试析中专学生如何学好商务英语 随着国际商务往来的日益增多，商务英语 已经越来越受到英语专业师生的重视。尽管商 务英语作为一门热门课程已经开设多年，学生 商务英语学习状况如何，尤其是该课程学习自 主能力如何，至今还是个未知数。鉴于此，笔者 对英语专业商务英语课程自主学习情况进行了 调查。 1情况调查 2008年6月，对杭州、绍兴、金华等地6所 学校英语专业学生进行了调查。发放问卷512 份，收回有效问卷478份。调查学生平均年龄为 17.3岁，男生133人，女生345人。他们都是从 中专一年级开始学习商务英语的，学习时间接 近一年。 2调查结果 2.1商务英语学习目的明确度 如表1所示：学生一定程度了解教师的教 学目的，但不够明确；他们不能灵活的将教师的 教学目的转化为自己的学习目的；但是大部分 学生能够较好的跟上教学进度，学生个体差异 较大。 2.2商务英语学习策略的运用度 如表2所示：学生对学习策略的了解现状 不容乐观，而且听、说、读、写四个方面策略运用 发展不平衡，比较而言，他们在听力与阅读方面 策略运用较灵活，而在交际与写作方面未能熟 练掌握一些有效的学习策略。 2.3商务英语学习策略与过程的监评度 如表3所示：大部分学生不能有效的对自 己的学习策略运用情况与学习过程进行监控， 他们也不善于对自己的学习方法进行评估并不 断调整学习方法，他们也未能很好的克服一些 不利于商务英语学习的情感因素，而且不懂得 如何与他人开展合作学习。这可能缘于这方面 的培训较少。可喜的是，他们懂得学以致用。 3调查结论 调查结果表明：学生在商务英语学习中具 备一定的自主学习能力，对商务英语学习目的、 学习策略的使用、学习策略与过程的监控和评 估有一定的了解。但是，他们的学习策略发展不 平衡，不能利用元认知策略来促进商务英语学 习，合作学习效果不理想。鉴于商务英语课程的 重要性，建议商务英语教师广泛开展商务英语 学习策略的培训，并不断研究有效的合作学习 与自主学习教学模式，以此来推动学生商务跨 文化交际能力的提高。 4建议 4.1合作学习理论 合作学习是一种教学理论和策略，有五个 基本要素：a.积极的相互依赖。学生们知道他们 不仅要为自己的学习负责，而且要为他们所在 小组中其他同学的学习提供支持和帮助，实现 小组共同目标。b.面对面的促进性互动。学生通 过互相帮助、分工合作、相互激励，促进彼此间 的学习。c.个人责任制。小组内的分工要细，保 证教师分给学生的任务与角色相对应。d.小组 相处技巧。期望所有学生能进行有效地沟通，对 小组的活动提供指导，有效地解决组内冲突。e. 小组评估。各小组必须定期评价共同活动的开 展情况，应怎样提高其有效性。 4.2合作学习理论与商务英语阅读教学的 紧密结合 商务英语阅读的内容很广泛、很专业，除 了对语言材料难易程度要严格把握外，教师在 语言材料的选择范围上也要下工夫。专业素质 对学生商务英语阅读技能目标提出了具体要 求，阅读量也大幅度增加。众所周知，教学是一 种双边活动，既有教师的主观能动作用，又必须 发挥学生的主体作用，只有把这两个作用有效 地结合起来，才能达到良好的教学效果。从教育 学理论或教学经验来看，没有学生的主动性与 积极性，任何教学都不能成功。为此，在商务英 语阅读教学中，教师应精心设计各项任务，让学 生通过各种形式的小组活动来合作完成商务英 语阅读任务。学生完成阅读教学任务的过程其 实就是一个合作、互动、创新的过程。为此，教师 应着重培养学生的合作意识和合作学习能力， 关键是让他们知道用什么工具、通过什么途径 去收集有价值的信息和资料。所以合作学习理 论的应用不仅是要让学生了解阅读材料的观 点，而且要学会表达自己的观点，并在此基础上 掌握讨论问题的要领和方法。商务英语阅读教 学中的合作小组讨论可以通过以下几方面来进 行： 4.2.1对商务英语阅读材料标题、插图等展 开讨论，激发学生的学习兴趣、发挥他们的想像 力； 4.2.2对阅读材料的段落、细节、佳句、体 裁、写作特点等进行讨论，培养学生的鉴赏和概 括能力； 4.2.3对阅读材料中难句、长句、某些专业 术语和词汇展开讨论，提高学生理解和运用语 言的能力；
随着全球经济一体化趋势日益加快，国际商务活动日益频繁。这些商务活动的许多领域，如技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资等，所使用的英语统称为 商务英语 。下面是我带来的关于商务英语 毕业 论文摘要的内容，欢迎阅读参考!
商务英语毕业论文摘要(一)
商务英语特点浅析
[摘 要]商务英语是外贸人员同世界各地开展进出口贸易时用于洽谈交易、联系业务的一种应用语言。由于英汉两种截然不同语言的差异及其特定的社会功能和题材内容决定了商务英语自身与众不同的写作特点。本文拟从跨 文化 交际学的角度对商务英语的特点作一番探析，从而事倍功半地达到成功交际的目的。
[关键词]商务英语 跨文化交际 合作原则 礼貌原则 关联原则
商务英语毕业论文摘要(二)
商务英语翻译浅析
[摘要]商务英语翻译在国际贸易中起着越来越重要的作用。本文从商务英语的内涵、特点、翻译策略等方面，对商务英语的翻译进行了浅要的分析。
[关键词]商务英语翻译策略
商务英语毕业论文摘要(三)
浅谈英语商务 谈判技巧
[摘要] 随着经济全球化的发展。中国的国际贸易也越来越发达。要想和外国人做好每一笔生意，你必须了解世界各国的文化。国际贸易中跨国的商务谈判在所难免，所以你也必须懂得把全界各国商人的谈判风格研究从文化的角度来探讨国际商务谈判，分析国际商务谈判过程、世界各国商人的谈判风格，增强中国商人在国际贸易中的竞争力。
[关键词] 语言技巧谈判风格谈判技巧
以下是我带来的关于商务英语的论文，希望能帮到您!
浅谈商务英语教学
摘 要：随着中国在世界经济中的日益活跃，大学中的商务英语需求也随之增多，这是因为商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才;同时，教师如何讲好这门课也日益受到关注。所以，本文就以商务英语教学为话题进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流并最终相互促进与提高，使学生和教师双赢。
关键词：大学;商务英语;教学
随着中国在国际经济活动中的日益活跃以及自身发展的迫切需要，商务英语专业也日益成为了大学热门专业之一。商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时又具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才，因此，对于商务英语的教学既要考虑到英语知识的授予，又要注重英语能力的提高。如同一般英语一样，阅读也是商务英语语言运用中的一项重要活动，通过阅读既可以让学生掌握相关阅读技巧，从而提高阅读速度和语言能力;同时又可以培养学生接触商务知识和熟悉商务运作流程的实用能力。所以，本文就以商务英语中教学方面进行浅谈，企在与同行有所交流和相互促进与提高。
一般来说，商务英语教学应该涵盖语言学习和商务知识两方面内容，是集语言理论、商务理论及商务实践于一体的综合性教学。所以，教师的教学要结合所用教材，灵活运用 教学 方法 ，并且在教学活动中要注意活跃课堂气氛，让学生在轻松愉悦的氛围里进行知识的学习，最重要的是提高学生实际应用语言并进行交流的能力。对于该课程的教学，笔者根据多年的相关教学 经验 ， 总结 出了如下的教学建议：
第一，基本词汇是商务英语的基础，以此为基础，扩充词汇的学习，这是进行相关商务 英语阅读 的基础。可以通过将生词与已知词汇进行相关联系来实现对生词的记忆和掌握，当然，将生词放在阅读 文章 中进行学习也是一个很好的方法，或者将二者联系起来回更好。下面举例说明。
confirm一词在普通英语中作动词时的意思是“确认，证实”，如：
● His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions. (他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。)
而在商务英语中，confirm应该译为“保兑信用证”，即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。如下句：
● Payment will be made by 100% confirmed， irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。(付款方式为100% 即期，保兑，不可撤消信用证。)
那么，教师再阅读短文中就可以先将需要讲解的词汇标出，让学生说出在一般英语中的其意义;然后，在进行商务英语中所表示出的意义的讲解;最后，让学生思考并练习这些“商务意义”，注意一定要在句中，然后是整篇文章中进行理解和熟悉。
第二，具备一定商务英语词汇后就要以篇章为单位来进行训练，目的是进一步巩固所学新意(商务英语中该词汇的意义)。此阶段，最好选取一些有实用价值的英语阅读材料，在真实的商务场景中进行语言知识和商务知识的双方面习得。如：阅读文章中摘出的两句话：
● You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis.
● If a seller extends credit to a time draft， they have made a trade acceptance. The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to discount the draft.
通过加深巩固练习，学生可以跟深刻地理解discount一词。
下一步，以对话或是篇章进行知识的延伸。如下面关于产品介绍的对话：
● A： These are our new models.
B： What are their strong points?
A： There's a lot to be said for them. In the first place， they are more durable than any similar ones on the market.
B： Why does it take longer to wear out than the others?
A： The yarn is carefully selected for quality and woven very tightly in this fabric.
B： Can you leave these samples with us?
A： How long do you want to keep them?
B： About three days.
● A： That's all right
此时，引导学生进行整体把握，即：“为什么在这种语境会这么说?”为下一步中西方差异做铺垫。并且可以考虑在这个阶段的学习后增加一些课堂对话练习的活动，激发学生使用的欲望，增添真实的语境。
第三，在商务英语的教学中一定要注重商务礼节的介绍，并且还要特别之处中西方商务礼节或习惯方面的差异，以免在今后的实际运用中造成跨文化差异而带来的不必要的困扰。如：在中国，对于对方的赞美或是夸奖，为了表现出礼貌，通常受赞美或是夸奖的一方一定会说“哪里哪里”等拒绝性的答复;但是，西方人一般会去高兴地接受，往往是Thank you. / Thank you very much. 等，因为他们认为拒绝是极为不礼貌的。又如，在商务谈判时，中国人喜欢委婉而谦和地表达自己的观点;而西方人一般会开门见山，直奔主题。因此，在平时的教学中必须指出诸如此类的文化差异，一方面解答而来学生对于一些商务英语文章背景的不理解问题，另一方面也提高了学生的学习兴趣和求知的欲望，充满了好奇感和探究感。
总之，在课堂教学中一定要同时兼顾英语的基础知识而后专业知识的储备，以及英语技能和相关商务知识的积累这两方面的内容。但是，这些不是孤立的，而是相互关联和相互渗透的，可以说，一环扣一环，环环相关，某一个方面出现问题，就会影响 其它 方面的学习和提高。因此，我们在日常的教学中应该多角度、多方面进行指导，同时，也要求我们教师也要多学习、多更新自己的知识，这样才能满足学生的需求和自身的提高。
参考文献
[1] 蔡芸。培养复合型人才的有效方式--商务英语专业课程评价[J]。外语与外语教学，2001(4)。
[2] 陈建平。案例教学法与商务英语教学[J]。宁波大学学报( 教育 科学版)， 2004(5)。
[3] 刘江凤。论本科院校商务英语专业学生职业技能的培养[J]。考试周刊，2011(5)。
[4] 莫再树，张小勇，张云。基于语言经济学的商务英语教育研究[A].。湖南大学学报(社会科学版)，2006(4)。
[5] 叶兴国。新形势下的商务英语教学与研究[C]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。2008年10月。
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Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives’ trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.
A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives’ value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives’ trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.
An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option’s holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.
Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlying asset the short-term interest rate of a currency deposit in a foreign bank is called interest rate future.
On the other hand, forwards are similar agreements to futures in the sense that they both represent obligation of the contracted parts to proceed to a transaction of an agreed price at a specified date. However, forwards are not standardised contracts that can be traded in exchanges, but are tailored-to-need agreements for the specific clients and are usually available over-the-counter (for instance between a bank and the purchaser). Foreign exchange is the one of the most important underlying assets that forwards are used for, providing special trading markets for currencies. Fluctuating interest rates of different currencies create uncertainty for the future repayment of loans obtained with flexible rates. For this reason, forward rate agreements (FRAs) can be made between banks and companies, which assure that they will receive a premium from the banks if the floating rates associated with the re-payment of their loans exceeds a pre-specified amount. FRAs are also tradable, and usually are contracted for short time periods, varying from 3, 6 or 12 months.
The exact way in which loans are re-paid as related to floating interest rates created the need for swaps. Swaps are private contracts between companies to exchange interest payment obligations to banks. Under a swap arrangement, companies might be able to mutually devise loan repayments that are cheaper for both parts. Swaps, unlike FRAs, are commonly negotiated for longer periods and can be contracted and traded in similar ways to options.
From the above description of the most common derivatives, it is clear that companies have a powerful toolbox of financial instruments that can be implemented to improve their financial position. The most predominant objective of their use is the mitigation of uncertainty, with regards to future values of assets or commodities. This practice is known as hedging of risk. Hedging can be done with options. If for example a pharmaceutical company announces that in 6 months they might have a cure for cancer, the share price will go sky-high, however the financial managers might be concerned of a failure to meet this announcement. They can protect the financial position of the company by buying put options that can be exercised in case the company fails to discover the cure for cancer (and so its share will bottom down).
Such options that are issued by the company itself are called warrants. Hedging with options or warrants can be used against numerous potential declines in the share price or the whole market. Thus hedging helps to protect companies against financial instability.
Options can also be used in incentive payment schemes from companies to employees, who can be offered call options that can be exercised in the future when the corporate share will be higher. This offer provides a motivation to workers to push the share up by improving their working performance. Thus companies achieve with this indirect payment method increased productivity gains.
Another potential beneficial use of options is tax planning. Big multinational corporations can make use the of differences in tax legislation in the different countries they operate, and manage to reduce the whole payable tax or their cost of capital by trading options in different jurisdictions. Tax practitioners can design option trading in such ways that they achieve tax deductions without significant changes in the financial position of the corporation.
Hedging can also take place with futures on underlying commodities. Many major producers are uncertain of the future price of commodities essential to their business and so they use futures to ensure their production costs against price rises. Thus, they are willing to pay a premium that will ensure them against price volatilities. Under the same rationale, large investors that hold big and diversified portfolios, which are sensitive to the overall movements of share indexes, might want to hedge with share index futures. In that way they can reduce their losses if the indexes plunge.
All derivatives that are contingent to interest rate payments can also be used to hedge risks that occur from floating rates. FRAs are specifically useful in this case since they assure their holders against interest rate falls. Slightly alternative interest rate hedging techniques are used in Caps and Floors. These hedging techniques are particularly useful to firms that need to eliminate or reduce their exposure to interest rate short-term fluctuations and thus they are willing to pay a risk premium.
Risks that are associated with exchange rate volatility can also be hedged by using derivatives. Intra country economic transactions are priced according to the relative exchange rates of the currencies involved. For instance, an exported commodity that is priced one British pound in the UK does not have a steady value in Euros throughout time. This means that the same transaction can have different value, according to the level of the currency exchange rate. Multinational corporations and firms that are directly implicated to foreign trade (imports/exports) are exceptionally sensitive to volatile exchange rates and thus they are looking to employ derivatives that can help reduce this uncertainty. Futures can be used to ensure a currency transaction in the future, regardless of the exchange rate in that future time. Or when firms require greater flexibility they can use currency forwards that are not as standardised as futures and can also be individually tailored. Alternatively, firms can use currency options that not only allow them to hedge foreign exchange risk but also to make additional profits if the exchange rate is favourable.
In conclusion, derivative securities have increased the capability of financial managers to improve the financial position of their firms and mitigate uncertainty regarding the future of the business and the financial markets. The importance of derivatives can nowadays be observed by the exploding evolution of derivative exchange markets in developed economies all over the world. Derivatives, that represent a contractual agreement towards either the right or the obligation of the contractors to proceed to a pre-specified transaction in the future, can take different forms and variations, according to the specific needs of the business. However, their most common function is to reduce the risk involved in future economic transactions, so that firms or institutions can be more secured against economic uncertainty that has noticeably has imposed immense costs on entrepreneurial activities in the past. This altering of the risk profile of corporate activity, also known as hedging, can sometimes also contribute to the simultaneous achievement of great profits, allocating even more importance to derivative instruments. Furthermore, derivatives can prove beneficial to companies when used in incentive payment schemes, tax planning or loan repayments. Following the increasing use of derivative instruments the last thirty years, it is certain that their corporate use will be even more augmented through the design and implementation of new types.
References
Arnold, G. (2005), Handbook of corporate finance, Financial Times Prentice Hall
Eales, B., A., (1995), Financial Risk Management, McGraw Hill: Maidenhead
Hull, J., C., (2000), Options futures and other derivatives, (5th edit.), Prentice Hall International
Taylor, F., (2000), Mastering derivatives markets, (2nd edit.), Financial Times Prentice Hall
Winston, D., (1995), Financial Derivatives, Chapman and Hall: London
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