Strategic management is the conduct of drafting, implementing and evaluating cross-functional decisions that will enable an organization to achieve its long-term objectives. It is the process of specifying the organization's mission, vision and objectives, developing policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs, which are designed to achieve these objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the policies and plans, projects and programs. A balanced scorecard is often used to evaluate the overall performance of the business and its progress towards objectives. Strategic management is a level of managerial activity under setting goals and over Tactics. Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise and is closely related to the field of Organization Studies. In the field of business administration it is useful to talk about "strategic alignment" between the organization and its environment or "strategic consistency". According to Arieu (2007), "there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization are consistent with the expectations of management, and these in turn are with the market and the context." “Strategic management is an ongoing process that evaluates and controls the business and the industries in which the company is involved; assesses its competitors and sets goals and strategies to meet all existing and potential competitors; and then reassesses each strategy annually or quarterly [i.e. regularly] to determine how it has been implemented and whether it has succeeded or needs replacement by a new strategy to meet changed circumstances, new technology, new competitors, a new economic environment., or a new social, financial, or political environment.
The Snow
What a big snow I have never seen!What a beautiful snow I have never enjoy.
When I went out for school from home,I was doomed to get a wonder.Everything seemed unlucky to me.I left the umbrella at home; I couldn’t unlock my bike and a big truck held up the traffic,which took me above 5 minutes to pass the road.At last I met Charlie and we were both late for the maths class.If it happened the day before,we would go to our seats without saying anything.But today we were forced to stand outside in the cold wind because of the head teacher’s bad mood.I didn’t want to say anything.It was useless.So I began to stand with Charlie.
After a short while,we both felt so cold that we couldn’t speak a word.The world seemed very quiet.I suddenly found there was a lot of thin ice dropping from the sky.“Ice!” I shouted to Charlie who soon became excited the same as me.We expected for the snow but nothing happened.
The ice turned white and turned to snow quietly.We were immersed in it without any word.From little to big,the snow changed out of my imagination.With the wind blowing heavily,the snow beat on my face,hair and covered all over my body.We couldn’t help shaking in the snow.We opened our mouths to taste the icy snow,stood still in the snow,and enjoyed the wonderful scene ourselves.I did believe the snow was not only a scene but a great wonder as well.It bought me much more than it had.It was too great and too beautiful that I couldn’t imagine.How fantastic it was!With the snow dropping on my body,I didn’t want to move though it was so cold.
If you lived in the north,you might think it was nothing.But the following thing was more unreal.A bird,a beautiful parrot,like an angel,flew from the sky onto Charlie’s shoulder and then flew to my shoulder.I didn’t know how to express my feelings,only enjoying it.The parrot didn’t seem to leave.How fantastic,I thought.
The snow became smaller and smaller after class.Maybe we lost something,but we got something,too.I didn’t know what it meant.I only wished to believe it would bring me good luck.
I would never forget that day.
这是我见过的最大的雪!也是我享受过的最漂亮的雪!
当我走出校园的时候,我被这景象怔住了.每件事似乎都对我很不幸运,我把伞忘在了家里.我不能骑我的车,交通很拥堵,它花了我5分钟过马路.最后我遇到了查理,我们都误了数学课.如果这发生在前一天,我们就可以不说任何话回到座位上.但是今天因为老师的坏心情而被迫站在外面的寒风里.我什么都不想说.那是无用的.所以我开始和查理一起罚站.
过了一会儿,我们都发现我们冷得不能说一句话.世界似乎很安静.我突然发现有薄冰片从空中落下.“冰!”我朝着和我一样激动的查理大叫.我们期待着雪的落下但是什么都没发生.
冰安静的慢慢变白成了雪.我们沉浸其中不说话.慢慢变大,雪大得超出了我的想像.风越刮越大,雪吹到我的脸上、头发上、覆盖了我身体的每个角落.我们在雪里不能动弹,我们张开嘴尝尝冰雪,依然站在雪里,自我陶醉在美妙的雪景里.我相信这不止是雪景,它是极为美好的.它带给了我更多.它是如此的美好以至于让我不能想象.太美好了!雪下在我身上,尽管我很冷但我不想移动.
如果你住在北方,什么也没有.但自然更真实.一只鸟,一只漂亮的鹦鹉,就像天使一样飞过天空停在查理的肩膀上,又停在我的肩膀上,我不知道如何来表达我的感受,只是陶醉其中.鹦鹉没有走的意思.这是多么美好啊!我想着.
下课后雪越来越小了.可能我们失去了什么,但我们也得到了什么.我不知道它意味着什么.我只是祝愿它能给我带来好运.我永远也不会忘记那一天.
The war in Iraq impact on the global economy will linger
"The Wall Street Journal," April 7, said a signed article, the war in Iraq may be in the next few years the impact of the global economy and financial markets.
During the cold war, Henry Kissinger and the former Soviet Union the United States fighting two superpower described as "the two heavily armed blind in a house in sailing through uncharted waters."
24 years later, the Soviet Union has disintegrated, but the superpower is more than ever to be debated. The United States decided to only a small number of international forces in support of the attack on Iraq, for this purpose and its long-time ally of the United States at break, along with the war in Iraq has exposed differences within the EU, this is the strength of the release may be affected in the next few years the global economy and financial markets.
The first force is the war in Iraq. "If the war continued to crack down on consumers and businesses the confidence and expenditures affecting the decision ... ... these will be reflected in the share price, the" UBS Warburg in London, George Magnus, chief economist, said.
Secondly, before the outbreak of the war in Iraq, due to a high degree of insecurity and instability in the geopolitical situation in the impact of the 12-nation euro zone and Japanese economies have been hovering around the edge of recession. And those problems because of the slowing down of the U.S. economy further. This is because Japan and Europe over the last 5 years has been to rely on exports to the United States to sustain its economic growth momentum.
The third problem is the decline in the dollar, since the beginning of the year in 2002, the U.S. dollar against the euro exchange rate has dropped by 17 percent, the U.S. dollar against the yen exchange rate has fallen by 9.2%. "The longer the war dragged on, the dollar will fall more miserable," said Magnus. "This makes Europe and Japan (export) competitiveness and (the exporters) against an additional profit."
Less than a political background or where. Financial consulting firm Independent Strategy in London, the chief economist鲍勃麦基claims that from a single superpower led by the world into a "European core economies" with the United States against the world, the Iraq war and the outbreak of war diplomacy before and it set a precedent for the dispute.
In France and Germany under the leadership of some of the unilateral US-led challenge to the world countries that the U.S. should not be in trade, investment and political decision-making, as well as Western countries since the Second World War military alliance formed to play a decisive role.
Mackey is expected after the end of the war in Iraq, there will be a series of disputes concerning the World Trade Organization, the current Doha Round of trade negotiations, designed to further the lifting of controls on international capital flows, as well as the United Nations in resolving the political disputes the role of ( if any).
"If the global economy and the constraints of the Cold War international relations can not play a role in the mechanism, then the trend of globalization means that there is some stagnation — — perhaps some back," said Magnus of UBS Warburg. Well, free trade, international capital flows and market opening can occur, such as efforts to retrogression. "It will affect the risk premium in financial markets and economic growth," said Magnus. "If the differences can not be resolved, it will be brought about by a very serious political consequences."
Within the EU that took place on the war in Iraq confirmed the differences as follows: in a very long period of time, the European countries more closely linked to form the ultimate political union is still only a wishful thinking, Morgan Stanley, an economist in London said.
Clear winner in Europe who will not be easy. Independent Strategy's McKee pointed out that in terms of gross domestic product, and to the United Kingdom, led by Spain and Italy to support the camp compared to the American invasion of Iraq, in favor of Europe and the United States independent of the Franco-German alliance against the economy stronger.
However, as the EU expanded in 2004, the 15 member countries will increase to 25, most of the increase in new members in support of the United States. Mackey added that the trade in European countries an average of 60% occurred in the case of Europe, the independence of European countries it is very difficult. In addition to Britain, other European countries do not trade against the United States all of its foreign trade more than 10 percent, Britain's trade with the United States about 17%. Even so, 55% of British trade is with other EU countries.
Into Baghdad, there are problems. Rapid victory in the United States, French President Jacques Chirac could shut up, but if a military conflict into chaos, and that might be further encouraged to Chirac. Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder of Germany is also the case, although Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder expressed support for the first time a few days ago to oust Saddam, but he is still against the war.
Mackey said that from an investment point of view, the chaos and long-drawn-out conflicts and other U.S. dollar would no longer be attractive assets. If Iraq fails, Japan will also be losers, because of its dependence on oil imports too much, and oil prices will continue to rise.
Stockcube Research Ltd. Global strategist David Fowler said that the war will continue to put pressure on the stock market until investors to accurately aware of the change of regime in Iraq in sight. He said that the stock market will be 2-6 on the medium-term rebound in oil prices will drop to 15-20 U.S. dollars a barrel.
Followed by more bad news. He said that the market will be the main trend in the flat plate, spacing down to stage until the early 1980s than the valuation higher. On the S & P 500, that means that the dividend yield of 6% for 8-10 times earnings. In contrast, the March 31 Index dividend yield of 1.9%, to 30 times earnings.
He believed that both cases will lead the market: first, not the United States easily won the war and peace, the resulting long-term benefits is one of the world become more peaceful and democratic, more prosperous economy. In his view, the big losers will be France and Germany, because they are under the wrong note, as well as Russia, because oil prices will fall.
The second situation: since the war to become the biggest disaster since the Vietnam War, long-term result is that, with the weapons of mass destruction proliferation, the world becomes more dangerous. With the United States to pursue further political isolation, and global factors will lead to an increase in the power vacuum.
When love beckons to you, follow him, though his ways are hard and steep. And when
Health care
A new prescription for the poor
为贫穷者新开的处方
America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off
美国正在发展一个双重的健康系统，一重是为那些有个人保险的人群，而另一重则是为那些不那么富裕的人群
Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition
“IT’S
time for Dancing with the Stars!”, a woman announces enthusiastically.
At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the
east and Chinatown to the west, “dancing with the stars” means dancing
with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a
determined samba.
“是时候和明星一起跳舞了！”一位女士满怀热情地宣告。在这个坐落于房屋工程的西面，唐人街东面的纽约健康中心，“和明星起舞”的意思是和一位物理治疗师跳舞。一位老者和一个护士站起来，开始跳事先确定好的桑巴舞。
Comprehensive
Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people
active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer,
is in the company’s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate
for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs
rise and the company’s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system
is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others
seem to agree.
经营这个中心的综合护理管理部门（CCM）努力保持老人们的活力。约瑟夫-海莉，首席运营官解释说，这样做符合公司
的最佳利益。政府给这个部门一个封顶的津贴来让他们照顾这些人。如果有人生病了，他的健康成本就会上升，公司的利润就会萎缩。海莉先生确定说这个系统能够
在一个低成本上提供最佳的护理。其他人也逐渐同意这个观点。
Medicaid, America’s health programme
for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next
three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into
“managed care”, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather
than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from
California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the
culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive
their health-care treatment.
公共医疗补助，即美国的穷人健康计划，正在被改造的过程中。在接下来的
三年内，纽约将把整个接受穷人健康计划的人群纳入“管理关怀”之中，付给公司们一个事先定好的费用来照顾那些穷人，而不是按照项目来付费。纽约不是唯一这
样做的州。加州，密西西比州正在拓展管理关怀计划。这代表一种正在进行中的稳步转变，即大部分贫穷美国人接受健康关怀方式的转变。
Medicaid
is America’s single biggest health programme. This year roughly one in
five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It
gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other
than education. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama’s
health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in
2014. Congress’s “supercommittee” is already considering cuts. However,
there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change.
公
共医疗补助是美国最大的单一健康计划。今年，五个美国人中的一个就会被纳入该计划一个月或更长时间。除了教育之外，它比其他任何州的财政计划耗去更多联邦
和地方的经费。当2014年奥巴马的健康保险改革放宽适用人群而使整个计划更加庞大的时候，成本将会进一步上升。众议院的“超级委员会”已经在考虑削减经
费。然而，选择这种变化，将会有更多即刻的压力存在。
Enrolment in Medicaid jumped during the
downturn, from 42.7m in December 2007 to 50.3m in June 2010. Mr Obama’s
stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried
up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed
payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the
dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been
structural: the expansion of managed care.
公共医疗补助计划的参与人数在经济滑坡期间从2007年
12月的
4270万人跳到了2010年6月的5030万人。奥巴马先生的经济刺激经费能够帮助付掉其中的一部分，但是钱已经被用光。面对资金短缺，一些绝望的州长
砍掉了给医院和医生的补助，或是拒绝支付牙医和眼科医生的旅行费用。但是，更多地，最重要的结果是结构上的：管理关怀的拓展。
States
have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the
1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care
reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the
remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are
introducing it. Other states are extending it to people previously
deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the
elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more
than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local
politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate.
But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled.
各个州涉足管理关怀已经有几
十年的历史了。这个趋势在90年代得到加速发展，在2009年前使用这种护理方式的公共医疗补助病人占到了72%。现在，对于剩下的人，这也是很强的推动
力。像路易斯安那州这样没有管理关怀的州正在引进管理关怀。其他州也把这个拓展到原先被认为不适用的人群：举例说像加州和纽约州，正在把老人和残障人士纳
入这个系统中，德州的目标是在格兰德河谷超过400000公共医疗补助收益人群。地方政治家反对这个举动，他们担心这个护理系统将会变质。但是巨大的赤字
意味着他们的观点注定要被批驳。
The result is a country with two distinct tiers
of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still
horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to
pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is
becoming the norm.
结果就是一个国家有两套截然不同的健康保险系统。大多数有个人保险的美国人仍旧害怕那些健康管理组织的想法而宁愿为单独的医疗服务付费。对于穷人来说，管理关怀已经成为一种常规。
Advocates
of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will
make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will
improve patients’ health. In managed care, a patient has a network of
doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can
monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented
fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can
set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a
company’s payment if it does not meet what is required.
管理关怀的鼓吹者有着很高的
期待。首先，他们希望这能让成本变得可以预测，其次，他们相信，这个改变可以改善病人的健康。在管理关怀中，一个病人有一个由医生和专家组成的网络。如果
这个计划运行良好，医生可以监测关怀的各个方面，相对于分离的的按服务付钱的系统来说。州政府和公司的合同可以为质量定下标准。德州，举例说，将会在付款
中扣除5%如果公司没有达到要求的标准。
The next step is to integrate care for those
eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the
old. These “duals” account for almost 40% of Medicaid’s costs and just
15% of its population. “If managed care can really deliver better care
than fee-for-service”, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that
advises Congress on Medicaid, “this is the population that could prove
it.”
下一步是整合那些同时符合公共医疗补助和长者医疗补助计划（联邦老人医疗补助）的人群。这些“双符合”人群占据了将近40%的公共医疗补
助成本和仅仅15%的人口数量。“如果管理关怀能真正比按项目付费带来更好的服务”，戴安-罗兰德，委员会（指导国会在公共医疗补助政策上进行决策）主任
说：“这是一群能证明管理关怀可行的人。”
But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are
sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of
Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with
severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on
policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October
3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court.
但是一些人，例如像诺玛-凡斯科夫就对此表示怀疑。作为非盈利的南加州独立生活中心主任，凡斯科夫女士服务于那些有严重健康问题的接受公共医疗补助的病人。在这些年间，她经常控告加州政府在一些政策上会伤害她的一些脆弱的客户。在10月3日，她的案子被移到了上诉法院。
The
outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound
implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo’s suit concerns cuts
to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of
managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will
continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate
federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California’s payment
cuts would eviscerate her clients’ access to services, worries that
under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists
they need.
道格拉斯 v
独立生活中心的结果将会对公共医疗补助有深远的意义。凡斯科夫女士的诉讼影响到医院和医生的津贴削减。但是这个案子将会引领管理关怀的进程。如果中心和其
他原告胜诉，私人团体将会继续在那些他们认为违反联邦法律的政策上挑战州政府。凡斯科夫女士认为说加州的支付削减计划会让她的客户失去得到服务的机会，她
还担心，在管理关怀之下，那些残障人士可能不能见到那些他们需要的专家。
The question is how to
supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out
in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to
challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules
against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and
Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not
provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so.
问
题是怎么监管在不同州试运行的管理关怀。到目前为止，公共医疗补助受益者已经能够在法庭中挑战政府。然而，如果上诉法庭结果不利于中心，那么这条路将会被
关闭。如果州政府没有提供合适的关怀的话，公共医疗补助和长者医疗关怀中心理论上是能对此进行干涉，但事实上，他们没有太多办法。
“I’m
a big fan of managed care”, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George
Washington University, “but this transformation may happen with almost
no federal oversight.” Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse
health than Americans as a whole. Companies may struggle to cut costs
and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts
properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients’ health, their
experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if
states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has
vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care.
“我是
管理关怀的拥护者”，萨拉-罗森博姆，一位乔治华盛顿大学教授说，“但是这种转变可能在没有联邦监管的情况下发生。”公共医疗补助的受益者和你脆弱，健康
程度整体上比一般美国人要差。公司可能在削减成本的同时挣扎着同样提供良好的服务。如果州政府们不好好起草他们的合同，或没有警觉地监控病人的健康的话，
他们在管理关怀上的实验可能会是一场灾难。另一方面，如果州政府们认真的话，他们能为那个困扰美国人多年的问题提供答案，即怎么提供优质的便宜的健康关
怀。
