研究呼啸山庄的文献综述论文

初看《呼啸山庄》,觉得真是希刺克厉夫似乎被塑造的有些过激甚至可恨,他为了一己的私恨毁了两个庄园、两代人:收购呼啸山庄，凌辱辛德雷；勾引林顿的妹妹，娶后又加以折磨；他与林顿妹妹的孩子小林顿自幼体弱多病，在他的淫威下长大,自私而懦弱；凯瑟琳与林顿的女儿小凯瑟琳原本天真活泼，但下嫁小林顿后变得冷漠寡言，再也不对美好生活报任何幻想. 但重温《呼啸山庄》,发现希刺克厉夫又何尝不是一个可怜的人;他从小流浪接头，受尽世态炎凉，练就了狠心肠与倔脾气；凯瑟琳的父亲收养了他，但并未使情况改观，嫉恨的欣德利在父亲死后将他贬为马车夫，颐指气使；而唯一让他欣慰的爱情，深爱着他的凯瑟琳也嫁作他人妇。于是，当他的心再也无法承载太多负荷时，积累了多年的仇恨与委屈终于爆发出来了，他要报复，报复！他要伤害他的人经历痛苦与折磨，他要把过去所受的苦加倍还给他们！于是，就有了上面的悲剧。然而，更可悲的是,他不但没有从报复中得到快乐，反而更痛苦。他甚至伤害了他最爱的凯瑟琳,当然还有他自己。 《呼啸山庄》（“WutheringHeights”）的作者是英国十九世纪著名诗人和小说家艾米莉·勃朗特（EmilyBronte，1818－1848）。这位女作家在世界上仅仅度过了三十年便默默无闻地离开了人间。应该说，她首先是个诗人，写过一些极为深沉的抒情诗，包括叙事诗和短诗，有的已被选入英国十九世纪及二十世纪中二十二位第一流的诗人的诗选内。 然而她唯一的一部小说《呼啸山庄》却奠定了她在英国文学史以及世界文学史上的地位。她与《简爱》（“Jane Eyre”）的作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特（“CharlotteBronteD，1816—1855），和她们的小妹妹——《爱格尼斯·格雷》（“AgnesGrey”）的作者安·勃朗特（Anne Bronte ，1820—1849）号称勃朗特三姊妹，在英国十九世纪文坛上焕发异彩。特别是《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》，犹如一对颗粒不大却光彩夺目的猫儿眼宝石，世人在浏览十九世纪英国文学遗产时，不能不惊异地发现这是稀世珍物，而其中之一颗更是如此令人留恋赞叹，人们不禁惋惜这一位才华洋溢的姑娘，如果不是过早地逝世，将会留下多少璀璨的篇章来养育读者的心灵！ 艾米莉·勃朗特所生活的三十年间正是英国社会动荡的时代。资本主义正在发展并越来越暴露它内在的缺陷；劳资之间矛盾尖锐化；失业工人的贫困；大量的童工被残酷地折磨至死（这从同时期的英国著名女诗人伊莉莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁的长诗《孩子们的哭声》，可以看到一些概貌）。再加上英国政府对民主改革斗争和工人运动采取高压手段，因此这一时期的文学作品也有所反映。 然而《呼啸山庄》这本十九世纪最有影响力的文学巨著，它被人们所接受的过程去充满了坎坷。艾米莉生在一个牧师家庭里，一八四六年与自己的两个姐妹自筹款以假名出版了一本诗集，却只卖掉两本。一八四七年，她们三姊妹的三本小说终于出版，然而只有《简爱》获得成功，得到了重视。《呼啸山庄》的出版并不为当时读者所理解，甚至她自己的姐姐夏洛蒂也无法理解艾米莉的思想。 关于《呼啸山庄》这部书，在世界文坛上多年来每谈及十九世纪西欧文学，必会涉及《呼啸山庄》的探讨。有不少著名评论家及小说家都曾有专文论述。如：英国著名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（ViginiaWoolf，1882—1941）在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她将这两本书作了一个比较。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光采和热情说‘我爱’，‘我恨’，‘我受苦’。她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有‘我’，没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到——一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是‘我爱’或‘我恨’，却是‘我们，全人类’和‘你们，永存的势力……’这句话没有说完。” 英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔（Arnold Kettle）在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，也有专文为《呼啸山庄》作了较长的评论，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。” 英国当代著名小说家及创作家毛姆（William Somer Eset Maugham，1874—1985），在一九四八年应美国“大西洋”杂志请求向读者介绍世界文学十部最佳小说时，他选了英国小说四部，其中之一便是《呼啸山庄》，他在长文中最后写道： “我不知道还有哪一部小说其中爱情的痛苦、迷恋、残酷、执著，曾经如此令人吃惊地描述出来。《呼啸山庄》使我想起埃尔·格里科的那些伟大的绘画中的一幅，在那幅画上是一片乌云下的昏暗的荒瘠土地的景色，雷声隆隆拖长了的憔悴的人影东歪西倒，被一种不是属于尘世间的情绪弄得恍恍惚惚，他们屏息着。铅色的天空掠过一道闪电，给这一情景加上最后一笔，增添了神秘的恐怖之感。” 总之，《呼啸山庄》是一部伟大的作品，也有誉之为“最奇特的小说”的，所以它必然会得到世人的最终认同。但是正如阿诺德·凯特尔所说：“希刺克厉夫的反抗是一种特殊的反抗，是那些在肉体上和精神上被这同一社会（指维多利亚时期的社会）的条件与社会关系贬低了的工人的反抗。希刺克厉夫后来的确不再是个被剥削者，然而也的确正因为他采用了统治阶级的标准（以一种甚至使统治阶级本身也害怕的残酷无情的手段），在他早期的反抗中和在他对凯瑟琳的爱情中所暗含的人性价值也就消失了。在凯瑟琳与希刺克厉夫的关系中所包含的一切，在人类的需求和希望中所代表的一切，只有通过被压迫的积极反抗才能实现。”希刺克厉夫与凯瑟琳的社会悲剧就在于凯瑟琳意识到他们的社会地位悬殊，却幻想借她所羡慕的林顿家的富有来“帮助希刺克厉夫高升”，使她哥哥“无权过问”。这当然是不可能的，从后来希刺克厉夫再度出现时，林顿建议让他坐在厨房而不必请到客厅里坐，就可以看得出来。这就铸成了大错，她陷入自己亲手编织的罗网。而在她已经答应嫁给林顿后分明还说：“在这个世界上，我的最大的悲痛就是希刺克厉夫的悲痛，而且我从一开始就注意并且感受到了，在我的生活中，他是我思想的中心。如果别的一切都毁灭了，而他还留下来，我就能继续活下去，如果别的一切都留下来，而他给消灭了，这个世界对于我将成为一个极陌生的地方。我就不像是它的一部分。我对林顿的爱像是树林中的叶子：我完全晓得，在冬天改变树木的时候，时光便会改变叶子。我对希刺克厉夫的爱恰似下面的恒久不变的岩石，虽然看起来它给你的愉快并不多，可是这点愉快却是必需的。耐莉，我就是希刺克厉夫！他永远永远地在我心里……”而这样她竟背叛了她最爱的人，也就是背叛了自己，那么她就只能在自己编织的罗网中挣扎着死去，在死去以前，希刺克厉夫悲愤地责备她：“你为什么欺你自己的心呢……你害死了你自己。……悲惨、耻辱和死亡，以及上帝或撒旦所能给的一切打击和痛苦都不能分开我们，而你，却出于你自己的心意，这样作了。”又说“我爱害了我的人——可是害了你的人呢？我又怎么能够爱他？”这就导致了希刺克厉夫的悲剧——不惜用残酷手段来进行报复。他被私有制社会所摒弃，却仍旧用私有制社会的斗争手段来进行反抗。他没有财产，却掠夺了财产，自己成了庄园主；他自幼被辛德雷嘲弄、贬低、辱骂，被人降到一个乡巴佬的仆人的地位，若干年后他又反过来以其人之道向其子进行报复，结果他的胜利必然等于他自己精神上的失败。当他发现林敦的女儿（也就是凯瑟琳的女儿）和辛德雷的儿子（也就是凯瑟琳的侄子）两人的眼睛完全和凯瑟琳生前的眼睛一模一样时，当他发现哈里顿（辛德雷之子）仿佛就是他的青春的化身时，他再也不想抬起手来打他们了。他自己承认“这是一个很糟糕的结局”，他已不想报复，因为这样的“以眼还眼、以牙还牙”的复仇方式必然只能走向寂寞与空虚！ 无论如何，希刺克厉夫就那个时代来说，是值得同情的人物，他的复仇是可以理解的。正如作者最后写道：“我在那温和的天空下面，在这三块墓碑前留连，望着飞蛾在石南丛和兰铃花中扑飞，听着柔风在草间飘动，我纳闷有谁能想象得出在那平静的土地下面的长眠者竟会有并不平静的睡眠。” 《呼啸山庄》中希刺克厉夫与凯瑟琳这两个主要人物在世界文学上给广大读者留下了难忘的深刻印象；他们那种不为世俗所压服、忠贞不渝的爱情也正是对他们所处的被恶势力所操纵的旧时代的一个顽强的反抗，尽管他们的反抗是消极无力的，但他们的爱情在作者的笔下却终于战胜了死亡，达到了升华境界。而这位才华洋溢的女作家艾米莉·勃朗特便由于她这部唯一的作品，在英国十九世纪文坛的灿烂星群中永远放出独特的、闪着异彩的光辉！

The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.

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