哈姆雷特论文的参考文献

《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的作品，主要讲的是一个王子为父报仇，杀了他的叔叔的 故事 。下面是我带来的关于莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中的人文主义思想的内容，欢迎阅读参考!莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中的人文主义思想 范文 ：试论莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中的人文主义思想 摘要：莎士比亚是文艺复兴时代英国乃至整个欧洲最伟大的资产阶级人文主义作家。在西方戏剧史和世界文学中享有崇高的地位。他的作品深刻的反映了16世纪至17世纪的英国现实，集中代表了整个欧洲文艺复兴的文学成就，为世界文学做出了巨大的贡献。《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚最著名的悲剧之一代表了莎士比亚最高的艺术成就。本文主要通过对悲剧《哈姆雷特》的创作背景及内容的分析与研究来探索莎士比亚的人文主义思想表现及其意义。 关键词：莎士比亚;《哈姆雷特》;人文主义 一、《哈姆雷特》的创作背景 1.1 人文主义的诞生及其发展 人文主义有很深的历史渊源。其中的人本思想和理性精神来自古希腊罗马 文化 ，其平等、博爱的思想来自基督教精神。近代欧洲人文主义思想诞生于文艺复兴时期的意大利。人文主义(也叫人本主义)是文艺复兴的核心思想。人文主义精神是一种乐观向上、积极进取的人生观和价值观。它反对教会的来世观念和禁欲主义，肯定人的崇高地位，主张一切以“人”为本，要求把人的思想、感情、智慧从宗教神学的束缚中解放出来，肯定现世生活，歌颂爱情和个性解放，针对封建压迫和封建等级制度，人文主义鼓吹仁慈、博爱，纯真的友谊和崇高品德，提倡个性自由。总之，人文主义反映了新的时代精神，它体现出了意气风发，朝气蓬勃和乐观进取的精神，极大地冲击了腐朽的封建思想文化，为人们的精神世界开辟了一个崭新的天地。 人文主义在意大利诞生以后，就开始不断地向外传播，并且不断的得到发展。大约在15世纪、16世纪传到英国。人文主义思想在欧洲得到了广泛的传播同时，也不断地为愈来愈多的人所接受。莎士比亚就生活在这个封建制度开始瓦解，新兴资产阶级开始上升的大转折时期。当时中世纪以宗教神学为代表的蒙昧主义思想走向没落，资产阶级以个人主义为中心的世界观日益深入人心，“人文主义”在社会思潮中开始占据统治地位。正是在这个背景下莎士比亚写出了悲剧《哈姆雷特》来反映资产阶级人文主义思想同封建势力的较量和斗争，大胆地批判封建制度的残酷黑暗及对人性的禁锢，并以先进力量的暂时失败为结局，来控诉封建等级制度和封建思想的罪恶。莎士比亚的创作为人文主义思想在英国和欧洲的传播起了巨大的推动作用。 需要指出的是：人文主义者反封建思想而不反封建王权，反教会腐败、教会愚弄而不反宗教本身。绝大多数的人文主义思想者都是拥护王权的基督教教徒。他们对《圣经》的原文进行重新认识和解释，从里边找出人生而平等，不分种族，无论贵贱都是上帝的选民和仁慈、宽恕、博爱的思想，并将这些思想发展成最原始的自由、平等、博爱的伦理道德也就是我们常说的资产阶级的人道主义精神。因此，从某种意义上说，人文主义是对古代文化与中世纪文化的 总结 性继承、发展和变革，是人本精神和基督教精神的结合。 1.2 基于人文主义思想的取材 《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的代表作。丹麦王子为父报仇的故事最早见于12世纪丹麦历史学家撒克莱•格拉马提库斯的《丹麦史》中。文艺复兴时期法国作家贝尔佛莱斯特的《剧故事》中也有类似内容。一般认为《哈姆雷特》是根据托马斯基德的同名旧剧和其《西班牙悲剧》改编而来。哈姆雷特的故事发生在中世纪的欧洲，当时欧洲正处于封建教会势力和封建王权势力统治之下。虽然如此，但是莎士比亚并没有局限于教会和封建势力统治之下，而是通过基于人文主义观点处理原来的题材，运用巧妙的艺术构思和娴熟的艺术技巧，把人文主义思想融入到作品中去，用人文主义的观点和思想同封建思想文化和教会势力对抗。把只是单纯为父报仇的故事改编为社会悲剧，使它具有强烈的时代气息和深刻的社会意义，大大深化了故事的主题。 二、人文主义思想在《哈姆雷特》中的表现 1.1 哈姆雷特的故事情节 《哈姆雷特》讲述的是丹麦王子哈姆雷特在德国人文主义思想中心威登堡大学求学，他的父亲突然暴死，得到父王的噩耗后，他立即回国奔丧。其时，叔父克劳迪斯正要登上王位，母亲正匆匆要改嫁给新王。一连串不幸的消息使他痛苦不已，抑郁寡欢，厌世之情开始在他灵魂深处产生。正当新王与母后举行婚礼的狂欢之夜,父亲的鬼魂在城堡上空出现,向王子诉说自己的死亡真相，告诉他自己是被弟弟克劳迪斯谋杀而死的，克劳迪斯趁他午睡时,将毒草汁滴入他的耳中,毒死了他。 父亲的鬼魂要王子为他报仇。哈姆雷特下决心替父复仇，为证实叔父谋杀父亲的真相，他开始装疯，在众人面前装出一副精神失常、语言癫狂的样子。阴险狡诈、诡计多端的克劳迪斯开始怀疑起哈姆雷特，先后派遣哈姆雷特的老同学去试探他，被哈姆雷特看穿识破。一天，哈姆雷特乘一个戏剧班子进宫演出之机，授意他们演出了一出凶杀戏《捕鼠机》，邀请新王和王后一起前来观看。这出戏讲的是在维也纳发生的一个蓄意杀兄案，内容是一个维也纳的公爵被他的一个近亲在花园里毒死，不久这个凶手还取了公爵夫人的爱。他通过这出戏来影射其叔父克劳迪斯的行为，来证实事情的真伪。果然，在观看演出中，哈姆雷特发现新王面容失色、惊慌失措、坐立不安，戏未终场，便仓皇退席。鬼魂的话得到证实，哈姆雷特断定新王确是弑父篡位的叔父!与此同时，克劳迪斯为搞清哈姆雷特“演戏”的意图,授意王后找哈姆雷特谈话,同时派波洛涅斯躲在内宫帷幕后面偷听。哈姆雷特的母亲责备他对克劳迪斯无礼。哈姆雷特反唇相讥，言辞激烈，气得母亲一阵尖叫, 呼喊救命。帷幕后面也跟着发出声响。听到帷幕后的声响，哈姆雷特误以为克劳迪斯在偷听,便拔剑将其刺死。可倒下的却是老波洛涅斯。克劳迪斯害怕哈姆雷特会伤害自己，想出一个借刀杀人之计,匆匆派人把哈姆雷特遣送到英国,暗中让他们携信给英主,让英主处掉他。 在去英国的途中,哈姆雷特发现新王的信件,将计就计,改写了文句,让遣送他的人到英国替他送死,自己则借通过海盗的帮助返回丹麦。这时奥菲利娅因父亲被爱人杀死、爱人哈姆雷特被遣离国,伤心过度,精神失常，后溺水身亡。波洛涅斯之子雷欧提斯纠集一伙反叛者要为父报仇。不久,哈姆雷特和雷欧提斯在奥菲利娅的葬礼上相遇。仇人见面，分外眼红。雷欧提斯向哈姆雷特提出挑战。阴险的克劳迪斯唆使雷欧提斯与哈姆雷特比剑决斗,他在雷欧提斯的剑尖上涂了毒药,在哈姆雷特身旁放了一杯毒酒，阴谋让哈姆雷特或死于剑下,或饮鸩身亡。在决斗中，哈姆雷特取胜。比剑休息时分，雷欧提斯乘其不备,用毒剑刺伤了哈姆雷特。哈姆雷特顿时警觉, 夺下毒剑也反刺对方。雷欧提斯知道自己不能活命,当众披露了克劳迪斯的毒计。这时王后因误饮了毒酒而死。哈姆雷特怒不可遏,怀着新仇旧恨,用毒剑、毒酒一齐加于克劳迪斯，杀死克劳迪斯，惩罚了这个元凶，报了父仇，同时自己亦毒发身亡。四人同归于尽，哈姆雷特在临死前嘱咐好友霍拉旭继续他未尽的事业让人们认识社会的真实面貌，更好地正视它、改造它。 1.2 人文主义在人物形象哈姆雷特中的体现 哈姆雷特算是世界文学史上最具争议性的艺术形象。所谓“一百个人就有一百个哈姆雷特”，就概括了这个艺术典型的复杂性。把它视为文艺复兴时代人文主义思想家的观点占主流。哈姆雷特是莎士比亚极力塑造的一个人文主义者的典型形象。 在《哈姆雷特》中冲突始终围绕王子为父报仇这个中心展开。哈姆雷特出身王室，却在当时新文化中心的德国威登堡大学接受人文主义 教育 ，他接受了许多与传统和教会截然不同的人文主义新思想和新观念。认为人是“了不起的杰作”,是“宇宙的精华!万物的灵长!”而世界则是“一栋壮丽的帐幕”，一个“金黄色的火球点缀着的庄严屋宇”，表现出当时人文主义所特有的民主意识与人性光辉。哈姆雷特是个典型的学者型王子，他文武全才，光明磊落，而且作为艺术典型，人文主义的长处和局限在其言行中得到了生动的体现。一方面，哈姆雷特观察敏锐，长于思考和分析，具有思想家的全部素质。 他由个人的不幸想到普遍的苦难，由宫廷阴谋看到时代动乱，从而把个人复仇提到重整乾坤的高度。他曾多次问自己：“除了我—倒霉的我以外，谁还能改变这‘混乱颠倒的世界’?这就是哈姆雷特改造社会的人文主义的世界观。另一方面，作为一个人文主义者，他过分相信自己，太重理想。虽然，他勇于探索，但往往脱离实际，虽然受到人民群众的热爱，却不相信他们，始终使自己处于孤立的地步。在作品中，哈姆雷特说：“那是一个荒芜不治的花园，长满恶毒的秀草”，世界“是一所很大的牢狱”。这些意象象征性地告诉我们，上帝失落了，而魔鬼却活着，世界变成冷酷的世界，变成一个颠倒的时代。这样一个时代的哈姆雷特却是一个处于理想与现实中的矛盾人物形象，是一个人文主义者。哈姆雷特不具备一个王子，未来国王的气度和胆略。哈姆雷特在复仇中一再拖延，错过许多良机，比如在克劳狄斯忏悔的时候，他完全有能力有机会把罪恶的国王杀死，而他却以为克劳狄斯是在向神忏悔，这个时候杀死他不仁慈，会受到神的责怪。这从一个侧面反映了哈姆雷特的人文主义精神，却更能反映他遇事的不果断和缺乏勇气。一个王者通常是不讲游戏规则的，哈姆雷特为他所具的人文主义气质所害，导致最后悲剧的发生。 从以上的分析我们可以知道:《哈姆雷特》中的人文主义首先体现在哈姆雷特对人类的态度上,还体现在他对人和事物的平等观念上，更体现在主人公哈姆雷特的性格特征上。 1.3 人文主义在内容上的体现 《哈姆雷特》是一出人文主义思想家的悲剧，在这部悲剧中，莎士比亚的人文主义思想得到了充分的实现。莎士比亚在哈姆雷特身上寄托着自己的理想。哈姆雷特是人文主义思想者理想的代表人物，剧中他与克劳迪斯的冲突真实地反映了人文主义思想与英国现实社会的尖锐矛盾，反映了伊丽莎白女王统治末年的英国现实。 戏剧一开头, 莎士比亚就展现了一幅丑恶的社会画面：丹麦发生宫廷政变,老国王被害,王位被野心家和阴谋家克劳迪斯窃取。在新王的统治下，社会黑暗、政治腐败、外敌压境、民怨沸腾，窃取得来的王位岌岌可危。哈姆雷特与文艺复兴时期的许多先进人物一样崇尚科学，重视理智，不轻信，不盲从。父亲鬼魂出现之后，他仍然冷静观察，冷静思考，提醒自己“要先得一些比这更切实的证据”。他说：“能够把感情和理智调整得那么适当，命运不能把他玩弄于指掌之间”。在别人眼里，他也是当时多才多艺的人文主义者的典范。奥菲莉娅描述他是“朝臣的眼睛、学者的辩舌、军人的利剑、国家所瞩望的一朵娇花;时流的明镜、人伦的典范、举世瞩目的中心。”这样的一个“可爱的王子”，自然会得到民众的拥戴，这点，连他的敌人克劳狄斯都不得不承认。 克劳狄斯一再说：“他是为胡涂的群众所喜爱的”，“一般民众对他都有很大的好感”。但是，他的人文主义理想却与丑恶的现实发生了矛盾。他从威登堡回国后所看到的一切使他非常失望，国内展现在他面前的是“压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼，被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延，官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视。”生活对他来说，成了一个沉重的负担。在他认识到世间混乱的同时，他幸福而美满的家庭也遭受了巨变，他所崇拜和热爱的父亲突然死去，他所爱的母亲很快就同他新登基的叔父结了婚，叔父登基后过着“酗酒取乐”糜烂生活，而且还得到朝臣的拥护。邻帮挪威蠢蠢欲动。宫廷腐化堕落，社会动荡不安，国家处于内忧外患的严重时刻。这一系列事件使他认识到了生活中的丑恶与阴暗，一个人文主义者的生活理想，开始破灭了。但人文主义并没有在他身上消亡，而是成为鞭策他的动力。他站在一个人文主义者的高度上，渐渐的认识到他的行动不单单是为父报仇，而是与整个国家的命运息息相关。他有责任和义务改造这个混乱不堪的世界。他的这种崇高的精神，正体现了人文主义者的思想。在作品中，莎士比亚还表达了他对社会底层的劳苦大众的深切同情，尖锐地抨击了社会上层统治阶级的贪婪和残忍。反映了人文主义自由、平等、博爱的思想和反封建腐败的思想。 三、《哈姆雷特》的人文主义思想及其意义 莎士比亚在《哈姆雷特》中将人类发展过程中的问题展现出来但是他并没有找到变革社会的途径和方式。在作品中，哈姆雷特虽然杀死了敌人，但仅仅是除掉了一个恶人，而不是整个人文主义者整个理想和事业上的成功。他自己也认识到这一点，临死前他希望好友霍拉旭把他的故事讲述给世人，让人们认识社会的真实面貌，更好地正视它、改造它。哈姆莱特所处的时代封建势力虽然已经腐朽但仍占统治地位，并有原始积累时期出现的新的罪恶势力与之结合，在力量对比方面暂时还大大超过了人文主义所代表的新生力量。而哈姆雷特所代表的人文主义者本身又有很大的局限性。他们把社会的斗争看作“善”与“恶”的斗争，把改革社会的希望寄托在开明君主身上。在政治上是改良主义者，在行动上是孤军作战者。 哈姆雷特是个具有先进理想并勤于思索的人文主义者。他的理想和严酷的现实发生了尖锐的矛盾。精神的危机，理想的破灭，使他悲郁愤懑，痛苦异常，也促使他不断思索，加深对社会的认识。他从家庭的变故看到宫墙外的社会问题，有强烈的责任感，然而只相信个人的作用，强调思想的力量，因而矛盾重重，思考多于行动，时时感到忧郁、茫然，行动犹豫、延宕。生活在英国新兴势力还处于幼稚阶段的哈姆雷特，找不到也不可能找到正确的途径，最后他虽然奋然一击，与敌人同归于尽，但忧郁始终伴随着他，伟大的理想并未实现。莎士比亚在哈姆雷特身上寄托了人文主义的美好理想，但是哈姆雷特的性格特征和悲剧结局也反映了人文主义的思想危机和致命弱点。 哈姆雷特所处的时代和人文主义的局限性决定了他不可能去发动群众，依靠群众，因此只能孤军奋战，最后被封建的恶势力所吞没。从某种意义上说，哈姆雷特的悲剧不仅仅是一出个人的悲剧，而是人文主义者和整个时代的悲剧。然而，作为一个悲剧人物和一个人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特的意义并不在于它是否成功的消灭了罪恶，改造了现实，重整了乾坤，而在于他揭示了理想与现实的距离，先进与落后之间的矛盾，以及缩短这种距离、解决这种矛盾的必要性和迫切性。另外，他对于人和世界的看法也加深了我们对于文艺复兴时期人文主义理想与精神的了解。 作为一个典型的人文主义者的代表，哈姆雷特以他悲壮的死讴歌了个性的尊严，赢得了对封建的旧制度旧思想和黑暗势力精神上的胜利，鼓舞了后世人文主义思想者的斗争和不屈的斗志。他那崇高的品格、忧国忧民的使命感和热情高昂的思想力量，作为一种永恒的精神财富，也必将为 爱好 正义的人所珍视。 参考文献 莫洛佐夫.《莎士比亚传》.许海燕，吴俊忠译 湖南人民出版社1984年 《莎士比亚全集》 朱生豪译 人民教育出版社 1994年11月 金元浦.张良村等.《外国文学史》华东师范大学 2004年1月第一版 刘念慈.曾繁亭等.《外国作家作品专题研究》山东人民出版社 2001年6月第一版 王玮.李宏图.《世界通史教程近代卷》山东人民出版社 2004年8月第三版 庄锡昌.刘文明等《西方文化史》高等教育出版社 1999年6月第一版 莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》简介 《哈姆雷特(Hamlet)》是由威廉·莎士比亚创作于1599年至1602年间的一部悲剧作品。戏剧讲述了叔叔克劳狄斯谋害了哈姆雷特的父亲，篡取了王位，并娶了国王的遗孀乔特鲁德;哈姆雷特王子因此为父王向叔叔复仇。《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚所有戏剧中篇幅最长的一部。本剧是前身为莎士比亚纪念剧院的英国皇家莎士比亚剧团演出频度最高的剧目。 世界著名悲剧之一，也是莎士比亚最负盛名的剧本，具有深刻的悲剧意义、复杂的人物性格以及丰富完美的悲剧艺术手法，代表着整个西方文艺复兴时期文学的最高成就。同《麦克白》、《李尔王》和《奥赛罗》一起组成莎士比亚“四大悲剧”。 莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》创作背景 十六、十七世纪之交，英国正处在封建制度向资本主义制度过渡时期，这个时期是英国历史进程中的一个巨大转折。 伊丽莎白统治的繁荣时期，资产阶级支持王权，而王权正好利用资产阶级，两方面不仅不对立，还结成了暂时的同盟。由于政局比较稳定，社会生产力获得了迅速的发展。这种新兴资本主义生产关系的发展，虽然加速了封建社会的崩溃，却仍然是依靠残酷地剥削农民来进行的。詹姆斯一世继位以后，专制集权被进一步推行，资产阶级和劳动人民的反抗遭到了大肆镇压。社会矛盾进一步激化，它从根本上动摇了封建秩序，同时为十七世纪英国资产阶级革命准备了条件，莎士比亚的创作正是对这个时代的艺术的深刻的反映。 《哈姆雷特》是借丹麦八世纪的历史反映十六世纪末和十七世纪初的英国社会现实。当时的英国，如前所述，是一个“颠倒混乱的时代”，而《哈姆雷特》正是“这个时代的缩影”。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳迪斯的斗争，象征着 新兴资产阶级人文主义者与反动的封建王权代表的斗争。通过这一斗争，作品反映了人文主义理想同英国黑暗的封建现实之间的矛盾，揭露了英国封建贵族 地主阶级与新兴资产阶级之间为了争夺权力而进行的殊死较量，批判了王权与封建邪恶势力的罪恶行径。 文艺复兴运动使欧洲进入了“人”的觉醒的时代，人们对上帝的信仰开始动摇。在“个性解放”的旗帜下“为所欲为”，这是当时的一种时代风尚。这一方面是思想的大解放，从而推动了社会文明的大发展;另一方面，尤其是到了文艺复兴的 晚期，随之产生的是私欲的泛滥和社会的混乱。面对这样一个热情而又混乱的时代，人到中年的莎士比亚，已不像早期那样沉湎于人文主义的理想给人带来的乐观与浪漫，而表现出对理想与进步背后的隐患的深入思考，《哈姆莱特》正是他对充满隐患 而又混乱的社会的一种审美观照。 猜你喜欢： 1. 莎士比亚的励志故事 2. 名著读后感2000字 3. 哈姆雷特读后感 4. 人教版高二历史必修3第二单元检测试题及答案 5. 《世界的文化杰作》练习题及答案

Hamlet and Ophelia, by Dante Gabriel RossettiPrince Hamlet is the main character in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet.Views of HamletPerhaps the most straightforward view sees Hamlet as seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. The most standard view is that Hamlet is highly indecisive, which is the view as proposed by Coleridge, and a number of other critics. "Shakespeare wished to impress upon us the truth, that action is the chief end to existence". The 1948 movie with Laurence Olivier in the title role is introduced by a voiceover: "This is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind."T.S. Eliot offers a similar view of Hamlet's character in his critical essay, "Hamlet and His Problems" (The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism). He states, "We find Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' not in the action, not in any quotations that we might select, so much as in an unmistakable tone...".Others see Hamlet as a person charged with a duty that he both knows and feels is right, yet is unwilling to carry out. In this view, all of his efforts to satisfy himself of King Claudius' guilt, or his failure to act when he can, are evidence of this unwillingness, and Hamlet berates himself for his inability to carry out his task. After observing a play-actor performing a scene, he notes that the actor was moved to tears in the passion of the story and compares this passion for an ancient Greek character, Hecuba, in light of his own situation:Hamlet reclines next to Ophelia in Edwin Austin Abbey's The Play Scene in Hamlet"O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I!Is it not monstrous that this player here,But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,Could force his soul so to his own conceitThat from her working all his visage wan'd;Tears in his eyes, distraction in's aspect,A broken voice, and his whole function suitingWith forms to his conceit? And all for nothing!For Hecuba?What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,That he should weep for her?" […]Etymology of HamletHamlet’s name is one filled with meaning and controversy. The name Hamlet occurs as early as the tenth century. His name is easily derived in form from Belleforest and the lost play from Amlethus of Saxo, and remaining in this form is then derived from its Latin form of the old Jutish Amlethoe. From this point the name can be divided into sections with common meanings. In terms of etymology the root name of Hamlet is an Icelandic noun, Amlooi, meaning ‘fool.’ However this name is derived from the way that Hamlet acts in the play and is not in all actuality the true Etymology of the name since the meaning is found through the actions of Hamlet. The second way of translating the name is by analyzing the noun aml-ooi into ‘raving mad’ and the second half, amla into ‘routine’. Later these names were incorporated into Irish dialect as Amlodhe. As phonetic laws took their course the name’s spelling changed eventually leaving it as Amlaidhe. This Irish name was given to a hero in a common folk story. The route of this name is ‘furious, raging, wild.’ These are all meanings of which Shakespeare would have been aware of when deciding on the name for his longest play.[1]AsimovAnother view of Hamlet, advanced by Isaac Asimov in his Guide to Shakespeare, holds that his actions are attributable not to indecision, but to multiple motivations: his desire to avenge the wrong done to his father, coupled with his own ambition to succeed to the throne. The tragic error committed by Hamlet, in Asimov's view, is his overreaching wish to see Claudius damned, and not merely dead, which prevents him from killing Claudius at the opportune moment.Influence of the ReformationMarcellus, Horatio, Hamlet, and the Ghost by Henry Fuseli.It has also been suggested that Hamlet's hesitations may also be rooted in the religious beliefs of Shakespeare's time. The Reformation had generated debate about the existence of purgatory (where King Hamlet claims he currently resides). The concept of purgatory is a Catholic one, and was frowned on in Protestant England. It is possible that Hamlet's own logic ought to be taken seriously. Hamlet says that he will not kill his uncle because death would send him straight to heaven, while his father (having died without foreknowledge of his death) is in purgatory doing penance for his. Hamlet's opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace with God. Hamlet says that he would much rather take a stab at the murderer while he is frolicking in the incestuous sheets, or gambling and drinking, so he could be sure of his going straight to Hell.Freudian interpretationErnest Jones, following the work of Freud, held that Hamlet suffered from the 'Oedipus complex'. He said in his essay "The Oedipus-Complex as An Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive":His moral fate is bound up with his uncle's for good or ill. The call of duty to slay his uncle cannot be obeyed because it links itself with the call of his nature to slay his mother's husband, whether this is the first or the second; the latter call is strongly "repressed," and therefore necessarily the former also.Interestingly, Harold Bloom did a "Shakespearean Criticism" of Freud's work in response.As a mirror of the audienceInnokenty Smoktunovsky as Hamlet in the acclaimed 1964 film by Grigori Kozintsev.It has also been suggested that Hamlet, who is described by Ophelia as "th’ expectancy and rose of the fair state, / The glass of fashion and the mould of form" (Act III, Scene i, lines 148-9), is ultimately a reflection of all of the interpretations possessed by other characters in the play—and perhaps also by the members of an audience watching him. Polonius, most obviously, has a habit of misreading his own expectations into Hamlet’s actions ("Still harping on my daughter!"), though many other characters in the play participate in analogous behaviour.Gertrude has a similar tendency to interpret all of her son’s activities as the result of her "o’erhasty marriage" alone. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tend to find the stalled ambitions of a courtier in their former schoolmate’s behaviour, whereas Claudius seems to be concerned with Hamlet’s motivation only so far as it reveals the degree to which his nephew is a potential threat. Ophelia, like her father, waits in vain for Hamlet to give her signs of affection, and Horatio would have little reason to think that Hamlet was concerned with anything more pressing than the commandment of the ghost. And the First Gravedigger seems to think that Prince Hamlet, like that "whoreson mad fellow” Yorick, is simply insane without any need for explanation. Several critics, including Stephen Booth and William Empson have further investigated the analogous relationship between Hamlet, the play, and its audience.Nevertheless, over the last four centuries Prince Hamlet has become an icon in the entire western consciousness: the definition of what it means to be intelligent, and perhaps, fully human.Hamlet's parallels with other charactersOne aspect of Hamlet's character is the way in which he reflects other characters, including the play's primary antagonist, Claudius. In the play within a play, for instance, Gonzago, the king, is murdered in the garden by his nephew, Lucianus; although King Hamlet is murdered by his brother, in the Mousetrap , the regicide is a nephew, like Prince Hamlet. However, it is also worth noting that each of the characters in the play-within-a-play maps to two major characters in Hamlet, an instance of the play's many doubles:Lucianus, like Hamlet, is both a regicide and a nephew to the king; like Claudius, he is a regicide that operates by pouring poison into ears.The Player King, like Hamlet, is an erratic melancholic; like King Hamlet, he is poisoned via his ear while reclining in his orchard.The Player Queen, like Ophelia, attends to a character that is "so far from cheer and from [a] former state"; like Gertrude, she remarries a regicide.Hamlet is also, in some form, a reflection of most other characters in the play (or perhaps vice versa):Hamlet, Laertes, Fortinbras and Pyrrhus are all avenging sons. Hamlet and Laertes both blame Claudius for the death of their fathers. Hamlet and Pyrrhus are both seized by inaction at some point in their respective narratives and each avenges his father. Hamlet and Fortinbras both have plans that are thwarted by uncles that are also kings.Hamlet, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Osric and Polonius are all courtiers.Hamlet, his father, Bernardo, Marcellus, Francisco, Fortinbras and several other characters are all soldiers.Hamlet and his father share a name (as do Fortinbras and his father).Hamlet, Horatio, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Laertes are all students.Hamlet, his father, Gertrude and Claudius are all members of the Royal Family. Each of them is also killed by poison -- poison that Claudius is responsible for.Hamlet and Ophelia are each rebuked by their surviving parent in subsequent scenes; the surviving parent of each happens to be of the opposite gender. Both also enter scenes reading books and there is a contrast between the (possibly) pretend madness of Hamlet and the very real insanity of Ophelia.Hamlet, Horatio, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Claudius are each "lawful espials" at some point in the play.