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呼啸山庄论文提纲
《呼啸山庄》是一出爱情悲剧，作者的全部心血凝聚在希思克厉夫和凯瑟琳形象的塑造上。《呼啸山庄》是英国女作家艾米莉-勃朗特唯一一部小说。在这本小说中，作者向读者讲述了以希思克利夫与凯瑟琳的爱情为主题的复仇故事。
《呼啸山庄》是英国文学史上的一朵奇葩，具有很高的文学价值和艺术成就。这部小说写的是荒野山地里两个家族，及呼啸山庄和画眉山庄两个家族前后半个世纪的恩怨纠葛，体现了强烈的爱情悲剧和反抗精神。小说中，以主人公希斯克利夫的爱和恨而展开，他深爱女主人公凯瑟琳，却被无情抛弃，在绝望中他离开山庄。
三年之后回到呼啸山庄时，自己深爱的女人为了名利嫁给了别人，他的爱慢慢转化为一种被扭曲了的爱，就是恨。为了爱，他展开了疯狂的一系列报复行动，在报复中，告诉自己很满足，但内心却依然很孤独，最后他为爱慢慢放下了复仇，灵魂继续追随他的爱人凯瑟琳而去，得到了解放。
希斯克利夫的一生是悲剧的一生，他的人生经历了强烈的爱----疯狂的恨----爱的复归.作者塑造了一个一直被认为是恶魔般的主人公希斯克利夫，渴望爱却被爱和社会无情伤害，集爱与恨于一生，是一个“谜”一样的男人。作者塑造这样一个被社会迫害和扭曲而反抗的人物形象，既寄托了自己对现实社会的愤慨，也表现了19世纪资本主义社会中个人的精神压迫和矛盾冲突。
通过三个多月的查找工具书和知网、期刊里的各类文献，我的论文大致结构除了绪论和结论外，主体共有两章，第一章：可悲的受害者与可感的爱情者两方面，分别从希斯克利夫被命运、社会所迫害和他可歌可泣的爱情来展开叙述。第二章：可憎的复仇者与可叹的救赎者两方面，分别从希斯克利夫对曾经伤害过他的人无情的报复和他人性的解脱来展开叙述。最后进行总结，折射出当时社会的现状和可悲性。
摘 要：女性作家艾米莉・勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》以深刻的主题、诗化的语言、生动的人物形象受到了读者的喜爱，除此之外，小说独特的叙事手法也是作品获得成功的因素之一。《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的交错叙述为主;在叙事时间上适当地加快或放慢，拿捏精准;通过自然，推动了故事情节的发展。
关键词：《呼啸山庄》;叙事主体;叙事时间;自然
《呼啸山庄》是女性小说家艾米莉・勃朗特的传世之作，是她唯一的一部小说，在英国文学史甚至世界文学史上都占有重要一席。该部小说问世于1847年，以希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情故事为主线，向读者展示了复杂的人性和扭曲的社会。在《呼啸山庄》发行之初，评论家曾质疑其纷乱且不成体统，鉴于此，本文以其叙事特色为主题，从叙事的主体和时间、自然三个方面探讨这部小说的创作手法，解读《呼啸山庄》的独特魅力。
一、叙事主体的交错
《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的叙述为主，交叉转换，小说中的人物也参与叙述，打破了以往小说中惯用的呆板乏味的套层结构，从不同叙述层面展开，小说由于多个叙述者的叙述，呈现出立体化的效果，小说结构紧凑，并且增加了故事的真实性，从而使整部小说显得扑朔迷离，新奇而独特，引人入胜。
作者艾米莉・勃朗特别具一格地塑造了两位主要的叙述者，分别是呼啸山庄的女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德，两位叙述者的身份不同，视角不同，带给读者的感受也不同，可以使读者感受到主人公丰富的情感和故事情节的曲折迷离。《呼啸山庄》一共有三十四章，不同章节的叙事主体如下图所示：
小说以洛克伍德的`叙述开篇，通过他的日记，为读者展示了呼啸山庄以及山庄里的人和事，在他的眼里，似乎一切都不正常，对山庄他也充满了疑虑，从而引出了纳莉的叙述。由他的好奇心引起了读者的好奇心，作者在小说中巧妙地设计了许多悬念，围绕着这些悬念的解开，小说情节和人物也逐渐清晰起来。
纳莉是与世隔绝的理想避难所――呼啸山庄的历史见证人，山庄的人世浮沉、兴衰起落都在她的的眼前发生。纳莉在小说中具有双重身份，她不仅是事件的参与者，也是事件的旁观者，事件的边缘人物，从而使她的叙述也呈现出独特的优势，她不但可以进行主观叙述，描述事件的发展过程，记录她的所见所闻，同时也可以置身事外，对发生的事件进行评价，加入自己的内心感受和情感体验。她目睹了呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的人和事，包括主人公希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳跌宕起伏的爱情故事，希刺克厉夫身上的变化，听闻了凯瑟琳的内心感受，但她的身份注定她不能左右事情的发展，无法真正地走入人物的内心世界。这样的叙述视角使小说的发展浑然天成，不带任何的牵强附会，真实而又自然，在娓娓道来中道出了人物的命运。
二、叙事时间的跳跃
“小说是以叙述性方式，在一定环境中通过情节侧重塑造人物形象的文学形式”。[1](87)作者在讲故事，而读者在听故事。小说的文本时间为1801年――1802年，主要为房客洛克伍德的见闻;故事时间为1784――1801，1771――1784，前一段时间为第二代女主人公凯蒂的故事，后一段时间为第一代女主人凯瑟琳的故事，打破了传统的单纯的以时间或事件发展顺序进行叙述的方式，使故事的发生呈现出非确定性的状态，吸引读者的阅读，同时又不离小说的主题，不失小说的思想性。
(一)叙事顺序的复杂
小说《呼啸山庄》的叙述顺序在复杂中体现了作者创新性的叙事策略，采用了欧洲剧作家的常用手法，从故事中间讲起，采用了倒叙。艾米莉・勃朗特将最激烈的部分置于小说的开头，女管家纳莉在巨大暴风雪夜晚说的一句：“十八年了，先生”，道出了无尽的沧桑和遥远的距离，可以激起读者强烈的兴趣去了解故事发生的缘由和进展，作者通过这样的叙事手法，将小说中故事的过去，现在和将来巧妙地融合在一起，可以使读者感受到故事的完整性和统一性。
小说《呼啸山庄》中，还运用了预叙的叙事手法。作者通过预叙，给读者以强烈的心灵感受，让读者在小说的发展中不断获得感悟。当希刺克厉夫获得庄园的财产时，物质上应该说获得了极大的财富，复仇也可谓成功，然而随着纳莉的叙述，他最后却选择了死亡，巨大的反差会吸引着读者找出其中的原因，当明白希刺克厉夫的死亡是因为凯瑟琳后，读者也深刻地体会到他们之间爱恨交织的感情。预叙的运用还可以改变文章的感情基调。《呼啸山庄》给人的整体感觉是灰暗的，在各个人物经历了爱恨情仇之后，山庄里只剩下无可皈依的灵魂。在小说的结尾，作者却给读者留下了一个温暖而充满希望的结局：第二代人物哈里顿和小凯瑟琳即将结婚。这样的结局诠释了爱情是永恒的这样一个主题，也给了读者以无限的遐想。
(二)叙事步速的精妙
作者艾米丽・勃朗特不仅设计了复杂的叙事时间，而且在控制叙事步速方面也有着不俗的能力。她能收放自如地控制叙事时间，懂得如何加快或放慢叙事步速，从而使整个故事扑朔迷离，也从另一个方面体现了小说内涵的丰富性。加快叙事速度是指用简短的话语叙述长时间内发生的故事，省略是其中最主要的方式。作者将几周、几个月、几年内发生的事情一笔带过，让读者充分地感受到了时间的无情和飞逝，生与死的边界在读者头脑里也模糊起来。艾米丽・勃朗特写到：“凯蒂在画眉田庄住了5个星期，一直到圣诞节。到那时，她的脚踝已痊愈，举止也大有改进” [2]63;消失了3年之久的希刺克厉夫“在九月一个月圆的晚上”[2]118 突然回到了山庄。对于希刺克厉夫离开山庄这3年的生活，作者也只是轻描淡写，留给读者以丰富的想象空间，正如洛克伍德所猜测的那样，读者也会跟着他的描述，自然地被带入小说中，生出疑问，他是去了欧洲还是美洲?他是做了绅士还是魔鬼?放慢叙事速度是指用较长的话语叙述短时间内发生的故事。这样的叙述可以将所要描述的事情细节放大，使事物的每个细微发展淋漓尽致地展现在读者面前，时间仿佛凝固。作者艾米丽・勃朗特在小说中浓墨重彩地描述了一些场景，强化了事件本身的重要性，也充满了戏剧效果。她大量地描述了林顿太太生病时的场景以及大病中凯瑟琳的联想，对洛克伍德的噩梦进行了再回放，表现了凯瑟琳对于死亡的态度，对于她而言，死亡是一种安慰和解脱，升华了小说的主旨。
三、自然的映射
同托马斯・哈代以家乡多塞特郡作为小说的主要背景一样，作者艾米丽・勃朗特也将《呼啸山庄》的写作背景放在了家乡约克郡，家乡的一切自然景物都成了作者创作的源泉，反映在了其作品中。通过自然景物描写所反映出来的纵横交错的时间及故事的发展，成为了小说的另一个叙事特色。云、风、大雪、大雨等各种意象恰到好处地出现在了小说的合适位置上。山庄的那篇沼泽地随着季节的变换，带着各种心情，透过作者的描述，呈现在读者的眼前。随着读者对自然景色的唤醒，读者也被卷进呼啸山庄和画眉山庄两代人的爱恨中。
《呼啸山庄》中独特的叙事方式为作品增加了无限的魅力，作者艾米丽・勃朗特在作品的创作中，巧妙地使用叙事主体、叙事时间和自然，使小说的叙事更加多元化，人物形象更加真实、立体，作品更具审美意义和现实意义，对后世现实主义作品的创作也产生了一定的借鉴意义。
参考文献：
[1] 刘甫田， 徐景熙. 文学概论[M]. 北京： 高等教育出版社， 2007.
[2] 艾米莉・勃朗特.呼啸山庄[M]. 王蕙君， 王蕙玲， 译. 奎屯： 伊犁人民出版社， 2001.
艾米莉.勃朗特《呼啸山庄》中场景要素之研究我爱英语网 论文名称: 艾米莉.勃朗特《呼啸山庄》中场景要素之研究论文名称: The Elements Making Up the Setting of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights关键词:呼啸山庄 Emily Bronte场景要素 Wuthering Heightselements of setting[摘要]十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉．勃朗特（Emily Bronte）穷其毕生精力所完成之伟大巨着《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights），于一九四八年被英国作家毛姆（W. S. Maugham）推崇为世界十大小说之一；二00二年五月，这本脍炙人口的的出色小说更获挪威文坛赏识，入选为「有史以来世界文学百部经典」之一。此本小说，系以十八世纪末狂风呼啸的英国约克夏荒野为其沉郁背景，次第开展出具毁灭性爱恨情仇的动人故事。本论文共分五章，以批评家霍尔门（C. Hugh Holman）对场景的定义为基础，详述构成此本小说场景的各个不同要素：第一章简介作者生平、写作背景及研究动机。第二章讨论地理要素，包括地形、景观，乃至房间门、窗之摆设。冬夏迥异的荒原，是主角们演出的壮丽舞台；呼啸山庄和画眉田庄两大庄院，不仅主控全景，更各具特色，各有其象征意义——前者草木稀疏，被视为粗鄙不羁、原始自然之生活代表；后者则座落于优美山谷，以绿树、高墙围绕，代表上流阶级之文明生活。而门、窗、锁、钥的意象，则凸显出人物角色之心与灵对内在和外在的领悟。第三章探索时间要素及小说引人入胜的叙述手法。艾米莉以巧妙的手法展现小说精细严密的时间之来龙去脉，其对天候和季节的描述象征人物角色的情感和举动，使场景生动逼真，富于戏剧效果。艾米莉采用洛克伍德（Lockwood）和乃莉（Nelly）二人的双轨主叙述法，结合少部分扼要的多重叙述法，组成故事的核心，提升了这部惊心动魄的原创小说之活泼本质与奥妙。第四章详论一般性的环境要素。在小说中，处处可见二元论的概念，呈现在各人物角色的工作和日常生活的态度上。两大庄院的宗教道德观与社经地位也都有对比的关联性。末章是结语，浓缩小说中丰富且严谨之场景所有要素，并说明《呼啸山庄》被公认为杰作的原由。
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】：《呼啸山庄》已被公认为世界文学史中的经典之作。长期以来,她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,人们视作者为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克利夫的心灵世界谜团重重,情感汹涌起伏,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论。 本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析学中“防御机制”的理论来解析和阐释希斯克利夫的内心世界及其在小说中的作用,同时着力探讨希斯克利夫的心理活动,及其对其他人物和小说结局的影响。本文分为五个部分：绪论、主体(三个章节)及结论。 “绪论”部分简要论述了艾米莉·勃朗特的生平、创作、《呼啸山庄》的批评史,并着力论述了国内外相关文献的基本观点、本文的批评视角及其理论。 第一章主要从内外两个方面来探讨希斯克利夫心理防御机制的形成：作为外部因素的维多利亚时期的社会、文化氛围,与作为内部因素的主人公自身的苦难经历。两种因素合谋,决定了希斯克利夫的防御机制,其基本特点就是一旦受到侮辱,即刻进行报复。第二章仔细分析了希斯克利夫心理防御机制的表现形式：没有其他发泄途径时,否认、压抑、复仇等就都成了他防御机制的作用方式。第三章进一步阐释了希斯克利夫心理防御机制与其悲剧的关系,认为他的悲剧是其另一个自我(凯瑟琳)的死亡及其心理防御机制的崩溃的必然结果。 最后,“结论”部分指出希斯克利夫的悲剧源自其心理防御机制的畸形发展,及这类机制在敌人不存在时表现出的疯狂。可以说,希斯克利夫的疯狂和死亡是艾米莉无意识中对爱情的忧虑的外化。
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
如果你要写一篇关于呼啸山庄的文献，那么首先应该起一个题目，然后写明白你为什么要研究呼啸山庄，研究了之后得出来一个什么样的结论，最后你参考了什么文献写到上边。
《呼啸山庄》中希克厉和凯瑟琳这两个主要人物在世界文学史上给广大读者留下了难忘的深刻印象；他们那种不为世俗所压服、忠贞不渝的爱情是对他们所处的旧时代的顽强反抗，尽管他们的反抗是消极无力的，但他们的爱情在作者的笔下终于战胜了死亡，达到了升华境界。而这位才华横溢的女作家艾米莉便由于她这部唯一的作品，在英国十九世纪文坛的灿烂星群中永远绽放出独特的光彩!
《呼啸山庄》有着独特的魅力，因为它能长时间吸引数亿读者的眼球。著名的文学翻译家方平说：“无论主题、意境、艺术技巧如何，深度都不是眼底的问题，一句话也说不出来“。作为一部才华横溢的杰作和一部不可多得的珍贵著作来欣赏，就好比莎士比亚的《李尔王》，在英文文学有很大的意义。
在《呼啸山庄》刚刚出版时，当时的评论界甚至把它定格为“一部骇人听闻，荒谬绝伦，毫无意义的作品”。但艾米莉。勃朗特之所以被称作为勃朗特三姐妹中最伟大的文学天才也是有原因的。从情节来看，《呼啸山庄》所叙述的是一个爱情和复仇的故事。这样一个来自现实生活的不算太奇特的故事，是怎么引起人们的震撼的呢？首先是《呼啸山庄》完全不同于当时流行的作品，它没有经过城市文明的熏陶和侵染，是完全用山乡荒原得自然色调绘成的。故事的背景是一片狂风呼啸的荒原，而其中的人物则保持着大自然最原本的风貌和本性：他们质朴，奔放，野蛮，刚强，直率，爱起来不顾一切，恨起来不计后果。当然，使《呼啸山庄》成为不朽之作，成为“人间情爱最宏伟的史诗（不要骂我）”的，还要都归功于作者艾米莉的才华：希思克利夫和凯瑟琳爱得这样强烈，这样真挚，就像和山峰一样不变，和闪电一样迅猛，也是文学史上的任何一本文学作品中所没有见过的。（换言之就在于其的独特性）由此也可见艾米莉。勃朗特那异于常人的才华了（这可惜她只活到了30岁，所以也没有再创作出什么惊人的伟作了）。同时《呼啸山庄》通过三十多年的时间跨度，叙述了一个错综复杂，惊心动魄的事。如果按当时的传统手法来写，很可能会落得单线结构的结果，而且势必洋洋大观，才能交代清楚。而艾米莉。勃朗特则打破了这种传统，采用了倒叙的手法，只有开头的三章和结尾的四章是顺叙，其余全部是倒叙。一上来就使我们看到了这场爱情复仇风暴的基本格局，把呼啸山庄那种荒凉，败落的环境和人际间的冷漠紧张呈现在我们眼前，使读者产生种种疑团。（或许可以说是悬念吧。）至于叙述故事的人，作者也设置得很巧妙。除了洛克伍德外还有艾伦。丁恩的介入，使得故事层次分明，环环相扣，互相补充，互相引证。从而使故事更加真实，具有说服力。而作者本人却不加以任何评价，全靠读者自己去判断是非，这也为我们留下了很大的想象空间。想想看，这种多视角的叙事方法，以及作者自己深藏故事背后，不加任何评论，全靠读者自己去想象的手法本是现代文学中的的叙事手法却被艾米莉。勃朗特早在一百六十年前就用过了，足以看出艾米莉。勃朗特的伟大才能。《呼啸山庄》不仅结构奇巧，手法独特，而且在细节描写和语言运用方面也有很特别的地方，比如将两个庄园的设置与景致都描写得很清楚，尤其是时间也十分准确，突出了其严谨之处。所用的语言虽然质朴生动，明快流畅，但又凝练简洁，渲染了强烈浓厚的思想感情，丰富了奇特超凡的主观想象。再加上梦幻，象征，预兆，等的引用，以及神秘怪诞的哥特式手法，使作品加强了深度和力度。正如有人说的那样，《呼啸山庄》是一部奇书，也是二十世纪的一部宠书。
《呼啸山庄》通过一个爱情悲剧，向人们展示了一幅畸形社会的生活画面，勾勒了被这个畸形社会扭曲了的人性及其造成的种种可怖的事件。整个故事的情节实际上是通过四个阶段逐步铺开的：
第一阶段叙述了希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳朝夕相处的童年生活；一个弃儿和一个小姐在这种特殊环境中所形成的特殊感情，以及他们对辛德雷专横暴虐的反抗。
第二阶段着重描写凯瑟琳因为虚荣、无知和愚昧，背弃了希斯克利夫，成了画眉田庄的女主人。
第三阶段以大量笔墨描绘希斯克利夫如何在绝望中把满腔仇恨化为报仇雪耻的计谋和行动。
最后阶段尽管只交代了希斯克利夫的死亡，却突出地揭示了当他了解哈里顿和凯蒂相爱后，思想上经历的一种崭新的变化——人性的复苏，从而使这出具有恐怖色彩的爱情悲剧透露出一束令人快慰的希望之光。
因此，希斯克利夫的爱一恨一复仇一人性的复苏，既是小说的精髓，又是贯穿始终的一条红线。作者依此脉络，谋篇布局，把场景安排得变幻莫测，有时在阴云密布、鬼哭狼嚎的旷野，有时又是风狂雨骤、阴森惨暗的庭院，故事始终笼罩在一种神秘和恐怖的气氛之中。
扩展资料
《呼啸山庄》的创作与艾米莉的生活经验密不可分。她的家靠近豪渥斯工业区，介于城镇与乡村之间。她既感受到大工业时代的轰鸣，也看到了传统农村的瓦解、大量农村劳动力的流失以及工人被剥削的惨状。
艾米莉与父亲、姐姐行走于荒原之上，正义之声常常从她的心中唤起，她的父亲反对过路德运动，也曾资助豪渥斯工人，而艾米莉也践行着父亲的主张。
那是一个贫富差距悬殊的年代，选举权被资产阶级占有，劳资纠纷、罢工运动此起彼伏。伦敦成为一个同时容纳豪华剧场和贫民窟的巨兽，肚子里是成百上千蝼蚁般的廉价劳动力，其中甚至包括儿童。残酷生活造就了艾米莉的二重性。
一方面，她关心底层，书写着热烈、真挚的生命之歌；另一方面，她年纪轻轻就走向虚无，在命运的高墙下弹奏着无望的悲歌。“我是唯一的人，命中注定无人过问，也无人流泪哀悼；自从我生下来，从未引起过一线忧虑，一个快乐的微笑。”
“然而如今当我希望歌唱，我的手指却拨动了一根无音的弦。歌词的叠句是 ‘不要再奋斗了，’一切全是枉然。”这些都是艾米莉年轻时的诗句，每每读之，郁结于心。
（艾米莉还是一位被忽略的诗人，她生前写过一百九十多首诗。《呼啸山庄》的光芒掩盖了她的诗歌才华，其实，她写诗早过小说，1846年三姐妹自费出版的诗集，她的诗数量最多。）
只可惜，艾米莉像一只迅疾的飞鸟，世人还未欣赏，她就飞去了远方。1848年，阳光灿烂，只是房间里沉睡一人。早晨，艾米莉依然穿戴梳洗，拿起针线，做自己的事。下午两点，她就死去了。
艾米莉在去世前一年留下一幅自画像，画中人长发披肩、额头宽阔、眼神沉寂，表情和背景一样缺乏生气。她去世时只有三十岁，没来得及写出更广阔的文字，疾病就压垮了她。
难有人与她感同身受，更多的是冷暖自知，艾米莉远离人群，独自面对海浪。英国文学的惊鸿一瞥，至此向风暴投去。
艾米莉虽然早早去世了，但她的《呼啸山庄》及诗歌留了下来。作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在对比《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》时认为：《呼啸山庄》运用了许多自然象征，荒原的意象更是笼罩全篇，写得十分成功。
“艾米莉的创作灵感和动力既不是她目睹了人间疾苦，也不是她受到了伤害，而是她冷眼旁观看到了一个陷入极大混乱而四分五裂的世界。”另一位中国读者熟知的作家毛姆，在《巨匠与杰作》里借由佛洛依德的理论，敏锐地捕捉到艾米莉被压抑的情欲对作品的影响。
以及小说风格与时代的格格不入，他说：“这是一部很差的小说，又是一部很好的小说。它丑陋不堪，却又美不可言。这是一本叫人害怕、让人痛苦、震撼力强、充满激情的书。”
参考资料来源：百度百科-呼啸山庄
你应该跟你的论文指导老师讨论这个事情，她很清楚地。一般简单的就会问你这篇论文的中心是什么啊，为什么写这篇文章，你对这个论题的理解之类。。。全英文哦，记得把开题报告的内容记一下，还有你的摘要和简介，结论~ 貌似可以带底稿进去的，也不用那么紧张，多跟同学交流交流，顺其自然，good luck~
英美文学论文开题报告
开题报告的综述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法。
题目： 回归自然—论<呼啸山庄>中自然和文明的冲突
一、选题的背景与意义：
(一)课题研究来源
在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。
(二)课题研究的目的
本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。(三)课题研究的意义
艾米莉•勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期著名小说家和作家，是著名的勃朗特姐妹之一，也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉•勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉•勃朗特对自然的偏爱。
小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉•勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉•勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上著名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。
并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等著名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉•勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉•勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉•勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。
因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的著作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉•勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉•勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意—人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。
二、国内外研究现状：
(一)国内研究现状
1.陈茂林从艾米莉•勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真——<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。
叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程——<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出：艾米莉•勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象——希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。
2.王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为，自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然，要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性，得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明，则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式，要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的'社会以及追逐自身利益的人类，因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失，自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始，文明和自然的冲突就不断。
(二)国外研究现状
1.英国著名女作家弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光彩和热情说‘我爱’，‘我恨’，‘我受苦’。她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有‘我’，没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到——一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是‘我爱’或‘我恨’，却是‘我们，全人类’和‘你们，永存的势力……’这句话没有说完。”
2.英国进步评论家阿诺•凯特尔(ArnoldKettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。
这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。”
三、课题研究内容及创新
(一)课题研究内容
艾米莉•勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义，例如，呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然，他们崇尚自由，顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则。。而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明，他们彬彬有礼，服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄，于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战，她开始背叛自己的内心情感，越来越像淑女，最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加•林顿，表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。
而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端，他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲，约束人的真实自然之情，造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步，但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终，艾米莉•勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗—文明，让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉•勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性，重返自然的思想。
本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述：
1.自然和文明的定义
2.自然和文明的较量：
a.自然和文明的象征：呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿
b.自然和文明的斗争：凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲
3.结论
人应该顺从自然，归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。
(二)课题研究创新
本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用，来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉•勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园，分别代表自然和文明，还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格，通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。
四、课题的研究方法：
本选题拟采用多种研究手法，然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括：
1、定性分析法：根据主观的判断和分析能力，推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。
2、归纳法：通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，得出一般性的结论。
3、文献法：即历史文献法，就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。
4、文献综述法:即针对某个研究主题,对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理,对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别,清理与分析,并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况,取得的成果,存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述,评论,建构与阐述.其中,确定一个研究主题,收集整理专题文献,阅读与挖掘文献内容,清理与记述专题研究状况,建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。
五、研究计划及预期成果
(一)研究计划
4月15日—4月18日：指定论文指导教师，学生选定题目;
4月19日—4月25日：完成任务书部分和开题报告;
4月26日—5月12日：完成论文第一稿;
5月13日—5月22日：完成并上交论文第二稿;
5月23日—5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交，以便答辩老师阅读)，指导教师分组阅读论文，师生做好答辩准备;
6月1日—6月9日：论文答辩(答辩后，学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改，以便装订论文终稿)。
6月10日—6月12日：二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。
(二)预期成果
按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的，字数在5000英文单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。
六、参考文献：
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[8]邵旭东.何以写出《呼啸山庄》——也谈艾米丽•勃朗特创作源泉问题[J].外国文学研究.1996(04)：77-81
初看《呼啸山庄》,觉得真是希刺克厉夫似乎被塑造的有些过激甚至可恨,他为了一己的私恨毁了两个庄园、两代人:收购呼啸山庄，凌辱辛德雷；勾引林顿的妹妹，娶后又加以折磨；他与林顿妹妹的孩子小林顿自幼体弱多病，在他的淫威下长大,自私而懦弱；凯瑟琳与林顿的女儿小凯瑟琳原本天真活泼，但下嫁小林顿后变得冷漠寡言，再也不对美好生活报任何幻想. 但重温《呼啸山庄》,发现希刺克厉夫又何尝不是一个可怜的人;他从小流浪接头，受尽世态炎凉，练就了狠心肠与倔脾气；凯瑟琳的父亲收养了他，但并未使情况改观，嫉恨的欣德利在父亲死后将他贬为马车夫，颐指气使；而唯一让他欣慰的爱情，深爱着他的凯瑟琳也嫁作他人妇。于是，当他的心再也无法承载太多负荷时，积累了多年的仇恨与委屈终于爆发出来了，他要报复，报复！他要伤害他的人经历痛苦与折磨，他要把过去所受的苦加倍还给他们！于是，就有了上面的悲剧。然而，更可悲的是,他不但没有从报复中得到快乐，反而更痛苦。他甚至伤害了他最爱的凯瑟琳,当然还有他自己。 《呼啸山庄》（“WutheringHeights”）的作者是英国十九世纪著名诗人和小说家艾米莉·勃朗特（EmilyBronte，1818－1848）。这位女作家在世界上仅仅度过了三十年便默默无闻地离开了人间。应该说，她首先是个诗人，写过一些极为深沉的抒情诗，包括叙事诗和短诗，有的已被选入英国十九世纪及二十世纪中二十二位第一流的诗人的诗选内。 然而她唯一的一部小说《呼啸山庄》却奠定了她在英国文学史以及世界文学史上的地位。她与《简爱》（“Jane Eyre”）的作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特（“CharlotteBronteD，1816—1855），和她们的小妹妹——《爱格尼斯·格雷》（“AgnesGrey”）的作者安·勃朗特（Anne Bronte ，1820—1849）号称勃朗特三姊妹，在英国十九世纪文坛上焕发异彩。特别是《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》，犹如一对颗粒不大却光彩夺目的猫儿眼宝石，世人在浏览十九世纪英国文学遗产时，不能不惊异地发现这是稀世珍物，而其中之一颗更是如此令人留恋赞叹，人们不禁惋惜这一位才华洋溢的姑娘，如果不是过早地逝世，将会留下多少璀璨的篇章来养育读者的心灵！ 艾米莉·勃朗特所生活的三十年间正是英国社会动荡的时代。资本主义正在发展并越来越暴露它内在的缺陷；劳资之间矛盾尖锐化；失业工人的贫困；大量的童工被残酷地折磨至死（这从同时期的英国著名女诗人伊莉莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁的长诗《孩子们的哭声》，可以看到一些概貌）。再加上英国政府对民主改革斗争和工人运动采取高压手段，因此这一时期的文学作品也有所反映。 然而《呼啸山庄》这本十九世纪最有影响力的文学巨著，它被人们所接受的过程去充满了坎坷。艾米莉生在一个牧师家庭里，一八四六年与自己的两个姐妹自筹款以假名出版了一本诗集，却只卖掉两本。一八四七年，她们三姊妹的三本小说终于出版，然而只有《简爱》获得成功，得到了重视。《呼啸山庄》的出版并不为当时读者所理解，甚至她自己的姐姐夏洛蒂也无法理解艾米莉的思想。 关于《呼啸山庄》这部书，在世界文坛上多年来每谈及十九世纪西欧文学，必会涉及《呼啸山庄》的探讨。有不少著名评论家及小说家都曾有专文论述。如：英国著名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（ViginiaWoolf，1882—1941）在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她将这两本书作了一个比较。她写道：“当夏洛蒂写作时，她以雄辩、光采和热情说‘我爱’，‘我恨’，‘我受苦’。她的经验，虽然比较强烈，却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有‘我’，没有家庭女教师，没有东家。有爱，却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励，促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去，而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到——一种部分虽受到挫折，但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎，通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是‘我爱’或‘我恨’，却是‘我们，全人类’和‘你们，永存的势力……’这句话没有说完。” 英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔（Arnold Kettle）在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时，也有专文为《呼啸山庄》作了较长的评论，他总结说：“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰，也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然，荒野与暴风雨，星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒，他们生活在这个世界里，而且努力去改变它，有时顺利，却总是痛苦的，几乎不断遇到困难，不断犯错误。” 英国当代著名小说家及创作家毛姆（William Somer Eset Maugham，1874—1985），在一九四八年应美国“大西洋”杂志请求向读者介绍世界文学十部最佳小说时，他选了英国小说四部，其中之一便是《呼啸山庄》，他在长文中最后写道： “我不知道还有哪一部小说其中爱情的痛苦、迷恋、残酷、执著，曾经如此令人吃惊地描述出来。《呼啸山庄》使我想起埃尔·格里科的那些伟大的绘画中的一幅，在那幅画上是一片乌云下的昏暗的荒瘠土地的景色，雷声隆隆拖长了的憔悴的人影东歪西倒，被一种不是属于尘世间的情绪弄得恍恍惚惚，他们屏息着。铅色的天空掠过一道闪电，给这一情景加上最后一笔，增添了神秘的恐怖之感。” 总之，《呼啸山庄》是一部伟大的作品，也有誉之为“最奇特的小说”的，所以它必然会得到世人的最终认同。但是正如阿诺德·凯特尔所说：“希刺克厉夫的反抗是一种特殊的反抗，是那些在肉体上和精神上被这同一社会（指维多利亚时期的社会）的条件与社会关系贬低了的工人的反抗。希刺克厉夫后来的确不再是个被剥削者，然而也的确正因为他采用了统治阶级的标准（以一种甚至使统治阶级本身也害怕的残酷无情的手段），在他早期的反抗中和在他对凯瑟琳的爱情中所暗含的人性价值也就消失了。在凯瑟琳与希刺克厉夫的关系中所包含的一切，在人类的需求和希望中所代表的一切，只有通过被压迫的积极反抗才能实现。”希刺克厉夫与凯瑟琳的社会悲剧就在于凯瑟琳意识到他们的社会地位悬殊，却幻想借她所羡慕的林顿家的富有来“帮助希刺克厉夫高升”，使她哥哥“无权过问”。这当然是不可能的，从后来希刺克厉夫再度出现时，林顿建议让他坐在厨房而不必请到客厅里坐，就可以看得出来。这就铸成了大错，她陷入自己亲手编织的罗网。而在她已经答应嫁给林顿后分明还说：“在这个世界上，我的最大的悲痛就是希刺克厉夫的悲痛，而且我从一开始就注意并且感受到了，在我的生活中，他是我思想的中心。如果别的一切都毁灭了，而他还留下来，我就能继续活下去，如果别的一切都留下来，而他给消灭了，这个世界对于我将成为一个极陌生的地方。我就不像是它的一部分。我对林顿的爱像是树林中的叶子：我完全晓得，在冬天改变树木的时候，时光便会改变叶子。我对希刺克厉夫的爱恰似下面的恒久不变的岩石，虽然看起来它给你的愉快并不多，可是这点愉快却是必需的。耐莉，我就是希刺克厉夫！他永远永远地在我心里……”而这样她竟背叛了她最爱的人，也就是背叛了自己，那么她就只能在自己编织的罗网中挣扎着死去，在死去以前，希刺克厉夫悲愤地责备她：“你为什么欺你自己的心呢……你害死了你自己。……悲惨、耻辱和死亡，以及上帝或撒旦所能给的一切打击和痛苦都不能分开我们，而你，却出于你自己的心意，这样作了。”又说“我爱害了我的人——可是害了你的人呢？我又怎么能够爱他？”这就导致了希刺克厉夫的悲剧——不惜用残酷手段来进行报复。他被私有制社会所摒弃，却仍旧用私有制社会的斗争手段来进行反抗。他没有财产，却掠夺了财产，自己成了庄园主；他自幼被辛德雷嘲弄、贬低、辱骂，被人降到一个乡巴佬的仆人的地位，若干年后他又反过来以其人之道向其子进行报复，结果他的胜利必然等于他自己精神上的失败。当他发现林敦的女儿（也就是凯瑟琳的女儿）和辛德雷的儿子（也就是凯瑟琳的侄子）两人的眼睛完全和凯瑟琳生前的眼睛一模一样时，当他发现哈里顿（辛德雷之子）仿佛就是他的青春的化身时，他再也不想抬起手来打他们了。他自己承认“这是一个很糟糕的结局”，他已不想报复，因为这样的“以眼还眼、以牙还牙”的复仇方式必然只能走向寂寞与空虚！ 无论如何，希刺克厉夫就那个时代来说，是值得同情的人物，他的复仇是可以理解的。正如作者最后写道：“我在那温和的天空下面，在这三块墓碑前留连，望着飞蛾在石南丛和兰铃花中扑飞，听着柔风在草间飘动，我纳闷有谁能想象得出在那平静的土地下面的长眠者竟会有并不平静的睡眠。” 《呼啸山庄》中希刺克厉夫与凯瑟琳这两个主要人物在世界文学上给广大读者留下了难忘的深刻印象；他们那种不为世俗所压服、忠贞不渝的爱情也正是对他们所处的被恶势力所操纵的旧时代的一个顽强的反抗，尽管他们的反抗是消极无力的，但他们的爱情在作者的笔下却终于战胜了死亡，达到了升华境界。而这位才华洋溢的女作家艾米莉·勃朗特便由于她这部唯一的作品，在英国十九世纪文坛的灿烂星群中永远放出独特的、闪着异彩的光辉！
The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the humanity.1.1 Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one book.Fantasy was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of Byron.Brief stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single pupil.In 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in 1850.In the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the world.1.2 Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with Cathy.On one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering Heights.Catherine’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to Edgar.Six months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Linton.Unfortunately Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and emotion.Then Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately sad.After Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering Heights.Thirteen years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the tale.The story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was earthy.1.3 Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of humanity.1.4 Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than hate.2. LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine mind.Love in the novel is manifested in many respects.2.1 Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. Mr.Earnshaw, a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from sympathy.2.2 Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and violence.2.3 Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor lass.2.4 Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.
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