4
《视唱练耳的基本训练方法》，马如林著，中国音乐，1995．1
《旋律听写技能的培养》，蒋兴辉著，音乐探索，2001．2
如何有效记忆英语单词,词汇？
摘要：新英语课程的目标是提高学生的学习兴趣和积极性,因此在教学活动中,教师应该用不同的方法创造学习情境、激发学生的学习兴趣,从而提高学习效率。
关键词：兴趣；词汇；情境；记忆。
英语单词学习是整个英语学习的基础，每个小小的英语单词结合起来就组成了句子，多个句子构成整篇文章。学习英语最难的是单词的记忆。对于大部分学生来说，记忆单词没有什么好方法，只会死记硬背，机械地记忆单词的每个字母，这样不但记得不熟，而且还很容易忘记。
总之，在传统教学活动中，单词记忆采用的往往是读、背、写这种机械的记忆方法。读单词，背单词，写单词成为记忆的主要手段。所以，如何采用行之有效的记忆方法提高学生的单词记忆效果，一直是英语教师探索的焦点。
笔者认为通过老师和学生的共同努力，让英语课变得有趣，让学生在自我需要中学习英语，可以通过以下几个方面得以实现：
一、设最佳心理状态
1.要激起强烈的记忆欲望
首先要明确记忆目标。在自己想要记住某些单词之前，最好怀着强烈的记忆欲望，并赋予那些单词特殊的意义和价值。笔者曾做过这样的实验：在两个水平相当的班里同样要求学生用15分钟识记50个同样单词，但只对其中一个班说，15分钟之后要进行测试，选拔前10名在学校期中总结大会上表彰，并拍照放在学校橱窗里宣传，希望同学认真准备。实验结果如下：事先说过测试的班级，15分钟后能记住86%，3小时仍能记住60%；而另一个班效果却不佳，15分钟后只能记住50%，3小时仅能记住22%，两班成绩差距显著！
2.要促成稳定的愉悦心情
如上述实验中，作实验的那个班，当笔者宣布，他们英语测试成绩比对比班高出36分而获胜时，全体同学欢呼雀跃。紧接着笔者又公布了前10名获奖名单，并对他们进行了表彰，使课堂气氛走向高潮。临下课，笔者对当堂内容进行了测试，90分以上的有56人，占80%，是有史以来最好的课堂效果之一。课后，笔者在教后记里写下了这样的反思：这节课取得了令人满意的效果，我认为最主要的原因是学生受到适当的表扬和激励后，心情十分舒畅，精神放松，记忆通道畅通，形成记忆的最佳契机，记忆痕迹保持相对持久。作为教师应该努力创设教学情景，促成稳定的愉悦心情，促成学生最佳记忆状态的形成。
3.要树立强烈的自信心和成功感
现代教育心理学认为，一个人的成才与否，其智力因素和非智力因素都起至关重要的作用！而自信心又是非智力因素中极为重要的方面。如果学生认为学习外语很困难，那就真地会感到困难。但是，如果他充分认识了词汇在英语学习中的重要作用，坚信自己有非凡的语言才能和坚强的毅力，坚信困难只是暂时的，积极努力，百折不挠，就会使学习外语变得更加容易。
二、使用实物、图片、CAI等直观教学手段
文具、水果、食物、饮料、日常生活用品，这些单词都是可以用实物来呈现、操练的。就连动物，也可以将相关毛绒玩具带入课堂。遇到不便或不易带进课堂的物体，可采用图片进行教学，如plane、train、bookcase、table、cupboard等。如果一时找不到图片，也可以运用简单易行的简笔画，直接在黑板上画，边画边呈现，边画边操练。随着现代信息教育技术的广泛应用，多媒体辅助教学（CAI）越来越多地走进了英语课堂。CAI画面优美，音乐动听，能填补实物、图片的不足。特别在教学一些表示地点的单词，如zoo，park，supermarket，library，bedroom，sitting-room等时，它就比图片具有更多的信息量，更为学生所喜闻乐见。
形象直观的实物、图片、CAI，生动活泼，视听结合，容易使学生加深印象，强化记忆，充分激发了学生的学习热情和学习兴趣。
三、动态课堂，寻找更多的精彩源泉
1.将学生崇拜的明星引入课堂
英语教学要善于利用中学生的心理特点来激发他们学习词汇的兴趣。这个年龄段的学生对成功所带来的美丽光环充满想象,他们热捧明星,视明星为偶像。笔者据此设计组织了课堂活动 Athletes and sports。这些体育明星们再次唤起了学生学习运动名称的兴趣和热情，学生饶有兴趣地学习刘翔所从事的hurdle race，田亮的diving，泰森的boxing，刘璇的gymnastics和舒马赫的rally等。
2.将音乐与课堂相结合
笔者在初二英语课中也作了一个教学实验，用一节课的时间教给学生一首英文歌曲“我心永恒”（美国影片《泰坦尼克号》主题曲）。这首旋律优美、节奏鲜明而又抒情味十足的英文歌曲，学生很快就学会了。学生就是在唱歌、感受音乐美的同时，牢牢记住了“heart”、“will”“go on”“forever”（心、将、继续、永远）等陌生单词。直到第三天、第四天以及以后的随时提问，学生都能迅速准确地书写出来。且大部分的同学对一些结构较为复杂、用法意义较为宽泛的短语也能准确默写、听写。单词掌握程度之深，让人惊叹。
四、在游戏中记忆单词
在单词记忆时应引入各种游戏，不仅能有效地调节英语学习的气氛，激发学生的学习爱好，还能促使学生以积极的心态，在活动中主动地记忆单词。
1.单词接龙游戏：多人合作，首先由任意一个学生说出一个单词，下一个学生说出的单词的第一个字母必须是上一个学生所说单词的尾字母，如此循环下去，不能重复同一个词，如有人在规定的时间内未说出单词，则被淘汰，剩下的学生继续游戏，谁坚持到最后谁就是获胜者。如：car—read—do—one—eat—ten—name--evening—game—English…
2.改头换拆词游戏：如多变的天气，用weather这七个字母能拼出多少个学过的单词？ we/eat/at/tea/the/he/her/here/there/tree /are/where/hear/heart/what/water…
3.改头换面游戏：即在一个单词中增加、减少或改变一个字母使之成为一个新词。如：of—off/if，us—as/bus，know--now/known/knew，hair—chair/air，look—book/cook…
对于习惯机械记忆的学生，教师教学的主要任务是使学生通过思维去理解所学的内容，使所教内容在学生头脑中建立起多方面的联系。大量的日常经验和实验研究都证实，只有理解了的，有系统的知识，才能长久地保持在记忆中，并在需要时很快地提取出来。
所以，在教学中，教师可引导学生在理解中识记或识记时给材料人为地建立一些联系，这样的课堂是精彩的。在这样的课堂上，学生获得了多方面的满足和发展，教师的劳动也闪耀着智慧的光芒，师生都感觉到生命活力的涌动，这才是我们教学的理想境界。
英语对照：
How to effectively remember English words, vocabulary?
Abstract: The new English curriculum aims to improve student interest in learning and motivation, so in teaching activities, teachers should use different methods to create learning contexts to stimulate students interest in learning, to enhance learning efficiency.
Keywords: interest; vocabulary; situation; memory.
English words to learn the entire English language learning, and each combination of a small English words on the formation of a sentence, multiple sentences constitute the entire article. The hardest part is learning English words of memory. For most students, there is no good way to remember the word, only by rote, mechanical memory word for each letter, so remember not only unfamiliar, and very easy to forget.
In short, in the traditional teaching activities, the word is often used in memory reading, back, write the memory of this mechanical method. Read the word, back the word, write the word as the primary means of memory. Therefore, the memory of how to adopt effective means to enhance student word memory effect, has been the focus of English language teachers to explore.
I believe that through the joint efforts of teachers and students, so that English classes more interesting for students to learn English in the self-needs can be achieved through the following areas:
1, let the best state of mind
1. To provoke a strong memories of desire
First, goals must be clear memory. Want to remember certain words in their own before, the best memories with keen desire, and give those words a special meaning and value. I have done this experiment: in two comparable level of class also requires students to use the same 15 minutes memorizing 50 words, but only on one class, said 15 minutes later to test and selection of the top 10 in school Summary of the General Assembly on the recognition period, and took photos on the school windows publicity, wants them to make earnest preparations. The results are as follows: pre-mentioned test classes, after 15 minutes can remember 86%, 3 hours can still remember the 60%; while the other classes the result was not good, after 15 minutes only remember 50%, 3 hours Remember that only 22%, a significant gap between the two classes results!
2. To promote the joy of a stable mood
As mentioned above experiment, for experiments that class, when I announced that their English test scores 36 points higher than the comparison class and won, all the students cheered. Then I also announced the top 10 list of winners, and they were recognized, so that the classroom atmosphere reach new heights. Pro class is, the author of the content when the Church has been tested, 90 points more than 56 people, accounting for 80%, a record for one of the best classroom results. After the lesson, where I teach postscript written such a reflection: This lesson has achieved satisfactory results, I think the main reason is that students are subject to the appropriate recognition and incentives, the mood is very relaxed, mental relaxation, memory the access to the best opportunity for the formation of memory, the memory trace remained relatively durable. As a teacher should strive to create teaching situations, to promote stability in the joy of feeling led to the formation of students in the state of the best memories.
3. We must establish a strong sense of self-confidence and success
Modern educational psychology that a person's talent or not, its intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors have played a vital role! The self-confidence of non-intellectual factors also extremely important aspect. If students believe that learning a foreign language is difficult, it really will feel difficult. However, if he was fully aware of the vocabulary in English to learn the important role of faith in their own language of extraordinary talent and strong determination, convinced that the difficulties are temporary, positive efforts, indomitable will to make learning a foreign language easier.
Second, the use of real objects and pictures, CAI and other visual means of teaching
Stationery, fruit, food, beverages, daily necessities, these can all be used kind words to witness a training session. Even animals can also be related to plush toys into the classroom. Inconvenient or difficult experience into the classroom objects, images can be used for teaching, such as plane, train, bookcase, table, cupboard and so on. If you can not find pictures, you can also use a simple stick figure, directly on the blackboard painting, while painting while present, while painting while drilling. With modern information technology, education, the extensive application of multimedia-aided instruction (CAI) more and more into the English classroom. CAI beautiful pictures, music and sounds, to fill the physical, pictures deficiencies. Sites, especially in the teaching of some that the word, such as the zoo, park, supermarket, library, bedroom, sitting-room, etc., it has more informative than pictures, more loved by the students.
Visual image of the physical, pictures, CAI, lively, audio-visual combination is easy for the students to a deeper impression, enhance memory, fully inspired the students enthusiasm and interest in learning.
3, dynamic classroom, looking for more exciting source of
1. The worship of the star into the classroom of students
English teaching should be good at the use of the psychological characteristics of middle school students to stimulate their interest in learning vocabulary. This age the success of students brought a beautiful ring is full of imagination, they are sought-star, depending on the stars as their idols. Accordingly, the author organized classroom activities designed to Athletes and sports. These sports stars are once again aroused the students to learn the name of sports interest and enthusiasm, the students learn with interest Liu Xiang is engaged hurdle race, Tian Liang's diving, Tyson's boxing, Liu Xuan's gymnastics and Schumacher's rally, etc. .
2. The combination of music and the classroom
In the second year I also made an English class teaching experiment, using the time to teach a lesson to the students an English song "My Heart Will Go On" (American film "Titanic" theme song). This is a wonderful melody, rhythm and lyrical yet distinct flavor of the English song, the students soon learned it. Student is singing, feel the music and at the same time, firmly remember the "heart", "will" "go on" "forever" (mind, will continue forever) and other unfamiliar words. Until the third day, fourth day and at any time after the questions, students could write them quickly and accurately. Most of the students and some of the more complex the structure, usage, the meaning of the phrase can also be more broad and accurate dictation, dictation. Grasp the extent of the depth of the word, amazing.
Fourth, remember the word in the game
Memory should be a word of introduction of various games, not only can effectively adjust the atmosphere of learning English to inspire love of learning, but also encourage students to adopt a positive attitude, take the initiative in the activity memory of words.
1. Word word games: Multiplayer co-operation, first of all by any one student to say a word, the next students to elaborate on the first letter of the word must be said, a student on the end of the letter word, and so on down, could not repeat the same a word, if a person does not speak within the time prescribed words, were eliminated, the remaining students to continue the game, who stick to the end who is the winner. Such as: car-read-do-one-eat-ten-name - evening-game-English ...
2. To change the first word game for demolition: If the changeable weather, with the weather these seven letters to spell out the number of learned words? we / eat / at / tea / the / he / her / here / there / tree / are / where / hear / heart / what / water ...
3. A face-lift game: namely, that a word in the increase, decrease or change one letter to become a new word. Such as: of-off/if, us-as/bus, know--now/known/knew, hair-chair/air, look-book/cook ...
For the habit of mechanical memory, students, teachers, teaching main task is to enable students to understand what they have learned by thinking about the content, so that the content taught in the minds of students to establish numerous contacts. A large number of everyday experience and experimental studies have confirmed that only understand, there are systems of knowledge, in order to maintain the long-term memory, and, if necessary quickly extracted.
So, in teaching, teachers can guide students in understanding or memorizing memorizing material, when to artificially set up some links, such a classroom is wonderful. In this classroom, students receive a wide range of satisfaction and development, and teacher's labor is also shining light of wisdom, teachers and students feel the vitality of the surging, and this is our ideal of teaching.
第一、
自身准确的发音。自身准确地道的英语发音不能让你在听力上面无往不利，但是不准确不地道的发音绝对不能有效的解决听力问题。而准确地道的发音往往又得之于在听力中纠正自己的发音。两者是互相进行的。
第二、
阅读应与听力练习同时，同比重的进行。很多人为提高听力把所有时间都集中在听力材料的练习上。我肯定的说，这是个错误。我们不是生活在国外，你无论怎样营造，都不能有一个真正的外国的文化氛围在你身边，这一个已经可以说明只注重单一的听力练习是错误的。其次，听力练习中，你接触到多少信息呢？这个信息包括词汇、语法、习惯用法、文化等等在接触材料时能够遇到的所有东西。我敢说你听十盒磁带不及我读一本原著的信息量。如果别人的说话内容超出了你那听得滚瓜烂熟的磁带内容，你是否有信心听懂？这可是十分自然的事情，你自己日常的说话内容，是否可以用十盒磁带来装得下来。只要你发音正确，你在阅读时接触到的词，如果让你在听的时候遇到，很多都有可能听懂。倘若你的听力目标是想听什么就能听懂什么的话，阅读起到的作用更是举足轻重。同时，如果你连在阅读中都无法读懂的句子，你在听力中能够听懂吗？我想来个总结：词汇量和语法是阅读的关键，阅读量的多少以及阅读能力的好坏决定听说能力的高低，而我们学习语言，又必须从听说开始。
第三、 VOA Special
English是很好的听力材料，但是你已经听够了，给点信心自己，听一些外国人正常语速的东西。你不可能要求外国人用Special
English的语速说话给你听。事实上Special
English和正常的说话之间的差别并不是大家想的那么小，而语速对听力的影响更不是想象中那么微弱，往往是起了决定性的影响的。因为正常语速跟慢速之间不同的地方实在太多，譬如连读、省略、轻读、模糊等等，这些都是影响听懂与否的关键要素。Special
English里全是完整的句子，可是实际上正常的说话表达才不需要那么正儿八经呢？你是否有信心听懂？况且Special
English里更遇不到丰富的词汇，复杂的结构。听了几个月或半年的特别英语，别想自己还是特别的了，听听正常的东西吧。但是，我还认为，VOA
Special English应该不间断的听，只是不能把重点放在上面了。因为VOA Special
English不但是入门英语中不可多得的听力材料，也是纠正发音的绝佳材料。无论你英语学习到达了什么程度，我到希望你能够不断听Special
English。
第四、
专心听懂一盒磁带比你囫囵吞枣的听了十盒磁带的效果要好得多。我们记忆单词平时是用眼看心记，虽然你是认识了这个单词，但很可能你还是听不懂这个单词，听力练习时是用耳朵对单词的再熟悉。精听了一盒磁带你用耳朵记忆了这盒磁带里所有的单词和句子、发音、语调等等。泛听十盒磁带，你记不了多少东西的。
第五、
精听的同时，泛听十分重要。好像跟上面自相矛盾的样子。请听我解释。泛听有精听得不到的东西，我说的却不是很多人认为在泛听中得到的信息量。其实泛听听懂的实在不多，哪来什么信息量？泛听中我想强调的是：语速、语调。让你习惯正常的语速。我们在精听时都是不断反复听同一句话的，可是实际上别人只会说一次给你听。请在泛听中让自己习惯别人用正常语速，只说一次的情况。你不会要求预报天气的说一句后又重复一次吧。
第六、
如何精听？我不赞成无论听什么都在听懂了后再根据录音默写一遍。至少不赞成听每一篇听力材料都听写。原因之一是听力有时候更多注重“量”。你没有听过的东西即使是汉语你也大概不会懂吧。我的建议是：挑选认为典型的材料再听写。那么精听要精到什么程度呢？听一句复述一句，或者就跟着录音一起读。（当然是不能看着文本啦。）这样效果不比听写查，所费时间要省得多。
第七、
如何泛听？看电影是泛听。听实时广播是泛听，看电视是泛听，尽可能接触更多正常的原始音频。你可以反反复复听同一盒磁带，直到兴味索然。只要不停顿就是泛听。泛听过程中，你也可以将录音就转为精听。并没有严格的界限。只是要记得，泛听的目的是让自己习惯正常的语速，或者说，习惯外国人的正常的交流是怎样的。关注的是语速、连读、略音等等只有连续说话才会有的东西。
第八、
别理会什么听力技巧。那些技巧只能在考试时帮你的忙。以前读高中的时候，老师教了许多的阅读技巧，说看文章可以找主题句，主题句可以找关键词，单词不懂可以猜。这些阅读技巧在考试时大概有用吧，至少我没有用过。因为我的词汇量大，语感好，别人还没有找到主题句我已经读完整篇文章了。你相信整篇文章还是相信仅仅一句主题句？在阅读原著时，这些技巧更加一点作用也没有。又如听力技巧，听关键词，遇到不懂的单词先别理会，继续听可能就明白了它的意思了。我们中国人说话有没有听关键词的？如果你在口译中只听关键词，你胆敢就此口译出来？只听关键词你能够弄懂一部电影中多少东西？更重要的是，在正常的语速当中，你能够找到多少个关键词？你还有时间回头想刚才没有听出来的那个单词？恐怕你早就忘了。
第九、
关注一下常用的单词。外国人说话不是每一句都用你不懂的单词说的。你听不懂的往往就是最常用的，而且是你已经掌握了的单词。只是它们在常速、连读、略音下使你以为是生词而已。相信大家已经深有体会了。那些是常用的单词？在听力中譬如have，go，you，where，when，him，them等等就是（当然还有其他啦）。在这里，VOA
Special English有好与不好的地方。它能让你清楚这些常用单词的发音，它不能让你知道正常的交际中这些单词怎样发音。
第十、
英语学习是终身的事情，听力练习也是一样。别想着我强化练习半年，终于听懂手头上几十盒磁带了，以后再也不会遇到问题了。几十盒磁带以外的东西你是否能够听懂？信息瞬息万变，今天的新闻你听懂，明天的你也十拿九稳听懂？我自己不敢说。
第十一、
别急，听不懂是很自然的事情。不是你的错，不是别人比你聪明，只是别人练习得比你多而已。慢慢练习，把自己融入英语的世界里，随着时间的流逝，你会看到成绩的。
