哈姆雷特论文参考国外文献

有人说他是一位孤军奋斗，忧郁跌宕，最后征服一切困难，萌芽和上升时期资产阶级精神面貌的王子 他又是一个代表先进人们为了把人类从压迫中解放出来，热烈的寻求人生的理想和精神枷锁解脱方式，成为解放人类的光荣战斗中的一员杰出战士 他还是为了人类美好的理想，反抗社会罪恶的一个人文主义思想家 他更是处于精神危机中的理想与现实冲突中的人，甚至有浓厚的宗教神学色彩和封建意识 ………… ………… 他是哈姆雷特 “一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特”，每一位读者对于哈姆雷特的形象，都有属于自己的独特见解。以上的文字是他人对哈姆雷特的解读，而我认为他只是一个“孩子”罢了。哈姆雷特的性格特征的最突出表现无疑是他的优柔寡断.面对着父亲被毒杀,母亲被占有,王权被窃取,国家被觊觎的家仇国恨,哈姆雷特有强烈的复仇愿望:"我的运命在呐喊,使我全身每一根微细的血管都变得像怒狮的筋骨一样坚硬.""安息吧,安息吧,受难的灵魂!好,朋友们,我以满怀的热情,信赖着你们两位;要是在哈姆莱特的微弱的能力以内,能够有可以向你们表示他的友情之处,上帝在上,我一定不会有负你们.让我们一同进去;请你们记着无论在什么时候都要守口如瓶.这是一个颠倒混乱的时代,唉,倒楣的我却要负起重整乾坤的责任!来,我们一块儿去吧."宣誓,哈姆雷特用这种毅然绝然的方式表达着自己复仇的坚定信念.但另一方面,哈姆雷特对杀死仇人这一看似简单的举动却表现出了常人难以理解的疑虑情结,他本来有好几次杀死仇人的绝佳机会,但在这种情结的作祟下,复仇计划一次次功亏一篑.当他偶遇到仇人在为自己的罪孽祈祷时,复仇的想法只是一闪而过,接着他就转入了时机价值的思考:"现在我正好动手,他正在祷告.我现在就干,他就一命归天,我也就报仇了.这需要算一算.一个恶汉杀死了我的父亲,我这个独生子把这个恶汉却送上天堂"于是,哈姆雷特复仇首先变成了一场思想斗争. 一面是杀父之仇的切齿之痛,父亲亡灵的声声追讨,另一面是对生命价值严肃思考,与生俱来的忧郁秉性.哈姆雷特在这二者之间苦苦的徘徊."要不是怕一死就去了没有人回来的那个从未发现的国土,怕那边还不知会怎样,因此意志动摇了,因此便宁愿忍受目前的灾殃,而不愿投奔另一些未知的苦难 这样子,顾虑使我们都成了懦夫,也就这样子,决断决行的本色上了惨白的一层思虑的病容;本可以轰轰烈烈的大作大为,由于这一点想不通,就出了别扭,失去了行动的名分." 一个复仇计划就这样演绎成了一次痛苦的思想突围.在这个突围的过程中,哈姆雷特不断的看到社会的黑暗,力图让自己融入这种灰暗的世界中去,用敌人同样的手段来对付敌人;但是人道与正义的信仰却做着本能的抵抗.在这种针锋相对的思想冲突中,哈姆雷特进行着艰难的蜕变和抉择."人是多么了不起的一件作品!理性是多么可贵!力量是多么无穷!仪表和举止是多么端整,多么出色!论行动,多么像天使!论了解,多么像天神!宇宙之华!万物之灵!可是,对于我,这点泥土里提炼出来的玩意儿算得了什么呢 "这里"哈姆雷特是以一种讥讽的口气讲的这段话,"这是哈姆雷特对人的地位的怀疑,也是哈姆雷特的一种时代秩序观念的反映.他用怀疑的眼光去审视周围的一切:人性的虚伪,世态的炎凉,天道的不公,最后,终于到达了这种怀疑状态的顶点:"生存还是毁灭 "而他的当务之急是复仇,有重振国家.这种对于生命意义的超负荷的思考,无疑对哈姆雷特优柔寡断的性格起到了推波助澜的作用.性格决定命运.这是真理.哈姆雷特的悲剧性格为他的悲剧命运埋下了伏笔.在这种性格之下,他被复仇的意念苦苦煎熬.复仇成了他的全部.而这一切,导致他对懦弱的母亲冷语相向,对心爱女子的视而不见,导致他亲手杀死爱人的父亲,导致他最终落入仇人的布下的圈套.最后,复仇的愿望终于实现了,可是一切美好的东西也都破碎了:哈姆雷特的雄心壮志,爱人如花的生命,母亲脆弱的生存. 这就是悲剧,其根源就在与哈姆雷特优柔寡断的性格,这就是性格的悲剧.看完了哈姆雷特后,给我们很大的触动,在他的性格使然下,哈姆雷特制造出了一个人性的悲剧,让人反省.

Hamlet and Ophelia, by Dante Gabriel RossettiPrince Hamlet is the main character in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet.Views of HamletPerhaps the most straightforward view sees Hamlet as seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. The most standard view is that Hamlet is highly indecisive, which is the view as proposed by Coleridge, and a number of other critics. "Shakespeare wished to impress upon us the truth, that action is the chief end to existence". The 1948 movie with Laurence Olivier in the title role is introduced by a voiceover: "This is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind."T.S. Eliot offers a similar view of Hamlet's character in his critical essay, "Hamlet and His Problems" (The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism). He states, "We find Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' not in the action, not in any quotations that we might select, so much as in an unmistakable tone...".Others see Hamlet as a person charged with a duty that he both knows and feels is right, yet is unwilling to carry out. In this view, all of his efforts to satisfy himself of King Claudius' guilt, or his failure to act when he can, are evidence of this unwillingness, and Hamlet berates himself for his inability to carry out his task. After observing a play-actor performing a scene, he notes that the actor was moved to tears in the passion of the story and compares this passion for an ancient Greek character, Hecuba, in light of his own situation:Hamlet reclines next to Ophelia in Edwin Austin Abbey's The Play Scene in Hamlet"O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I!Is it not monstrous that this player here,But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,Could force his soul so to his own conceitThat from her working all his visage wan'd;Tears in his eyes, distraction in's aspect,A broken voice, and his whole function suitingWith forms to his conceit? And all for nothing!For Hecuba?What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,That he should weep for her?" […]Etymology of HamletHamlet’s name is one filled with meaning and controversy. The name Hamlet occurs as early as the tenth century. His name is easily derived in form from Belleforest and the lost play from Amlethus of Saxo, and remaining in this form is then derived from its Latin form of the old Jutish Amlethoe. From this point the name can be divided into sections with common meanings. In terms of etymology the root name of Hamlet is an Icelandic noun, Amlooi, meaning ‘fool.’ However this name is derived from the way that Hamlet acts in the play and is not in all actuality the true Etymology of the name since the meaning is found through the actions of Hamlet. The second way of translating the name is by analyzing the noun aml-ooi into ‘raving mad’ and the second half, amla into ‘routine’. Later these names were incorporated into Irish dialect as Amlodhe. As phonetic laws took their course the name’s spelling changed eventually leaving it as Amlaidhe. This Irish name was given to a hero in a common folk story. The route of this name is ‘furious, raging, wild.’ These are all meanings of which Shakespeare would have been aware of when deciding on the name for his longest play.[1]AsimovAnother view of Hamlet, advanced by Isaac Asimov in his Guide to Shakespeare, holds that his actions are attributable not to indecision, but to multiple motivations: his desire to avenge the wrong done to his father, coupled with his own ambition to succeed to the throne. The tragic error committed by Hamlet, in Asimov's view, is his overreaching wish to see Claudius damned, and not merely dead, which prevents him from killing Claudius at the opportune moment.Influence of the ReformationMarcellus, Horatio, Hamlet, and the Ghost by Henry Fuseli.It has also been suggested that Hamlet's hesitations may also be rooted in the religious beliefs of Shakespeare's time. The Reformation had generated debate about the existence of purgatory (where King Hamlet claims he currently resides). The concept of purgatory is a Catholic one, and was frowned on in Protestant England. It is possible that Hamlet's own logic ought to be taken seriously. Hamlet says that he will not kill his uncle because death would send him straight to heaven, while his father (having died without foreknowledge of his death) is in purgatory doing penance for his. Hamlet's opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace with God. Hamlet says that he would much rather take a stab at the murderer while he is frolicking in the incestuous sheets, or gambling and drinking, so he could be sure of his going straight to Hell.Freudian interpretationErnest Jones, following the work of Freud, held that Hamlet suffered from the 'Oedipus complex'. He said in his essay "The Oedipus-Complex as An Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive":His moral fate is bound up with his uncle's for good or ill. The call of duty to slay his uncle cannot be obeyed because it links itself with the call of his nature to slay his mother's husband, whether this is the first or the second; the latter call is strongly "repressed," and therefore necessarily the former also.Interestingly, Harold Bloom did a "Shakespearean Criticism" of Freud's work in response.As a mirror of the audienceInnokenty Smoktunovsky as Hamlet in the acclaimed 1964 film by Grigori Kozintsev.It has also been suggested that Hamlet, who is described by Ophelia as "th’ expectancy and rose of the fair state, / The glass of fashion and the mould of form" (Act III, Scene i, lines 148-9), is ultimately a reflection of all of the interpretations possessed by other characters in the play—and perhaps also by the members of an audience watching him. Polonius, most obviously, has a habit of misreading his own expectations into Hamlet’s actions ("Still harping on my daughter!"), though many other characters in the play participate in analogous behaviour.Gertrude has a similar tendency to interpret all of her son’s activities as the result of her "o’erhasty marriage" alone. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tend to find the stalled ambitions of a courtier in their former schoolmate’s behaviour, whereas Claudius seems to be concerned with Hamlet’s motivation only so far as it reveals the degree to which his nephew is a potential threat. Ophelia, like her father, waits in vain for Hamlet to give her signs of affection, and Horatio would have little reason to think that Hamlet was concerned with anything more pressing than the commandment of the ghost. And the First Gravedigger seems to think that Prince Hamlet, like that "whoreson mad fellow” Yorick, is simply insane without any need for explanation. Several critics, including Stephen Booth and William Empson have further investigated the analogous relationship between Hamlet, the play, and its audience.Nevertheless, over the last four centuries Prince Hamlet has become an icon in the entire western consciousness: the definition of what it means to be intelligent, and perhaps, fully human.Hamlet's parallels with other charactersOne aspect of Hamlet's character is the way in which he reflects other characters, including the play's primary antagonist, Claudius. In the play within a play, for instance, Gonzago, the king, is murdered in the garden by his nephew, Lucianus; although King Hamlet is murdered by his brother, in the Mousetrap , the regicide is a nephew, like Prince Hamlet. However, it is also worth noting that each of the characters in the play-within-a-play maps to two major characters in Hamlet, an instance of the play's many doubles:Lucianus, like Hamlet, is both a regicide and a nephew to the king; like Claudius, he is a regicide that operates by pouring poison into ears.The Player King, like Hamlet, is an erratic melancholic; like King Hamlet, he is poisoned via his ear while reclining in his orchard.The Player Queen, like Ophelia, attends to a character that is "so far from cheer and from [a] former state"; like Gertrude, she remarries a regicide.Hamlet is also, in some form, a reflection of most other characters in the play (or perhaps vice versa):Hamlet, Laertes, Fortinbras and Pyrrhus are all avenging sons. Hamlet and Laertes both blame Claudius for the death of their fathers. Hamlet and Pyrrhus are both seized by inaction at some point in their respective narratives and each avenges his father. Hamlet and Fortinbras both have plans that are thwarted by uncles that are also kings.Hamlet, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Osric and Polonius are all courtiers.Hamlet, his father, Bernardo, Marcellus, Francisco, Fortinbras and several other characters are all soldiers.Hamlet and his father share a name (as do Fortinbras and his father).Hamlet, Horatio, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Laertes are all students.Hamlet, his father, Gertrude and Claudius are all members of the Royal Family. Each of them is also killed by poison -- poison that Claudius is responsible for.Hamlet and Ophelia are each rebuked by their surviving parent in subsequent scenes; the surviving parent of each happens to be of the opposite gender. Both also enter scenes reading books and there is a contrast between the (possibly) pretend madness of Hamlet and the very real insanity of Ophelia.Hamlet, Horatio, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Claudius are each "lawful espials" at some point in the play.

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艾略特说：“哈姆雷特有恋母倾向。”因此，海伦.米勒写下了《哈姆雷特机器》。