企业标准化论文及英文文献

英语论文参考文献标准格式

在各领域中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。那么一般论文是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文参考文献标准格式，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

用Times New Roman.每一条目顶格，如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。

参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。

1）英文参考文献：

（1）专著与编著

排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。

例如：

Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993.

专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。

例如：

Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971.

A、两个至三个作者

第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号；每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。

例如：

B、三个以上作者

第一作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。

例如：

University of Hawaii Press, 1997.

C、同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：

Widdowson, Henry G1998a.

Widdowson, Henry G. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1998b.

（2）论文集

参照下例：

Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.

（3）百科全书等参考文献

参照下例：

Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2001.

（4）学术期刊论文

参照下例：

Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”.

（5）网络文献

参照下例：

“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”.

（6）专著：

参照下例：

皮亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984.

（7）期刊文章：

参照下例：

杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.

（8）学位论文

参照下例：

梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学,2002.

（9）论文集

参照下例：

许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.

（10）附录

2）中文参考文献

一、参考文献的类型

参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：

[M]--专着，着作

[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》

[N]-- 报纸文章

[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版

[D]--学位论文 :不区分硕士还是博士论文

[R]--报告：一般在标题中会有“关于****的.报告”字样

[S]-- 标准

[P]--专利

[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章

[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母“Z”标识，但这种情况非常少见

常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：

[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)

[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)

[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)

[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)

[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)

[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)

很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源。

二、参考文献的格式及举例

1.期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)起止页码。

【举例】

[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星。对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.

[2] 夏鲁惠。高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1)：46-52.

[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3)： 62 67.

2.专着类

【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码。

【举例】

[4] 刘国钧，王连成。图书馆史研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1979:15-18,31.

[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.

3.报纸类

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)。

【举例】

[6] 李大伦。经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3)。

[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33)。

4.论文集

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名 [C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】

[8] 伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979:12-17.

[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.)。 Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.

[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.)。 Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.

5.学位论文

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】

[11] 张筑生。微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所， 1983:1-7.

6.研究报告

【格式】[序号]作者。名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码。

【举例】

[12] 冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院， 1997:9-10.

7.专利

【格式】[序号]专利所有者。题名[P].国别：专利号，发布日期。

8.标准

【格式】[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S].

【举例】

[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].

9.条例

【格式】[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期

【举例】

[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会。科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05

10.电子文献

【格式】[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期。

【举例】

[16] 王明亮。关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].

[17] 万锦。中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993)。英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京： 中国大百科全书出版社， 1996.

11.各种未定义类型的文献

【格式】[序号] 主要责任者。文献题名[Z].出版地：出版者， 出版年。

特别说明：凡出现在“参考文献”项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角，如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换，则换到半角状态就可以了，如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能，直接关闭中文输入法，在英文输入状态下输入即可。

其实，很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合：

(1)中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在“参考文献”中的;

(2)中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在“参考文献”中的;

上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同，其它都一样

(3)英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/

(4)英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.:[1]-/

从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)

所以，很多人在写“参考文献” 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格。

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：

①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母。 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.

②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.

三、注释

注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

International private enterprises external constraints and the Government Service InnovationAbstract: In the opening to the outside world situation growing, private enterprises can not be separated from the internationalization of the rational power of the Government. This paper analyzes the internationalization of private enterprises of the external constraints, a private enterprise internationalization of innovation need to government services.Keywords: private enterprises of the external factors of international service innovationWith the world economy, increasing globalization, China has become the world's fourth-largest economy, including private enterprises in economic development by increasing the role. Private enterprises are faced with not only the competitiveness of domestic firms and foreign multinational companies are faced with challenges. Therefore, expanding the opening up of the situation, the private enterprises to develop and grow, not only to make use of domestic markets and resources, but also going out to implement the strategy and the internationalization of private enterprises, in a broader competitive environment to meet the challenge. Towards world-class enterprise can not be separated from the support of the Government, the Government should be private enterprise to provide a good environment, strengthening innovation services.International private enterprises external constraintsAt present, the development of private enterprises in China has made great achievements, but our small and medium-sized private enterprises still dominated the majority of private enterprises through the first start of the primitive accumulation period, being the second business, the implementation of international strategy, international operations, enterprises must create a certain degree of accumulation and the capacity and conditions. However, the internationalization of private enterprises of the potential hindering the external environment, so that many companies fall into the plight of the development.(A) financial bottlenecks encounteredAt present, private enterprises, especially those in the survival of small and medium-sized financial institutions from the public it is difficult to obtain adequate financing for development. These enterprises can apply for loans to small, low visibility due to take the way of external financing is very difficult. Most of them only through self-financing and non-formal channels of access to capital financing. High-risk and cost of financing and financial situation of the shortage of channels for private enterprises has seriously hampered the pace of foreign trade, and even lead to business in the international competition of mortality. Small and medium-sized private financing has been difficult for many entrepreneurs and scholars is the focus of attention.(B) a means of macroeconomic management and weak controlWorld experience shows that early investments in overseas enterprises often rely on the Government to promote the policy of a powerful force for success. Although China's government issued a series to promote the internationalization of enterprises to develop business-friendly policies and measures, but because of China's foreign investment is still at the initial stage, matching the policy support system is not yet complementary, business in the overseas investment in all aspects of the lack of government support is often difficult to deal with strong pressure from overseas competitors. In addition, trade management, due to export credit, export tax rebate policy areas such as discrimination, the private enterprises to develop foreign trade have been hampered enthusiasm objectively the impact of the development of its foreign trade. In addition, the external examination and approval system in China remains low efficiency, high-threshold, approval of part of a very complicated, resulting in the loss of overseas investment enterprises a good opportunity, but also caused a great deal of foreign direct investment is not officially sanctioned by the law.In addition, a considerable number of private enterprises drifted away from the government service, science and technology management departments at all levels of government does not control the basic means, can only cope in a passive way, on the one hand, private enterprise policies and the urgent need to understand industry trends, and the other aspects of management of private enterprises to master the basic situation is not, as well as private enterprises and government services, international difficult to form a virtuous circle, hindering the development of private enterprises.(C) The narrow access to informationLarge enterprises or enterprise groups operating on the general risks and traps the international market through various channels and timely access to information, and can effectively resolve and circumvent. However, for SMEs, because of its strength is limited, through the establishment of offices or other non-governmental channels to collect a lot of the limitations of information, leading to corporate ownership information is not adequate, the narrow access to information, to a large extent an increase of private enterprises "going out" of blindness. Moreover, outside of private enterprises to expand means less risk-averse, often become the victims of the international market transactions. Government of Romania, such as by modifying the "entry and residence of foreign residents Ordinance" to stay and lead to a sharp deterioration in business environment, the vast majority of Chinese under attack, and even forced to leave. Another example in Russia, Spain, clothing, many small and medium-sized products that were destroyed or seized, resulting in substantial economic losses.(D) not yet employed a sound social security systemA comprehensive and systematic solution to the social security system are employees of private enterprises to worry about a big problem. The current work in this area is still weak, many private enterprises to social insurance policy a lack of understanding, enterprise operators the corresponding legal obligations is not clear, the agencies do not participate in the social insurance of the owners there is no uniform means of coercive measures and to be constrained thereby increasing the number of people lucky enough to escape the psychological security of the history of coverage refusal. Therefore, only employees of private enterprises to improve the social security system, private enterprise can come into the staff, retain, Well done, in order to stimulate more scientific and technical personnel engaged in private enterprises. Management of private enterprises to international competition faced, but the final analysis, the biggest competition is the "talent" competition. China's private enterprises employed a lower overall level of education, lack of follow-up driving force for development. I investigated some of private enterprises in Zhejiang Province, found that the current management of private enterprises, not only in the lack of high-level operators, in scientific research and quality control team is also a lack of post high professional titles of the implementation of those products and services in production the lack of high-quality first-line for the skilled workers, the all-round, three-dimensional talent gap will be the development of private enterprises to a very adverse impact must be improved.Government services, innovationDevelopment of foreign trade should not only focus on the promotion of exports of large enterprise groups, more attention should be paid to small and medium-sized private enterprises to improve international competitiveness. For the internationalization of private enterprises, the Government must change its functions, the private enterprises "going out" strategy, the innovative service concepts, and to enhance international cooperation, to build a unified, consistent with the laws of the market enterprises "going out" policy to support, for private enterprises development of fair competition order.(A) private enterprises to create a positive international environment for the development of good1. Multi-channel solution to the problem of insufficient funds. The implementation of tax incentives, to provide for the overseas investment of private enterprises can enjoy income tax relief, and its processing products have been imported outside the country, can enjoy certain amount of customs duties, value-added tax concessions to foreign machinery and equipment used in the majority of raw materials duty-free, giving priority to export quotas; the establishment of a policy of internationalization of corporate finance guarantee funds to start such as the export tax rebate loans, accounts receivable, such as export credit loans of the innovative ways; the establishment and improvement of export credit system, foreign trade development fund to adjust the use of the direction of the establishment of exports and credit growth in the size of the synchronization mechanisms for small and medium-sized private enterprises to expand export production to provide the necessary financial support; the expansion of export credit insurance and the size of the field for private enterprises to provide a full range of business investment and trade policy; multi-funding the establishment of private enterprises venture capital fund or loan guarantee fund; concentration of private enterprises in the region, approved the establishment of private enterprises can be mutual funds; to allow private enterprises, subject to conditions, such as financing through the issuance of bonds for multi-channel solution to private enterprises create the conditions for funding sources.2. To strengthen macro-management overhead. Accelerate the improvement of foreign investment legislation, the reform of foreign trade administration system, in accordance with the requirements of open markets, strengthen the guidance of foreign trade and economic planning, policy guidance, administrative services and supervision of the work, the focus from the work of the Government for approval and management of specific shift for the development of foreign trade and economic development planning and policy, administrative regulations and standardize the operation of up to private enterprises "going out" system to create a good condition. Goods such as real-time tracking system to speed up the building, vigorously push forward the "electronic port" network engineering, enterprise internationalization provide convenient customs clearance service and thoughtful.Government and private enterprises to enhance communication, strengthen the protection of private property, and in the foreign exchange management, active in the implementation of private enterprises "going out" strategy to provide quality services and policy support, to create a relaxed, uniform rules, policy transparency, consistent with the requirements of the market economy open, fair and just environment. In the capital market access to the private enterprises to "national treatment", the same industry in different ownership enterprises should enjoy the same treatment.Government administration is the regulation and control means necessary for the development of private enterprises and private enterprises can not develop without the statutory and, if necessary, the standardization of management and innovative services with the times. Such as support from the Guangdong Provincial Government established the National Private Enterprise Center, the first complaint the majority of private entrepreneurs has been the sincere welcome.(B) build a positive foreign trade information service system1. The information services provided by the Government as an important component of quality service. To foreign enterprises, projects, capital and the basic situation of a national database as the main contents of which the corresponding private enterprises "going out" system management services; perfect "going out" operational statistical system for foreign investment and cooperation projects and related data for dynamic analysis, which promptly adjust the national macro-management policies; play I embassies and consulates in the first-line role in the collection of multi-country laws, regulations and specific business information for the vast number of private enterprises to enter international market opportunities .2. Start Internet works export enterprises. Actively support and guide the private export enterprises access international e-commerce, encourage enterprises to take the path information. Help enterprises to develop and adopt a unified information technology solutions to open up international markets to expand the online transactions. Between domestic and foreign enterprises to speed up large-scale construction of e-commerce trading platform to help enterprises to establish a relatively reliable and stable supply chain trade, enhance access to business information.3. To develop a standardized and effective early warning and emergency disposal mechanism. Small and medium-sized private enterprises in China as a result of access to information often narrow and in foreign countries "against" the actual situation, the Government's protective measures in addition to early warning and timely information, should also help small and medium-sized multi-channel selection of a suitable investment, while for in a certain country or region to invest in the operation of small and medium-sized, but also through our embassies and consulates to provide real-time early warning operational risk information, operational risks in time to resolve.(C) employees of private enterprises and improve the social security systemFor private enterprises "going out", the Government's service innovation is also reflected in the Government should take active measures to update the concept of strengthening the awareness of the small and medium enterprises establish and improve the social security of employees working mechanism to encourage SMEs to strengthen multi-level, multi-form the research cooperation and promote the internationalization of private enterprises to develop in depth.1. Employees of private enterprises to improve the social security system, to promote the flow of talent. To change the social security system of "differential treatment" for "social treatment", to establish equality of rights and obligations for all the idea of shared, standardized social security system, establish and improve the characteristics of Chinese social security system of laws and regulations. To pay special attention to small and medium-sized private enterprises, "insurance" problem of the "escape security" and "history of coverage refusal" of the business owners must take punitive measures. The social security system to increase the publicity, education and guide the whole society every citizen awareness of social security. Social insurance for long in the work of leadership should be the rights of some departments to a relatively concentrated sector, the relevant departments under the coordination of arrangements, from the financial, audit, health, and civil affairs departments to monitor.2. To enhance the flow of talent-oriented news. Through newspapers, magazines, radio, television and other multi-media coverage of some of the development of private enterprises, give full play to the role of public opinion, promote the flow of talent. The development of social intermediary organizations, recommended by professionals for private enterprises, the introduction of talent. Government functions and departments should actively create conditions for them, and guide private enterprises to establish direct and Universities network employing the "train orders" mode and explore the potential of schools for business services professionals to create a good cycle of renewal of knowledge.3. To encourage private enterprises and institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutes to establish a stable relationship between the scientific and technological cooperation, the joint establishment of various types of scientific research institutions, to conduct joint scientific and technological research of public relations. To encourage and support private enterprises to establish the conditions of high-tech research and development centers, engineering research centers, technology center. Encourage qualified enterprises to set up private technology companies post-doctoral workstations, experimental base doctorate or master's degree. Private S & T to encourage qualified enterprises to actively declare all kinds of national and provincial scientific research and development projects。【希望可以帮助你哦】