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英国杰出的女作家艾米莉·勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》被誉为“维多利亚时期最成功的小说之一”，以感人肺腑的感情力量吸引了亿万读者。我在读这部小说时，深深觉得，这样的情感力量，正是基于小说中的三种不同的爱情形态去展现的一场爱与恨、人性与世俗、自由与束缚、野性与文明的较量，其中有世俗观念对人性的束缚，有人性对世俗的反抗，但压抑阴郁的情节和行文之间，也寄寓了艾米莉·勃朗特对爱、自由与希望永存的美好愿望。 《呼啸山庄》是艾米莉·勃朗特唯一的一部小说。在1847年出版之初，这部小说其实颇受人们的漠视，一直到三十年之后，玛丽·罗宾森的《艾米莉·勃朗特传》出版，《呼啸山庄》才真正走进读者视线，被誉为“维多利亚时期最成功的小说之一”的作品。 一百多年来，《呼啸山庄》以其扣人心弦的故事情节，富有诗意的景物描写，栩栩如生的人物塑造以及如火如荼的爱憎情仇，吸引了无数读者和评论家，被列为世界十大小说名著之一。历来对《呼啸山庄》的评论褒贬不一，欣赏它的称赞其为一部旷世之才的杰作、难能可贵的奇书，足以与莎士比亚的《李尔王》相媲美；而不喜欢这部小说的人则认为它只不过是主流之外的一支支流，对英国文学不具备任何意义。然而，《呼啸山庄》这部小说能够长期以来紧紧攫住亿万读者的视线，明显是有其独特的魅力。著名文学翻译家方平说：“无论主题思想，还是艺术构思、艺术技巧，那深度都并不是一眼能望到底，一句话能说尽的。与其搬出‘伟大’、‘独特’、‘出类拔萃’这一类的形容词，我宁可这样表达我的称赞：真是说不尽的《呼啸山庄》！就像我国的‘红学’，欧美的‘莎学’，‘呼学’（假使《呼啸山庄》也能够这样定名的话）也同样是没有止境的呀！” 一、两代人间的三种爱情 一千个读者一千个哈姆雷特，不同读者和评论家从不同的角度都可以挖掘出《呼啸山庄》的一个闪亮点，进而尝试分析这部小说的灵魂。小说是围绕着希斯克利夫、凯瑟琳和林顿的三角爱情展开，其中以希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳的超人世的生死恋为主线，凯瑟琳与林顿的婚姻爱情为辅，而哈雷顿与凯茜的幸福爱情为结局。这里将三种不同模式的爱情进行比较分析，并从中探求在自由与压迫、野性与文明、爱与恨三对尖锐对立的矛盾中彰显的人性光芒。 （一）自由与野性的呼唤：希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳的超人世的爱情 英国评论家毛姆曾经说过：“我不知道还有哪一部小说，其中爱情的痛苦、迷恋、残酷、执着，曾经如此令人吃惊的描述出来。”这里所讲的如此复杂的爱情，正是希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳之间的生死恋情，而这一段爱情又分为少年时期和成年时期两个阶段。 1、像水晶般透明的少年爱恋 希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳是一对青梅竹马，少年时代的感情是这场爱情中最为纯洁美好的一段。 希斯克利夫是乡绅厄恩肖先生带回呼啸山庄的“小可怜”，而凯瑟琳则是呼啸山庄的千金小姐。从出身看，他们分属于两个不同的阶级，这两个人最初的的爱情之所以冲破了阶级的桎梏，源自于两人性格中共同的对自由的渴望和热情。 希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳从本质来说极度注重个人情感的解放和自由，但是他们同样遭遇了来自不同方面的束缚。 希斯克利夫只是利物浦大街上的弃儿，没有国家、没有地位、没有财产甚至没有种族，这一切注定他在呼啸山庄的成长过程会遭到来自外界的打击和压迫。虽然有厄恩肖先生对他的百般宠爱，但这也让山庄的小少爷欣德利感觉到威胁，因而对他恨之入骨，在父亲去世之后更是对他横加折磨与凌辱。在这样专制压抑的生活环境中，活泼可爱的小凯瑟琳是希斯克利夫的阳光与温暖，虽然善良的女仆内利同样对希斯克利夫很好，但她只是把他当成一个孩子来照顾，当成一个弱者来同情。凯瑟琳不同，她是希斯克利夫坚定的同盟， “她太喜欢希斯克利夫了。如果我们真想惩罚她，最厉害的一招就是将他们俩分开。为了希斯克利夫，他比我们谁挨得骂都多。” 因而，对希斯克利夫的喜爱和维护奠定了凯瑟琳在他心中不可替代的地位。 从凯瑟琳的角度看，作为一位贵族小姐，她受到了来自于外界的、世俗的、礼教的对于一个小姐的种种要求，她的言行举止必须符合她贵族小姐的身份，而这些与少年天性是相违背的。毕竟，在女仆内利的眼中，她就是一个“又野又皮的丫头”： “她一天之内，能有50多次搞得我们大家失去耐心。她从下楼那刻起，直到上床睡觉为止，无时不在调皮捣蛋，搅得我们一刻也不得安宁。她的情绪总是十分高涨，舌头总是闲不住——又是唱又是笑，谁要是不附会她，她就缠住谁。” 可见，少年凯瑟琳绝对不是传统意义上的千金小姐，她的性格是活泼的，充满野性和叛逆的因子。她渴望自由，渴望情感的解放，而在这点上，整个呼啸山庄或者说是凯瑟琳的全部生活范围中，只有希斯克利夫与她是相同的。换句话说，作为呼啸山庄的外来者的希斯克利夫身上有着她所渴望的那种张扬的、叛逆的、自由的气息。 瓦列西夫说：“爱情对象的选择是对众多熟悉的异性中某一个人的具体偏爱，就是对这个人的价值理想化。” 因而，希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳少年时期的爱情起源于相知，因相知而相爱，并不夹杂其他的各种因素，因而这一时期的爱情，就像水晶一般透明，纯洁而美好。 2、冰火两重天的成年爱恋 林顿的出现是这场爱情走向悲剧的开端。他的出现唤醒了凯瑟琳头脑中深埋的世俗观念和少女的虚荣心。希斯克利夫不再是她的世界里的唯一，虽然她还是深爱着他。 很多的读者都指责凯瑟琳的不专一和虚荣，但其实女主角也无可厚非。林顿是个漂亮、年轻、活泼又有钱的有教养的少爷，在他的身上有着少女们着迷的一切，再加上凯瑟琳在偷窥中见识到的豪华的舞会、漂亮的服饰和男士的殷勤，这些对于一个年轻的不谙世事的少女而言有着致命的诱惑力。何况，或许说是成长的代价，渐渐长大的凯瑟琳开始觉醒她与生俱来的阶级意识，在她看来，嫁给希斯克利夫会贬低她的身份，但嫁给林顿却能使她成为当地最尊贵的女人。这并不是完全是虚荣心作祟，而是在那个时代最真实的最实际的社会观念。另外，凯瑟琳本来就是一个贵族小姐，爱上希斯克利夫这样一个目不识丁的穷人男子才是惊世骇俗的，所以，凯瑟琳因为林顿产生的动摇虽然感情上让人难以接受，但也在情理之中。 黑格尔将爱情冲突分为三类：一是荣誉与爱情的冲突；二是政治旨趣，对祖国的爱，家庭职责之类永恒的实体的力量本身；三是一些外在情况的障碍，如事物的寻常演变，生活中散文性的事物，灾祸，情欲，偏见，心胸狭隘，旁人的自私以及多种多样的事故。希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳的爱情悲剧之源最主要的就是第一类冲突：荣誉与爱情的冲突。荣誉，就是社会的力量加之与这对年轻的恋人身上的枷锁，或者说是来自世俗的压迫。他们尝试过反抗，可惜不能成功，在这场战役中，凯瑟琳首先选择屈服，这也暴露出她性格中的软弱部分——人性的自私、虚荣和懦弱。 凯瑟琳虽然在一定程度上背叛了希斯克利夫，但内心深处她还深爱着他。与希斯克利夫的重逢，让她激动得不能自己，以致于忽视了林顿的存在，甚至还要求林顿要跟她一起分享这种快乐。这才让她在面对林顿与希斯克利夫之间的矛盾时非常痛苦，或者说是为了她内心的挣扎而痛苦。年少时的懵懂导致后来的两难局面，这让她对自己产生怀疑。凯瑟琳最后的崩溃也是她真正地醒悟，真正地面对自己的爱情。她后悔、挣扎，最后，带着这种痛苦、悔恨、愧疚的情绪一直到死亡。在这里，人性中的矛盾性再一次显露无遗。 希斯克利夫是这场爱情战役中唯一坚守堡垒的战士，可惜事实已经无法挽回。最后在凯瑟琳选择了林顿作为婚姻的伴侣之后，痛苦不堪，终于离家出走。在消逝若干年后，希斯克利夫终于衣锦还乡。时间让当初的野小子长成一个英俊健壮的男人，却不曾让他对凯瑟琳的感情有过一分的降温，反而在时间与距离的双重催化下加深了这个从小就倔强的男人对恋人的执着和思念，特别是在见到凯瑟琳之后，确定她的心里还是爱着他的，这让他更加无法对凯瑟琳放手，对凯瑟琳的爱恋也就更加狂热，几乎已经陷入一种病态的迷恋中。在他的心里，凯瑟琳依然还是属于他的，她是他的宝贝，是他的命根！林顿算得了什么？“就凭着他那弱小的身躯，他就是倾注全力爱上80年，也抵不上我爱上一天。”死亡也不能停息希斯克利夫的爱，他相信凯瑟琳一直都在他的身边，一直不曾离开。听那深情的呼唤：“进来吧！进来吧！凯茜，快来吧。哦，来吧，再来一次！哦！我的心肝宝贝，就听我这一回吧！凯瑟琳，最后一次！”这是多么卑微的乞求，又是多么浓烈炙热的爱意！在他死亡的前夕，希斯克利夫充满对凯瑟琳灵魂的幻觉，他是那么渴望死亡，因为死亡可以让他和凯瑟琳真正地结合，所以死亡对他而言就是天堂。 年少时的遭遇让希斯克利夫养成了偏激叛逆的性格，他对凯瑟琳的爱容不下分离，所有的阻碍势必勾起猛烈的报复。其中虽有他人性中扭曲的一面，但无论如何，极端的恨与毁灭，从心理机制而言，都是出自爱。 希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳这一场爱恋，男女主角双方所追求的不是身体欲望的满足，而是一种灵魂的契合，用凯瑟琳自己的话来说，“不管我的灵魂是用什么材料做成的，他的灵魂和我的灵魂是一模一样的。”最后化为灵魂双宿双栖的结局，更是将其升华为一场超越人世的生死恋。他们的结合，起源于人性中对自由的渴望，他们曾经共同努力过；但是也是人性中的弱点让他们彼此留下终身的遗憾。他们在给予对方快乐的同时彼此折磨，冰火两重天正是最真实的写照。 （二）情感与物质的交易：林顿与凯瑟琳的爱情 林顿与凯瑟琳之间，用一句话来说，就是：在正确的时间遇上错误的人。 林顿与希斯克利夫是两个截然不同的存在。前文已经说过，林顿是个漂亮、年轻、活泼又有钱的有教养的少爷，如果说，希斯克利夫冬天狂烈的沙尘暴，那么林顿就是春日和煦的暖阳。无论从身份、地位、财富还是教养、外貌、性格中的任何一方面，林顿都与希斯克利夫形成强烈而鲜明的对比，如果这两个人同时出现在除了凯瑟琳之外的任何一个少女面前，林顿绝对比希斯克利夫更加具备吸引女孩子的魅力。正是这种强烈的反差的存在，让凯瑟琳感受到一种来自文明世界的召唤，从而让林顿成为凯瑟琳与希斯克利夫的爱情道路上的一个急转弯。 不得不说，林顿是个好丈夫，放在我们这个时代，他应该也是个极受欢迎的暖男。他爱凯瑟琳，无条件地包容她，体贴她，提心吊胆地就怕惹她生气，还将这种恐惧细心地掩饰起来，他是个有教养的人，却会因为仆人对凯瑟琳不够尊重而很生气。他默默陪着凯瑟琳沉默，为她的快乐而喜形于色。甚至，他愿意为了凯瑟琳接受希斯克利夫这位他一直看不起的粗鲁的情敌的拜访。如果说，凯瑟琳的生命中能够完全剔除希斯克利夫的影子，他们将会是非常幸福完美的一对夫妻。可惜不能。 凯瑟琳是爱林顿的，只是这种爱掺杂了太多的杂质，绝对不是铭刻在心灵和灵魂深处的爱恋，而是像林中的叶子，时光会改变它，就像冬天树木要凋零一样。这如内利所说的：“你所以爱埃德加先生，是因为他漂亮、年轻、活泼、有钱，而且爱你。不管怎样，这最后一点也算不上什么理由。就是他不爱你，你也许还会爱他；而即使他爱你，若不是因为他具备前面四个吸引人的条件，你也不会爱他。” 是的，凯瑟琳的爱并不纯粹，她爱的并不是林顿本人，而是笼罩在林顿身上的光环，是他的身份、地位和财富。她甚至天真地期冀能够借助这些来帮助希斯克利夫提升地位，改变身份。而为了赢得林顿的爱，她总是在他面前掩饰自己的真实性情；在后来的婚姻生活中，凯瑟琳也总是不由自主地自我压抑，将自己性格中狂野、自由的一面掩盖在贵妇人雍容华贵的身份之下，努力地去营造和谐美满的家庭气氛，以回应来自一个文明家庭的召唤。 林顿与凯瑟琳之间的爱情不是源于人性的渴望和心灵的相互吸引，而是在文明社会中世俗观念的引导下水到渠成的结合。如果林顿褪去身上笼罩的光环，凯瑟琳不可能嫁给他；同样，如果凯瑟琳不是千金小姐，她也就成不了林顿夫人。他们的婚姻，虽然也有爱情的影子，但更大程度上是违背本性的一场情感与物质的交易。 （三）冲破冻土的新苗：哈雷顿与凯茜的爱情 哈雷顿与凯茜是整部小说中最幸福的一对。他们的爱情打破了世俗的束缚，身份的牢笼，也冲破了爱与恨的纠缠，完整地诠释了人性的真，最后达到的幸福。 他们都曾经作为希斯克利夫复仇阴谋的牺牲品。希斯克利夫对恋人炽烈的爱，在受到重重阻碍后化为对仇敌和情敌刻骨的恨，驱使他对林顿和欣德利以及他们的后代发起疯狂的报复，企图通过折磨下一代人来继续自己的“使命”。 希斯克利夫诱惑欣德利赌博，酗酒，让欣德利欠下他一大笔债，不仅呼啸山庄易主，连小哈雷顿都不得不沦为他的奴仆，为他所驱使。小凯茜则被迫嫁给了冷酷自私的小林顿，并在不久之后成为一个年轻的寡妇。但这些不能够磨灭他们性格中的热情、善良和希望。虽然小凯茜曾经对哈雷顿粗俗的谈吐和举止表示轻视和厌恶，哈雷顿也曾经充当希斯克利夫禁锢凯茜的帮凶。但是，这两个渴望人生幸福的年轻心灵依然从呼啸山庄的冰霜冻土中萌发了爱情的种子。 哈雷顿和小凯茜的爱情，其实看作是希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳少年时代的爱情的延续。希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳有着共同的叛逆性格和对自由、对情感解放的渴望，而哈雷顿小凯茜则同样有着对美好事物的向往和对幸福生活的憧憬。最重要的是，他们都曾为了自己的爱情而努力。希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳曾经是坚定的同盟，共同对抗来自欣德利的家庭压迫和来自约瑟夫的宗教精神束缚；而哈雷顿和小凯茜则是在希斯克利夫的压迫下相互帮助。因此，希斯克利夫最后放弃了报复，绝不是一时间的幡然悔悟，而是这对小儿女亲密地挨在一起读书的画面触动他灵魂深处的记忆，从而唤醒了希斯克利夫性格中被偏执和阴郁掩盖多时的爱与善。 为了拉近与凯茜的距离，哈雷顿总是偷偷地学习文化；为了帮助哈雷顿从愚昧无知中解脱出来，凯茜满腔热忱地教他学习文化。每一次哈雷顿获得一点点的进步，凯茜便奖赏他一连串的甜蜜的吻。这是多么温馨动人画面！女管家内利曾经感叹说：“我最大的心愿，还是希望这两个人结合。等他们举行婚礼那天，我谁也不羡慕了，英国不会有比我更快乐的女人了！” 哈雷顿与凯茜的爱情，代表的是最纯真的爱情，是人性中最真挚的渴望！他们不想上一代的男女主人公，面对爱情，他们不曾考虑太多的外界因素，一切都是跟随着心灵最真实的感觉而行动。他们的爱情就像从冰天雪地里破土而出的绿芽，划破阴霾的金色阳光，和狂风暴雨后的七色彩虹，用他们诚挚的真爱和热情以及对幸福的渴望打破了世俗的束缚，身份的牢笼，也冲破了爱与恨的纠缠。 二、艾米莉·勃朗特的寄望 我跟很多人一样，都曾好奇过，不曾经历过恋爱和婚姻的又几乎与世隔绝的艾米莉·勃朗特如何能写出这样具有感人肺腑的情感力量的作品。而我读到过的最大多数的观点是艾米莉·勃朗特将希斯克利夫是为自己个性的化身，是作品中作者自我意识的表达。然而，笔者宁愿理解为呼啸山庄是艾米莉·勃朗特幻化出来的另一个世界，而这个世界的构成则是一半蕴藏着艾米莉对现实世界的批判，另一半寄寓艾米莉对人性的希望和祝福。 希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳惊心动魄的爱情，就包含现实的无奈和悲哀，又蕴含着超人世的浪漫色彩。作为有钱人家的小姐，凯瑟琳虽然性格中有着与希斯克利夫一样的叛逆和自由、热情而粗犷的本质，但依然摆脱不了世俗观念的束缚。希斯克利夫从来都是一无所有，凯瑟琳就是他的全部，他享受与凯瑟琳在一起的欢乐，憎恨报复一切阻碍他们爱情的障碍。极端的爱与恨让他化身为魔，举起恨意凝聚而成的利剑向仇敌发起疯狂的报复。这里，艾米莉表达的是“束缚”和“自由”这样一对矛盾，并通过男女主人公在束缚中挣扎的痛苦和苦闷传递一种对残酷现实的无奈和不满，但是她又通过塑造一个超体验世界让希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳灵魂的双宿双飞，借此来实现“自由”。 林顿与凯瑟琳的爱情，则是她一个很是辛辣的讽刺。林顿和凯瑟琳的婚姻看起来和谐美满，其实只是一场可悲的独角戏，一件无奈的牺牲品。它曾经拥有过的幸福，就像是脆弱的玻璃，看来晶莹美丽，实际上却不堪一击。 相反，哈雷顿和小凯茜的完满爱情则是艾米莉诚挚的祝福和愿望。这一段爱情，可以说是对希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳爱情的遗憾的弥补，之前所有的不美好、苦痛和遗憾到此都画上句号。上一代的爱恨情仇都已经随着前人的逝去而落下帷幕，留下来的只有美好和幸福，就像是狂风暴雨后的晴天，阴霾一扫而空。而这一棵冲破冻土茁壮成长的爱情之树则在自由的风中摇弋着人性的胜利之光。 三种不同的爱情，三种不同的结局，艾米莉·勃朗特用她散文诗般的语言讲述了一个感人肺腑的爱情悲剧，两代人的爱恨情仇，向读者展示了一场人性与世俗的较量，一场爱与恨的冲突，一场自由和束缚的战争。凄惨的悲剧让人留下同情的眼泪，无情的现实令人心伤，但却淹没不了自由的火种，人性中蕴含的希望，最终穿破冻土，茁壮长成幸福的大树!
把《呼啸山庄》的人物分成几组。。。分析他们的性格差异。。以及代际的继承问题。。还可以写一下书里反映的宗教观
米莉个性孤独倔强，落落寡合，但她始终生热爱自然，苦恋故乡约克郡的荒原。她的小说和诗歌作品都充满了对大自然细致入神的描写。尤其在《呼啸山庄》中，旷野、神秘的的自然环境与凯瑟琳和希斯克厉夫这对旷世情侣的性格释放和人生故事水乳交融，相得益彰：极度的爱与极度的恨在在这个封闭的小宇宙中，戏剧化地获得一种神秘而又崇高的艺术气质。如此孤傲、叛逆又热情如火的灵魂，除了在这魔幻般的荒原上，还能在哪里生存呢？1神秘的原野评论家阿诺 凯特尔（Arnold Kettle）认为这部小说“对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分” 。故事背景具有哥特式神秘、超自然的气氛，而几乎所有的人物都被置于各种悖论关系所产生的危境中，弥漫着悬念，不断累积和爆发着能量。在这个前工业时期的约克郡荒原上，没有文明城市的状貌描画，没有繁华时尚的情趣点缀。只有阴郁荒凉的原野，四季不断的风、孤独的山庄，倾斜的树木、嶙峋的岩石，纷繁五彩的世界被过滤成为一个单纯的的黑白底色的梦境。 这梦魇般的夸张氛围中才能生发出非理性的人生价值和超越现实的精神追求。雨雪、风暴、黑夜是这荒凉原野的主要基调，野性的自然与激荡的精神一样，深不可测，令人生畏。这神秘漠然的荒野就是凯瑟琳和希斯克厉夫永远的精神之源，孕育滋养着他们孤傲不羁的灵魂、痴顽的爱情迷恋和对抗现实的疯狂。这荒原，是艾米莉终生不能离弃的故乡，是她艺术创作的素材宝库，也是她强烈个性发展的土壤。勃朗特一家的牧师住宅位于哈沃斯的城镇与荒野之间。西边的旷野是勃朗特姐妹经常散步的地方，艾米莉的气质深受旷野气氛的感染。夏洛蒂在1850年给《呼啸山庄》作序时说：“《呼啸山庄》从头到尾是乡土气息的。它带着荒原色彩，野性，像根一样虬结多枝。它也合乎自然的，不会是另一个样子，因为作者本人就是荒原上土生土长的人，荒原哺育长大的孩子。”艾米莉对原野的热爱是她人生经历的客观结果，也是她率真单纯个性的主观选择。在《呼啸山庄》中，荒野的浓重意象又是她表达混沌而强大的无意识的绝佳载体，是她展现本我精神层面故事的完美背景。荒野赋予了艾米莉独特的诗情，而她绝没有像夏洛特所惋惜感叹的那样是在一本困难的书上浪费了自己的才能，她以惊鸿一瞥的天赋给了这粗莽的旷野以永恒的生命。
初看《呼啸山庄》,觉得真是希刺克厉夫似乎被塑造的有些过激甚至可恨,他为了一己的私恨毁了两个庄园、两代人:收购呼啸山庄，凌辱辛德雷；勾引林顿的妹妹，娶后又加以折磨；他与林顿妹妹的孩子小林顿自幼体弱多病，在他的淫威下长大,自私而懦弱；凯瑟琳与林顿的女儿小凯瑟琳原本天真活泼，但下嫁小林顿后变得冷漠寡言，再也不对美好生活报任何幻想. 但重温《呼啸山庄》,发现希刺克厉夫又何尝不是一个可怜的人;他从小流浪接头，受尽世态炎凉，练就了狠心肠与倔脾气；凯瑟琳的父亲收养了他，但并未使情况改观，嫉恨的欣德利在父亲死后将他贬为马车夫，颐指气使；而唯一让他欣慰的爱情，深爱着他的凯瑟琳也嫁作他人妇。于是，当他的心再也无法承载太多负荷时，积累了多年的仇恨与委屈终于爆发出来了，他要报复，报复！他要伤害他的人经历痛苦与折磨，他要把过去所受的苦加倍还给他们！于是，就有了上面的悲剧。然而，更可悲的是,他不但没有从报复中得到快乐，反而更痛苦。他甚至伤害了他最爱的凯瑟琳,当然还有他自己。 《呼啸山庄》（“WutheringHeights”）的作者是英国十九世纪著名诗人和小说家艾米莉·勃朗特（EmilyBronte，1818－1848）。这位女作家在世界上仅仅度过了三十年便默默无闻地离开了人间。应该说，她首先是个诗人，写过一些极为深沉的抒情诗，包括叙事诗和短诗，有的已被选入英国十九世纪及二十世纪中二十二位第一流的诗人的诗选内。 然而她唯一的一部小说《呼啸山庄》却奠定了她在英国文学史以及世界文学史上的地位。她与《简爱》（“Jane Eyre”）的作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特（“CharlotteBronteD，1816—1855），和她们的小妹妹——《爱格尼斯·格雷》（“AgnesGrey”）的作者安·勃朗特（Anne Bronte ，1820—1849）号称勃朗特三姊妹，在英国十九世纪文坛上焕发异彩。特别是《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》，犹如一对颗粒不大却光彩夺目的猫儿眼宝石，世人在浏览十九世纪英国文学遗产时，不能不惊异地发现这是稀世珍物，而其中之一颗更是如此令人留恋赞叹，人们不禁惋惜这一位才华洋溢的姑娘，如果不是过早地逝世，将会留下多少璀璨的篇章来养育读者的心灵！ 艾米莉·勃朗特所生活的三十年间正是英国社会动荡的时代。资本主义正在发展并越来越暴露它内在的缺陷；劳资之间矛盾尖锐化；失业工人的贫困；大量的童工被残酷地折磨至死（这从同时期的英国著名女诗人伊莉莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁的长诗《孩子们的哭声》，可以看到一些概貌）。再加上英国政府对民主改革斗争和工人运动采取高压手段，因此这一时期的文学作品也有所反映。 然而《呼啸山庄》这本十九世纪最有影响力的文学巨著，它被人们所接受的过程去充满了坎坷。艾米莉生在一个牧师家庭里，一八四六年与自己的两个姐妹自筹款以假名出版了一本诗集，却只卖掉两本。一八四七年，她们三姊妹的三本小说终于出版，然而只有《简爱》获得成功，得到了重视。《呼啸山庄》的出版并不为当时读者所理解，甚至她自己的姐姐夏洛蒂也无法理解艾米莉的思想。 关于《呼啸山庄》这部书，在世界文坛上多年来每谈及十九世纪西欧文学，必会涉及《呼啸山庄》的探讨。有不少著名评论家及小说家都曾有专文论述。如：英国著名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（ViginiaWoolf，1882—1941）在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她将这两本书作了一个比较。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光采和热情说‘我爱’，‘我恨’，‘我受苦’。她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有‘我’，没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到——一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是‘我爱’或‘我恨’，却是‘我们，全人类’和‘你们，永存的势力……’这句话没有说完。” 英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔（Arnold Kettle）在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，也有专文为《呼啸山庄》作了较长的评论，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。” 英国当代著名小说家及创作家毛姆（William Somer Eset Maugham，1874—1985），在一九四八年应美国“大西洋”杂志请求向读者介绍世界文学十部最佳小说时，他选了英国小说四部，其中之一便是《呼啸山庄》，他在长文中最后写道： “我不知道还有哪一部小说其中爱情的痛苦、迷恋、残酷、执著，曾经如此令人吃惊地描述出来。《呼啸山庄》使我想起埃尔·格里科的那些伟大的绘画中的一幅，在那幅画上是一片乌云下的昏暗的荒瘠土地的景色，雷声隆隆拖长了的憔悴的人影东歪西倒，被一种不是属于尘世间的情绪弄得恍恍惚惚，他们屏息着。铅色的天空掠过一道闪电，给这一情景加上最后一笔，增添了神秘的恐怖之感。” 总之，《呼啸山庄》是一部伟大的作品，也有誉之为“最奇特的小说”的，所以它必然会得到世人的最终认同。但是正如阿诺德·凯特尔所说：“希刺克厉夫的反抗是一种特殊的反抗，是那些在肉体上和精神上被这同一社会（指维多利亚时期的社会）的条件与社会关系贬低了的工人的反抗。希刺克厉夫后来的确不再是个被剥削者，然而也的确正因为他采用了统治阶级的标准（以一种甚至使统治阶级本身也害怕的残酷无情的手段），在他早期的反抗中和在他对凯瑟琳的爱情中所暗含的人性价值也就消失了。在凯瑟琳与希刺克厉夫的关系中所包含的一切，在人类的需求和希望中所代表的一切，只有通过被压迫的积极反抗才能实现。”希刺克厉夫与凯瑟琳的社会悲剧就在于凯瑟琳意识到他们的社会地位悬殊，却幻想借她所羡慕的林顿家的富有来“帮助希刺克厉夫高升”，使她哥哥“无权过问”。这当然是不可能的，从后来希刺克厉夫再度出现时，林顿建议让他坐在厨房而不必请到客厅里坐，就可以看得出来。这就铸成了大错，她陷入自己亲手编织的罗网。而在她已经答应嫁给林顿后分明还说：“在这个世界上，我的最大的悲痛就是希刺克厉夫的悲痛，而且我从一开始就注意并且感受到了，在我的生活中，他是我思想的中心。如果别的一切都毁灭了，而他还留下来，我就能继续活下去，如果别的一切都留下来，而他给消灭了，这个世界对于我将成为一个极陌生的地方。我就不像是它的一部分。我对林顿的爱像是树林中的叶子：我完全晓得，在冬天改变树木的时候，时光便会改变叶子。我对希刺克厉夫的爱恰似下面的恒久不变的岩石，虽然看起来它给你的愉快并不多，可是这点愉快却是必需的。耐莉，我就是希刺克厉夫！他永远永远地在我心里……”而这样她竟背叛了她最爱的人，也就是背叛了自己，那么她就只能在自己编织的罗网中挣扎着死去，在死去以前，希刺克厉夫悲愤地责备她：“你为什么欺你自己的心呢……你害死了你自己。……悲惨、耻辱和死亡，以及上帝或撒旦所能给的一切打击和痛苦都不能分开我们，而你，却出于你自己的心意，这样作了。”又说“我爱害了我的人——可是害了你的人呢？我又怎么能够爱他？”这就导致了希刺克厉夫的悲剧——不惜用残酷手段来进行报复。他被私有制社会所摒弃，却仍旧用私有制社会的斗争手段来进行反抗。他没有财产，却掠夺了财产，自己成了庄园主；他自幼被辛德雷嘲弄、贬低、辱骂，被人降到一个乡巴佬的仆人的地位，若干年后他又反过来以其人之道向其子进行报复，结果他的胜利必然等于他自己精神上的失败。当他发现林敦的女儿（也就是凯瑟琳的女儿）和辛德雷的儿子（也就是凯瑟琳的侄子）两人的眼睛完全和凯瑟琳生前的眼睛一模一样时，当他发现哈里顿（辛德雷之子）仿佛就是他的青春的化身时，他再也不想抬起手来打他们了。他自己承认“这是一个很糟糕的结局”，他已不想报复，因为这样的“以眼还眼、以牙还牙”的复仇方式必然只能走向寂寞与空虚！ 无论如何，希刺克厉夫就那个时代来说，是值得同情的人物，他的复仇是可以理解的。正如作者最后写道：“我在那温和的天空下面，在这三块墓碑前留连，望着飞蛾在石南丛和兰铃花中扑飞，听着柔风在草间飘动，我纳闷有谁能想象得出在那平静的土地下面的长眠者竟会有并不平静的睡眠。” 《呼啸山庄》中希刺克厉夫与凯瑟琳这两个主要人物在世界文学上给广大读者留下了难忘的深刻印象；他们那种不为世俗所压服、忠贞不渝的爱情也正是对他们所处的被恶势力所操纵的旧时代的一个顽强的反抗，尽管他们的反抗是消极无力的，但他们的爱情在作者的笔下却终于战胜了死亡，达到了升华境界。而这位才华洋溢的女作家艾米莉·勃朗特便由于她这部唯一的作品，在英国十九世纪文坛的灿烂星群中永远放出独特的、闪着异彩的光辉！
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
1 曹召伦,李晓明;医学心理学的新发展[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2002年04期 2 邹颉;;复仇者的同与异:希思克利夫和仇虎——《呼啸山庄》和《原野》中男主人公之比较[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2006年06期 3 王喆;;《呼啸山庄》中窗意象的文化解读[J];安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版);2008年06期 4 张舒予;论伍尔夫与勃朗特的心灵与创作之关联[J];安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版);2003年03期 5 刘俊;;爱与恨的复合体——浅析希克厉这一人物形象[J];安徽文学(下半月);2006年09期 6 叶琴;刘爱花;;从阿德勒的人格理论谈心理健康与治疗[J];安徽文学(下半月);2006年09期 7 王华颖;;回归家庭——女性悲哀和幸福的双重所在——对《简爱》结局的新解读[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年01期 8 肖晶;;心理学视角下的凯瑟琳·恩肖形象再议[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年02期 9 唐正;;试分析艾米莉在《呼啸山庄》中的个性体现[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年06期 10 唐正;;试分析《简·爱》中独特的女性主义声音[J];安徽文学(下半月);2009年07期
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
如果你要写一篇关于呼啸山庄的文献，那么首先应该起一个题目，然后写明白你为什么要研究呼啸山庄，研究了之后得出来一个什么样的结论，最后你参考了什么文献写到上边。
你应该跟你的论文指导老师讨论这个事情，她很清楚地。一般简单的就会问你这篇论文的中心是什么啊，为什么写这篇文章，你对这个论题的理解之类。。。全英文哦，记得把开题报告的内容记一下，还有你的摘要和简介，结论~ 貌似可以带底稿进去的，也不用那么紧张，多跟同学交流交流，顺其自然，good luck~
英美文学论文开题报告
开题报告的综述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法。
题目： 回归自然—论<呼啸山庄>中自然和文明的冲突
一、选题的背景与意义：
(一)课题研究来源
在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。
(二)课题研究的目的
本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。(三)课题研究的意义
艾米莉•勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期著名小说家和作家，是著名的勃朗特姐妹之一，也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉•勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉•勃朗特对自然的偏爱。
小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉•勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉•勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上著名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。
并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等著名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉•勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉•勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉•勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。
因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的著作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉•勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉•勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意—人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。
二、国内外研究现状：
(一)国内研究现状
1.陈茂林从艾米莉•勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真——<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。
叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程——<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出：艾米莉•勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象——希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。
2.王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为，自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然，要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性，得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明，则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式，要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的'社会以及追逐自身利益的人类，因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失，自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始，文明和自然的冲突就不断。
(二)国外研究现状
1.英国著名女作家弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光彩和热情说‘我爱’，‘我恨’，‘我受苦’。她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有‘我’，没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到——一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是‘我爱’或‘我恨’，却是‘我们，全人类’和‘你们，永存的势力……’这句话没有说完。”
2.英国进步评论家阿诺•凯特尔(ArnoldKettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。
这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。”
三、课题研究内容及创新
(一)课题研究内容
艾米莉•勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义，例如，呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然，他们崇尚自由，顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则。。而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明，他们彬彬有礼，服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄，于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战，她开始背叛自己的内心情感，越来越像淑女，最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加•林顿，表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。
而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端，他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲，约束人的真实自然之情，造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步，但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终，艾米莉•勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗—文明，让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉•勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性，重返自然的思想。
本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述：
1.自然和文明的定义
2.自然和文明的较量：
a.自然和文明的象征：呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿
b.自然和文明的斗争：凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲
3.结论
人应该顺从自然，归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。
(二)课题研究创新
本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用，来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉•勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园，分别代表自然和文明，还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格，通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。
四、课题的研究方法：
本选题拟采用多种研究手法，然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括：
1、定性分析法：根据主观的判断和分析能力，推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。
2、归纳法：通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，得出一般性的结论。
3、文献法：即历史文献法，就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。
4、文献综述法:即针对某个研究主题,对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理,对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别,清理与分析,并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况,取得的成果,存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述,评论,建构与阐述.其中,确定一个研究主题,收集整理专题文献,阅读与挖掘文献内容,清理与记述专题研究状况,建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。
五、研究计划及预期成果
(一)研究计划
4月15日—4月18日：指定论文指导教师，学生选定题目;
4月19日—4月25日：完成任务书部分和开题报告;
4月26日—5月12日：完成论文第一稿;
5月13日—5月22日：完成并上交论文第二稿;
5月23日—5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交，以便答辩老师阅读)，指导教师分组阅读论文，师生做好答辩准备;
6月1日—6月9日：论文答辩(答辩后，学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改，以便装订论文终稿)。
6月10日—6月12日：二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。
(二)预期成果
按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的，字数在5000英文单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。
六、参考文献：
[1]BronteEmily.WutheringHeights[M].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,OxfordUniversityPress,1999.
[2]Cecil,David.EarlyVictorianNovelists:EssaysinRevaluation..1934
[3]艾米莉•勃朗特(EmilyBronte)著,方平译.呼啸山庄[M].上海译文出版社,2001
[4]夏洛蒂•勃朗特(CharlotteBronte)著,宋兆霖译.勃朗特两姐妹全集[M].河北教育出版社,1996
[5]陈茂林.回归自然返璞归真——《呼啸山庄》的生态批评[J].外语教学.2007(01):69-73
[6]栗华.“野孩子”的爱与恨——对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J].北方论丛.2001(6):80-83
[7]裴双.人类应有的前行姿态——论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍[J].绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版).2007(04):80-85
[8]邵旭东.何以写出《呼啸山庄》——也谈艾米丽•勃朗特创作源泉问题[J].外国文学研究.1996(04)：77-81
朋友，我其实极其同意2楼童鞋的说法，做人还是脚踏实地为好啊
从文学空间的角度试析《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的个性摘 要：世界名著《呼啸山庄》这部小说历来得到文学研究者与爱好者的充分关注批评，一百多年来掀起阵阵研究热潮，颇受关注，本文章从不同的批评视野，采用不同的批评方式，解析这一经典名著，本文试从文学空间的视角来解读女主人公凯瑟琳独特的复杂个性。关键词：《呼啸山庄》；文学空间；女主人公；个性。A Brief Analysis of the Hero Catherine in Wuthering Heights from the Perspective of Space in Literary MeaningCHENG Ming-xiaAbstract: The world famous novel Wuthering Heights has received enough attention and review from the researchers and lovers ofliterature. It has unfolded a vigorous campaign for making researches on it from time to time during more than one hundred years.Various articles analyzed this classic novel from different visions and ways. This paper tries to dig out the positive and negativeaspects of Catherine’s character.Key words: Wuthering Heights; space of literary meaning; heroin; character.1《呼啸山庄》是艾米莉•勃朗特独具创造性的小说,其气势磅礴、充满激情，出版后一直被人认为是英国文学史上一部“ 最奇特的小说”,是一部神秘莫测的怪书，原因在于它一反同时代作品普遍存在的伤感主义情调, 而以强烈的爱、狂暴的恨及由之而起的无情的报复, 取代了低沉的伤感和忧郁,具有震撼人心的艺术力量，毫无愧色地奠定了她在英国及世界文坛上的重要地位。2戴维•塞西尔说:“在维多利亚时代的小说中,《呼啸山庄》是唯一一部没有(即使是部分地)被时间的尘土遮没光辉的。”自发表以来，评论界从未停止过对这部作品的关注。历代批评家对《呼啸山庄》有着不同的批评视野,并采用不同的批评方式（如传记式、心理分析式、女性主义分析及神话原型批评式等）进行了分析,每一种批评方式都有其解读方式。而我们则试从文学空间的角度评析小说中主人公凯瑟琳的个性。空间既可因被视为具体的物质形式而被标示、被分析、被解释，同时又是精神的建构，是关于空间及其生活意义表征的观念形态。列斐伏尔第一空间认识论,此一思维方式的认识对象主要是感知的、物质的空间，第一空间认识论偏重于客观性和物质性...包括人与自然的关系...。对于一种文本文学空间可以从两个层面上来阅读：一是空间分析的原始方法，就对象进行集中的准确的描绘，一是移师外围，主要在社会、心理和生物物理过程中来阐释空间。文学空间的地域描写意味深长，远远超出其统计学上的意义，不单纯反映外部客观世界，文学空间展示了一种生动有机的地域文化身份，它包括自然空间、社会空间和心理空间。艾米莉不遗余力地描写呼啸山庄和画眉山庄乡野景观和乡野生活方式，她其实是在叙写主人公的生存空间——自然空间、社会空间和心理空间，烘托主人公形象、刻画主人公的性格。3小说中的主要人物希斯克利夫 (Heathcliff) 这个名字由Heath 和Cliff 两部分组成,Heath 意为荒地, 尤指石楠荒地;Cliff 指的是悬崖峭壁。Heathcliff 这个名字就体现并加强了希斯克利夫这个人物桀骜不驯、狂野暴烈的性格。呼啸山庄(Wuthering Heights) 和画眉田庄(Thrushcross Grange) 这两个名字,一则生动地呈现了希斯克利夫、林敦等居住的截然不同的自然环境,二则体现了生活在这两个地方的人物完全不同的人物性格。因此,这些富有空间感的名字大大地加强了对人物的刻画。4 艾米莉通过对呼啸山庄和画眉山庄这两个主人公感情纠葛的主要文学空间的对比描写, 刻画了两类个性相反的人物——暴风雨式的和风平浪静的。呼啸山庄位于荒野高地之上, 常年经受风吹雨打,呼啸是当地的方言, 即风啸雨吼, 它是原始、自然、野性、狂暴的生存空间，代表着暴风雨似的陈明霞：从文学空间角度试析《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的个性生活，而主人公个性狂野、又如烈火般富有激情、桀骜不驯,喜怒哀乐溢于言表。与此相对应的画眉山庄座落于鸟语花香的山谷, 这样平静、文明、理性的生存空间给主人以豪华、舒适、高贵、典雅的生活， 那儿的人们柔弱温顺、举止文雅,敏感被动，较为自制和理智。处于两个世界的卡瑟琳就象是月光交织闪电、冰霜糅合火焰, 其内心的巨大冲突和矛盾借助于这一外在自然力空间的叙写得以现。5小说中女主人公凯瑟琳是一个复杂, 难以捉磨的人物,“ 宛如来自其它星球”她不仅自始至终联系着希思克利夫这一复仇的灵魂，而且是全书的关键所在。6 孩童时的凯瑟琳在呼啸山庄这个原始封闭的世界里生活, 我们看到的, 是她身上与大自然浑然一体的原始天性,单纯、善良、野性、顽劣是她性格中最本质最原始的一面：“ 再说，我相信她的心眼儿到底是不坏的；她一旦把你当真弄得哭出来，她很少不陪你一起哭闹的，让你不得不制住了哭反而去安慰她。” [1]当希思克利夫被欣德利关起来后, 凯瑟琳食不下咽, “ 脸蛋涨得通红, 泪水从上面滚滚而下”。凯瑟琳除了单纯善良、天真无邪外，浑身上下还洋溢着与山庄一样的野性与顽劣：呼啸山庄从头到尾是乡土气息的，它带着荒原色彩, 野性, 像石南的根一样虬结多节。同龄的女孩子们都在玩布娃娃的时候, 凯瑟琳却以骑马为乐。父亲去利物浦前问孩子们要什么礼物时, “那时她才只六岁，可是马房的马儿没有哪匹她骑不上去，她便提出要一根马鞭子”。[2]“她一天里也不止五十次地把我们招惹地按捺不住。从她起身下楼直到上床睡觉，我们没有一分钟拿得稳她不会淘气捣蛋。”[3]“在一起玩儿的时候，她最得意的是扮小主妇，差遣她的同伴，打起人来，出手可快呢。”[4]“她最快乐的时候就是我们一起赶去骂她，让她摆出一副满不在乎的神气，用一张难不倒的利嘴来跟我们周旋应付。”[5]呼啸山庄里, 一年到头都流动着清新的空气。特别是在风雪肆虐的天气里, 那狂风怒吼的情景让人惊心动魄。凯瑟琳最爱的游戏场所就是大自然。因为大自然符合了她的天性,大自然也让她那激情、自由、奔放以及一种不含杂质的野性美的性情得到了更好的发挥。凯瑟琳和希斯克利夫黄昏时刻荒野赛跑的情景足以彰显其自由奔放、激情十足的性情：“我们（凯瑟琳和希斯克利）从山庄的高顶往下冲，一口气奔到他们的林苑；这一场赛跑，凯瑟琳可完全比输了，因为她是光着两只脚呢。明天你得到沼地找鞋子。我们从一个破篱笆里钻了进去，沿着园路一路摸索，来到宅子外面......”[6]呼啸山庄是美丽生动的：“山上吹来的每一股气息都是如此洋溢着生命，仿佛无论谁吸进了它，即使是气息奄奄的人，也会复活起来。”“轻柔的暖风，和煦的阳光，还有快溶化的雪”以及“天是蓝的，百灵在歌唱，小河小溪都涨满了水__风吹得这么惬意”“山谷里那涨满了的水溪传来的潺潺流水声，非常悦耳，这美妙的声音代替了现在还没有到来的夏日树叶簌簌声，等到树上生了果子，这声音就湮没了田庄附近的那种音乐。呼啸山庄附近，在风雪或雨季之后的平静日子里，这小溪总是这样响着的。”这些描述展现了生动美好的大自然，在这人间乐园凯瑟琳找到了许多开怀的乐趣。“他们（凯瑟琳和希斯克利）最大的乐趣就是两人一块儿一清早就奔到荒原上去玩一整天，至于事后的惩罚变得无非是让他们好笑的事儿罢了......只消两个人聚到了一块儿，他们立刻把什么都忘了——至少当他们想出了一个什么调皮捣蛋的报复的计划时，就什么都记不得了。”[7]在那漫无边际,长满各种野草的、广袤粗犷、狂风呼啸的荒原里, 他们俩一同嬉戏, 一同疯狂，他们自由奔放、野性粗犷。7然而，呼啸山庄并不总是宁静、温柔、友善的，它有冷峻、冷酷、狂野的一面，是有喜怒哀乐各种情绪和脾气的。作者在说明呼啸山庄名称由来之时写到：呼啸是一个意味深长的内地形容词，形容这个地方在风暴的天气里所受的气压骚动。气压骚动、风暴的狂野和凯瑟琳的火药桶脾气是同型的。山庄上突显的空间标志是瘦削的荆棘,过度倾斜的矮小的枞树,混杂的天空和群山,使人窒息的大雪；山庄外面是一望无际的灰暗的荒原,山庄里面则因为缺少光线而显得昏暗阴郁。荆棘、枞树、雪、雾......这样和生命相通的自然空间的描写让我们感觉到凯瑟琳的任性执拗、坚韧顽强；“那一排瘦削的荆棘都向着一个方向，伸展枝条，仿佛在向太阳乞讨温暖...” 我们仿佛看到她对生命曙光的渴望、对爱情的执着顽强——象原始生命力那样不可摧毁。当凯瑟琳得知心灵的朋友希斯克利夫愤然离开了呼啸山庄时，有一段生动的暴风雨的描写, 震撼灵魂 ，映射出凯瑟琳恰如闪电火焰般的脾性。“象千军万马般的狂风暴雨降落到山庄上来了, 只听得又是风吼, 又是雷轰, 接着一声巨响, 宅子一角的一株大树倒下来了——也不知是狂风吹折的还是遭了雷劈；那粗大的树枝压在屋顶上，把东边的烟囱打开了一个大缺口，砖石、煤灰，哗啦啦地落到了厨房间的炉灶里。”[8] 作者以自然界的狂风暴雨来衬托卡瑟琳内心的巨大悲痛，卡瑟琳心中的恐惧、悔恨及矛盾心理外化为自然界的狂风暴雨, 暴风雨及轰然巨响的雷声又应合了卡瑟琳原始、狂暴的性格。在此，任何言语和行动在自然力的的描写面前都会变得苍白无力，因为“荒野的重要意义用冷冰冰的逻辑语言是不能表现出来的(这并不意味着它是不合逻辑的)。”艾米莉借用大自然之力来表达人性中那些巨大的沉睡的激情。[9]费吉妮亚•伍尔芙说“艾米莉和夏洛蒂她们笔下的风景, 她们笔下的荒原, 她们笔下快人的夏日绿野, 都不是用来点缀一页沉闷乏味的文字,或卖弄作者观察力的装饰品——它们饱含着情绪, 显示了全书的主旨。”[10]《呼啸山庄》中文学景观的描写不仅仅作为背景而存在，不仅仅提供某种客观的地理知识，而且它还提供某种情感的呼应，另一方面还烘托人物形象、揭示人物的性格。8如果说在呼啸山庄凯瑟琳与自然空间达到物我统一的境界，她的性格是原始单纯、自由奔放、野性粗犷、激情热烈；那么在画眉山庄这个资产阶级文明、理性所规范的社会空间里，她又有怎样的个性呢？我们不妨把故事发生的空间切换到画眉庄。9当凯瑟琳第一次来到画眉山庄时,就被这里安详、文雅、富足的生活方式深深地吸引住了。“我们两个站在垫脚的石盆上，手扒着窗台，都能够直望进室内；而我们看见的是——啊，真是美哪！——出色的房间，铺着大红的地毯，椅子、桌子铺着大红的绣布；纯白的天花板，围着金边，玻璃吊灯上的玻璃坠子像下雨般从中央的银链子上挂下来，闪烁着一支支柔软的小蜡烛。”[11] 当她走进林敦家那金碧辉煌的大客厅时,她的人格精神和力量显示出了她性格的另一面——虚荣。她发觉自己无法抗拒画眉田庄里优雅生活的吸引,背弃了自己野性粗犷的真正本性,为了那尘世浮华,她嫁给了文雅殷勤的林敦,因为嫁给希斯克利夫会降低她的身份。10克朗指出，对小说空间的描写不光是故事和情节从中展开的一个场景，同样也表现了关于社会和生活的信念。文学空间有地理空间、精神空间和社会空间之分，社会空间更是一张纷繁复杂的大网，不同的社会阶层构筑了不同的阶级观念、价值关念，甚至风土人情、社会心理，它形成一个牢固的堡垒，界限分明，人处在社会之中，必然要受到社会意识的影响和束缚，而个人的自我追求和情感追求往往要受到社会意识的阻碍。凯瑟琳生活在世俗等级观念横行的社会，这样的社会讲究的是身份和地位。在画眉山庄，空间经验的转移使她的价值观和生活的信念发生了巨大的变化，她无法抵御资产阶级的文明和理性的诱惑, 上流社会的生活激发了她强烈的虚荣心和名利欲：在见识了画眉山庄的教养和礼仪之后, 对自己粗鲁的行为也产生了羞耻感， 想要改变自己的行为举止, 让自己尽可能看起来斯文有礼, 暂且隐藏作为地域文化身份的野性, 在外人面前扮成一个举止高雅的淑女, 在呼啸山庄才舒展出自己野性, 不可驯服的一面。久而久之,这种不断变脸的行为形成了她的双重人格。
】：《呼啸山庄》已被公认为世界文学史中的经典之作。长期以来,她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,人们视作者为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克利夫的心灵世界谜团重重,情感汹涌起伏,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论。 本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析学中“防御机制”的理论来解析和阐释希斯克利夫的内心世界及其在小说中的作用,同时着力探讨希斯克利夫的心理活动,及其对其他人物和小说结局的影响。本文分为五个部分：绪论、主体(三个章节)及结论。 “绪论”部分简要论述了艾米莉·勃朗特的生平、创作、《呼啸山庄》的批评史,并着力论述了国内外相关文献的基本观点、本文的批评视角及其理论。 第一章主要从内外两个方面来探讨希斯克利夫心理防御机制的形成：作为外部因素的维多利亚时期的社会、文化氛围,与作为内部因素的主人公自身的苦难经历。两种因素合谋,决定了希斯克利夫的防御机制,其基本特点就是一旦受到侮辱,即刻进行报复。第二章仔细分析了希斯克利夫心理防御机制的表现形式：没有其他发泄途径时,否认、压抑、复仇等就都成了他防御机制的作用方式。第三章进一步阐释了希斯克利夫心理防御机制与其悲剧的关系,认为他的悲剧是其另一个自我(凯瑟琳)的死亡及其心理防御机制的崩溃的必然结果。 最后,“结论”部分指出希斯克利夫的悲剧源自其心理防御机制的畸形发展,及这类机制在敌人不存在时表现出的疯狂。可以说,希斯克利夫的疯狂和死亡是艾米莉无意识中对爱情的忧虑的外化。
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.