哈姆雷特英文论文文献

Hamlet and Ophelia, by Dante Gabriel RossettiPrince Hamlet is the main character in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet.Views of HamletPerhaps the most straightforward view sees Hamlet as seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. The most standard view is that Hamlet is highly indecisive, which is the view as proposed by Coleridge, and a number of other critics. "Shakespeare wished to impress upon us the truth, that action is the chief end to existence". The 1948 movie with Laurence Olivier in the title role is introduced by a voiceover: "This is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind."T.S. Eliot offers a similar view of Hamlet's character in his critical essay, "Hamlet and His Problems" (The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism). He states, "We find Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' not in the action, not in any quotations that we might select, so much as in an unmistakable tone...".Others see Hamlet as a person charged with a duty that he both knows and feels is right, yet is unwilling to carry out. In this view, all of his efforts to satisfy himself of King Claudius' guilt, or his failure to act when he can, are evidence of this unwillingness, and Hamlet berates himself for his inability to carry out his task. After observing a play-actor performing a scene, he notes that the actor was moved to tears in the passion of the story and compares this passion for an ancient Greek character, Hecuba, in light of his own situation:Hamlet reclines next to Ophelia in Edwin Austin Abbey's The Play Scene in Hamlet"O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I!Is it not monstrous that this player here,But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,Could force his soul so to his own conceitThat from her working all his visage wan'd;Tears in his eyes, distraction in's aspect,A broken voice, and his whole function suitingWith forms to his conceit? And all for nothing!For Hecuba?What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,That he should weep for her?" […]Etymology of HamletHamlet’s name is one filled with meaning and controversy. The name Hamlet occurs as early as the tenth century. His name is easily derived in form from Belleforest and the lost play from Amlethus of Saxo, and remaining in this form is then derived from its Latin form of the old Jutish Amlethoe. From this point the name can be divided into sections with common meanings. In terms of etymology the root name of Hamlet is an Icelandic noun, Amlooi, meaning ‘fool.’ However this name is derived from the way that Hamlet acts in the play and is not in all actuality the true Etymology of the name since the meaning is found through the actions of Hamlet. The second way of translating the name is by analyzing the noun aml-ooi into ‘raving mad’ and the second half, amla into ‘routine’. Later these names were incorporated into Irish dialect as Amlodhe. As phonetic laws took their course the name’s spelling changed eventually leaving it as Amlaidhe. This Irish name was given to a hero in a common folk story. The route of this name is ‘furious, raging, wild.’ These are all meanings of which Shakespeare would have been aware of when deciding on the name for his longest play.[1]AsimovAnother view of Hamlet, advanced by Isaac Asimov in his Guide to Shakespeare, holds that his actions are attributable not to indecision, but to multiple motivations: his desire to avenge the wrong done to his father, coupled with his own ambition to succeed to the throne. The tragic error committed by Hamlet, in Asimov's view, is his overreaching wish to see Claudius damned, and not merely dead, which prevents him from killing Claudius at the opportune moment.Influence of the ReformationMarcellus, Horatio, Hamlet, and the Ghost by Henry Fuseli.It has also been suggested that Hamlet's hesitations may also be rooted in the religious beliefs of Shakespeare's time. The Reformation had generated debate about the existence of purgatory (where King Hamlet claims he currently resides). The concept of purgatory is a Catholic one, and was frowned on in Protestant England. It is possible that Hamlet's own logic ought to be taken seriously. Hamlet says that he will not kill his uncle because death would send him straight to heaven, while his father (having died without foreknowledge of his death) is in purgatory doing penance for his. Hamlet's opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace with God. Hamlet says that he would much rather take a stab at the murderer while he is frolicking in the incestuous sheets, or gambling and drinking, so he could be sure of his going straight to Hell.Freudian interpretationErnest Jones, following the work of Freud, held that Hamlet suffered from the 'Oedipus complex'. He said in his essay "The Oedipus-Complex as An Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive":His moral fate is bound up with his uncle's for good or ill. The call of duty to slay his uncle cannot be obeyed because it links itself with the call of his nature to slay his mother's husband, whether this is the first or the second; the latter call is strongly "repressed," and therefore necessarily the former also.Interestingly, Harold Bloom did a "Shakespearean Criticism" of Freud's work in response.As a mirror of the audienceInnokenty Smoktunovsky as Hamlet in the acclaimed 1964 film by Grigori Kozintsev.It has also been suggested that Hamlet, who is described by Ophelia as "th’ expectancy and rose of the fair state, / The glass of fashion and the mould of form" (Act III, Scene i, lines 148-9), is ultimately a reflection of all of the interpretations possessed by other characters in the play—and perhaps also by the members of an audience watching him. Polonius, most obviously, has a habit of misreading his own expectations into Hamlet’s actions ("Still harping on my daughter!"), though many other characters in the play participate in analogous behaviour.Gertrude has a similar tendency to interpret all of her son’s activities as the result of her "o’erhasty marriage" alone. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tend to find the stalled ambitions of a courtier in their former schoolmate’s behaviour, whereas Claudius seems to be concerned with Hamlet’s motivation only so far as it reveals the degree to which his nephew is a potential threat. Ophelia, like her father, waits in vain for Hamlet to give her signs of affection, and Horatio would have little reason to think that Hamlet was concerned with anything more pressing than the commandment of the ghost. And the First Gravedigger seems to think that Prince Hamlet, like that "whoreson mad fellow” Yorick, is simply insane without any need for explanation. Several critics, including Stephen Booth and William Empson have further investigated the analogous relationship between Hamlet, the play, and its audience.Nevertheless, over the last four centuries Prince Hamlet has become an icon in the entire western consciousness: the definition of what it means to be intelligent, and perhaps, fully human.Hamlet's parallels with other charactersOne aspect of Hamlet's character is the way in which he reflects other characters, including the play's primary antagonist, Claudius. In the play within a play, for instance, Gonzago, the king, is murdered in the garden by his nephew, Lucianus; although King Hamlet is murdered by his brother, in the Mousetrap , the regicide is a nephew, like Prince Hamlet. However, it is also worth noting that each of the characters in the play-within-a-play maps to two major characters in Hamlet, an instance of the play's many doubles:Lucianus, like Hamlet, is both a regicide and a nephew to the king; like Claudius, he is a regicide that operates by pouring poison into ears.The Player King, like Hamlet, is an erratic melancholic; like King Hamlet, he is poisoned via his ear while reclining in his orchard.The Player Queen, like Ophelia, attends to a character that is "so far from cheer and from [a] former state"; like Gertrude, she remarries a regicide.Hamlet is also, in some form, a reflection of most other characters in the play (or perhaps vice versa):Hamlet, Laertes, Fortinbras and Pyrrhus are all avenging sons. Hamlet and Laertes both blame Claudius for the death of their fathers. Hamlet and Pyrrhus are both seized by inaction at some point in their respective narratives and each avenges his father. Hamlet and Fortinbras both have plans that are thwarted by uncles that are also kings.Hamlet, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Osric and Polonius are all courtiers.Hamlet, his father, Bernardo, Marcellus, Francisco, Fortinbras and several other characters are all soldiers.Hamlet and his father share a name (as do Fortinbras and his father).Hamlet, Horatio, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Laertes are all students.Hamlet, his father, Gertrude and Claudius are all members of the Royal Family. Each of them is also killed by poison -- poison that Claudius is responsible for.Hamlet and Ophelia are each rebuked by their surviving parent in subsequent scenes; the surviving parent of each happens to be of the opposite gender. Both also enter scenes reading books and there is a contrast between the (possibly) pretend madness of Hamlet and the very real insanity of Ophelia.Hamlet, Horatio, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Claudius are each "lawful espials" at some point in the play.

分类: 文化/艺术 >> 文学 问题描述: 就是 "生存还是毁灭那段" 解析: 首先是原文的简写: 哈姆雷特 英国·莎士比亚 在丹麦王宫里，四具王公贵族的尸体躺在血泊中，满面悲伤的霍拉旭向人们讲述了那惊心动魄的故事。 那是在几个月以前，老王神秘地死去，他的弟弟克劳狄斯登上王位，并娶了原来的王后，即他的嫂子。邻国挪威的福丁布拉斯王子乘机发兵，想报杀父之仇，并夺回割让的土地。 年轻英俊、正直善良的王子哈姆雷特，回国奔丧，父亲的死使他痛不欲生，而母亲的孝鞋还没有穿旧，就匆匆改嫁，他感到屈辱，气愤地喊道：“就是畜生也会比这悲哀得长久些吧！”“脆弱啊！你的名字就是女人。” 他对一切都失去了兴趣。哈姆雷特从好友霍拉旭那听说城堡露台上连续几天都出现鬼魂，好奇心促使他们在一个阴森可怖的夜晚登上了露台。原来那鬼魂就是哈姆雷特的父亲。鬼魂把他引到一个僻静的地方，向他诉说自己被害的经过：原来，他在午睡时，被自己的弟弟用毒药灌进耳朵而亡，他要哈姆雷特替他报仇。怒火中烧的哈姆雷特从此对一切都失去了兴趣，他失了一切旧的记忆，只让失复仇大事留在脑海中。 哈姆雷特疯狂地爱上了首相的女儿奥菲利亚，而世故的波洛涅斯阻止女儿和他来往。一天，哈姆雷特突然找到她，在她面前做出了许多癫狂的举动。从此，宫中谁都知道王子为爱情而发疯了。 老奸巨滑的国王克劳狄斯心怀鬼态，派哈姆雷特的的好友波洛涅斯和他的情人奥菲利亚去试探王子的心。其实，哈姆雷特并没有疯，只是性格忧郁、优柔寡断的他看透了人世间的丑恶，不肯轻易的相信别人。他便开始对一切都产生怀疑，甚至对鬼魂的话也产生怀疑，是真？是假？对母亲又恨又爱，对鬼魂将信将疑，对生活是生存，还是毁灭？是忍受命运的折磨，还是反抗人世的苦难？仇恨一直吞啮着他的心，复仇的信念始终一忘，可他总感到敌人是那么的强大，而自己又是那么的弱小，他为不能替父报仇而感到痛心疾首。矛盾重重的哈姆雷特在焦灼的内心和冷酷的现实之间不得安宁，濒于疯狂，他索性半真半假地装起疯来。他终于明白了：世界是污浊的瘴气的 *** ，是长满恶毒莠草的荒园，世界就是一座大监狱，而丹麦就是其中最坏的一间。 一个戏班到宫中献艺。哈姆雷特趁机安排他们上演《贡扎古之死》，加了几段情节，把戏名改成《捕鼠机》。台上，国王的侄子把毒药灌入国王的耳朵谋害了他，夺走了王后。台下，做贼心虚的克劳狄斯大惊失色，起身就走，哈姆雷特证实了鬼魂的话。当天晚上，哈姆雷特在去见母亲的途中，突窥见了克劳狄斯正在祈祝寿。他想趁机杀了他，但因为他怕在他祈祷时杀了他，会使他的灵魂升上了天堂，而没有下手。 哈姆雷特来到母亲的卧室，母亲劝他不要再疯狂下去了。哈姆雷特怒火中烧，他猛地拿起镜子，要母亲照照自己的灵魂。这时帐后突然有人惊呼起来，哈姆雷特以为那偷听者是奸王，一剑 *** 过去倒在地上的却是波洛涅斯。他痛诉母亲失去了理智，当了情欲的奴隶，违背了同父亲的誓言，玷污了贞节，亵渎了爱情。此时鬼魂又出现了，他一面鼓励王子坚定复仇的决心，一面让王子安慰他正在内心冲突中惊惶失措的母后。 克劳狄斯以波洛涅斯的死为借口，将王子送往英国。秘密地嘱咐英王将王子处诀。王子在途中偷拆开了信件，知道了其中的秘密，于是偷改了信。第二天他们遇到了海盗袭击，哈姆雷特在混战中跳上了海盗船，后偷偷潜回国内，找到霍拉旭，把一切都告诉了他。 王子的出走与父亲死，使善良的奥菲利亚精神失常。她终日游荡，采花、唱歌，有一天，她想把花冠戴上枝梢，身下的树枝断了，她落入河中溺水而亡。她的哥哥雷欧提斯从国外回来，煽动民众攻打王宫，要为父亲和妹妹报仇。老奸巨滑的克劳狄斯把一切都推到哈姆雷特身上。他们得知哈姆雷特回国，便定计谋害他。 哈姆雷特让霍拉旭陪他去王宫，途经墓地时，就赶上奥菲利亚的葬礼。看见情人的尸体，内心的悲愤一下子暴发出来，他失去了控制，冲过去跳进墓穴，与雷欧提斯在墓穴里打了起来。克劳狄斯唆使雷欧提斯用毒剑与哈姆雷特决斗。哈姆雷特不顾霍拉旭的劝阻，接受挑战。决斗开始了，哈姆雷特占了上风。在第一回合中，他击中对方一剑，斟上一杯毒酒，以示祝贺。王子急于进行比赛，就把酒放在一墨守成规第二回合中王子又获得了胜利。王后十分高兴地替王子饮下了这杯毒酒。雷欧提斯深知他手中毒剑的厉害，一直不肯轻易往王子身上刺。他在克劳狄斯的煽动下，一剑刺中哈姆雷特。同时哈姆雷特手中的也刺伤了雷欧提斯。 就在这时，王后大叫着倒在地上，中毒身亡。奄奄一息的雷欧提斯在最后一刻良心发现，当众揭发克劳狄斯的阴谋。王子举起手中毒剑刺向克劳狄斯，杀死了仇人，自己也毒性发作倒下去了。让把王位传给福丁布拉斯。 接着是你要的英文版片,光是那句的话就是To be or not to be, that is the question,它出现在第三幕,这里是英文阅读地址bartleby/46/2/31 我把前后摘了一段在这里: Enter HAMLET Ham. To be, or not to be: that is the question. Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer 64 The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die; to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end 68 The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. ’Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish’d. To die; to sleep;— To sleep? Perchance to dream! Ay, there ’s the rub; 7 72 For in that sleep of death what dreams may e, When we have shuffl’d off this mortal coil, 8 Must give us pause. There’s the respect That makes calamity of so long life.