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经济学人翻译研究论文

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经济学人翻译研究论文

BRITAIN'S private schools are one of its most successful exports. The children of the well-heeled flock to them, whether from China, Nigeria or Russia: the number of foreign pupils rose by in the last year alone. One headmaster recently asked a room full of pupils whether they flew business class to Britain. Only a few hands went up, suggesting they were not quite as cosseted as he had thought. Then a boy explained: many of the pupils fly first class instead.  英国的私立学校可以说是英国最成功的“出口商品”之一。在这些学校里,无论 是来自中国、尼日利亚或是俄罗斯,富有的学生比比皆是:仅去年一年,留学生 的数量就增长了。最近有一位校长查访了一间满寝的宿舍,并询问他们是 否乘坐商务客舱飞到英国。寥寥无几的人举起了手,以表明实际上他们并不像他 所想的那样娇生惯养。随后一名男孩解释道:许多学生都没有乘坐头等舱。 Yet foreign students, whether educated in British private schools or elsewhere, are decreasingly likely to go to English universities. According to the Higher Education Funding Council for England, 307,200 overseas students began their studies in the country in 2012-13, down from 312,000 two years earlier and the first drop in 29 years. Student numbers from the rest of the EU fell—probably a result of the increase in annual tuition fees in England from 6,000 (10,000) a year to 9,000. But arrivals from India and Pakistan declined most sharply. 然而这些留学生,无论是在英国的私立学校还是在别的教育机构接受教育的,进 入英国的大学求学的可能性都在不断减小。根据英国高等教育拨款局的调查,相 较于上一学年的 万人,在 2012-13 学年选择在英格兰大学求学的留学生只 有 万人,这是 29 年来人数首降。而且欧盟中其他国家的留学生人数也在 下降,极有可能是受到了英国每年的学费从 6,000 (10,000)增加到 9,000 的影 响。特别是来自印度和巴基斯坦的人数在急剧下降。 In contrast to the visa regime for private schools, which is extremely lax (the Home Office counts private schools as favoured sponsors) student visas have been tightened. Foreign students used to be allowed to work for up to two years after graduating. They now have only four months to find a job paying upwards of 20,600 if they want to stay in Britain. 相比于私立学校那相当宽松的签证制度(因为私立学校是内务部的友好赞助商), 学生签证就严格很多。以往,外国学生被允许在毕业之后可工作时间长达两年。 而如今,若他们想留在英国,就必须在仅仅四个月的时间内找到一份薪资高于 20,600 的工作。 This change was intended to deal with sham colleges that were in effect offering two-year work visas. But it seems to have put off serious students too. Nick Hillman of the Higher Education Policy Institute says the government has sent unclear messages about the sort of immigration it wants to restrict. An emphasis on holding down net immigration deters young Indians and Pakistanis in particular. Australia and America, which have more relaxed entry criteria for students, are becoming more favoured destinations. Colin Riordan, Cardiff University's vice-chancellor, adds that Britain's student-visa regime has become more onerous and fiddly overall. 这样的改变是为了应对那些所谓提供两年工作签的假冒院校。但是这样的做法似 乎也影响到了真正求学的学生。来自高等教育政策研究所的尼克·希尔曼表示, 政府的做法向大众传递了一个限制留学移民的模糊信息。英国着重于控制移民的 政策对来自印度和巴基斯坦学生的影响最为严重。同时,澳大利亚和美国,因其 对学生宽松的准入标准而变得倍受青睐。卡蒂夫大学副校长克林·里奥丹补充道, 英国的学生签证制度变得越来越严格复杂。 As a result, Britain is losing out to other countries in the contest for talent—an oddity, given how often the prime minister bangs on about the “global race”. Its unwelcoming stance will harm its long-term prospects. And the drift of foreign students from leading British private schools to American colleges may have another, somewhat happier, consequence: America might become rather better at cricket. 尽管英国首相多次强调“全球竞争”,可英国却在人才竞争上输给了其他国家, 多么令人诧异的结果。它不通人情的态度将会有损它未来的前景。留学生放弃英 国私立学校而转向美国的大学可能带来另外一个多少让人欣喜的结果:英国的板 球都有可能被美国超越(板球起源于英国)。

这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达,我贴出来,大家一起赏析一下: 佳句篇:   Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析: Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒(想想逆毛流撸猫) The idea that ...用的是同位语从句,不太多,常用搭配是the evidence that,the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组,而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句(插入后置定语) 每个部分都不难,集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难,为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲,这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词,实则在翻译(以及理解)当中,我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分,而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句,注意 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句,如何解析? Most of the dozen or so  disease genes that are common in them  belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说,(非限制性)定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单,但!!!文章最后一段有解释,对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure  to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure  to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子,工整、对仗,而又解释非常清楚。 下一句,persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准,整句话像外科手术般,精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂,用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超,字字玑珠,像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇,再一看,把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中,可谓老辣。 作何解? That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定,指的是genes的其中一种特征,然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes,但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定,其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲,genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定,又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应,尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗? 还有这个books,这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达: 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词(Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ) 4. aristocratic . meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译: Natural genius? 天生我才? The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法,是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别,总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病,其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出,就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算,更具争议的是,他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran,也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同,在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文,文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点,还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学,先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗,正常人一般在100分左右,而他们大多都能得个112-115分,而且虽然人数不多,但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒,我们就会点头称是了。但同时,他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实,最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的,如浓烈的价值观教育的传统;后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果,不过即使是现在,德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚,在过去,就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑,并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力,才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后,犹太难民四散而逃,逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪,欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等,结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业,如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作,此外,他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚(这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实)。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业,虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了,但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明,智力水平(按智力测试的标准来算)与工资水平(如那些从事银行工作的人)联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了,那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪,基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取,而非通过量才而用(如从事银行或贸易工作)和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一,你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗?假如它果真存在的话,那究竟是什么呢?科克伦博士认为它们的确存在,而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知,越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚,就算不是近亲,也会较少遗传的多样性,同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说,Cochran 医生指出,情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类:一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪)的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘,允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病,如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病;而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是,在一些病例中,特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体,而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果,可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶,但在一些特殊的条件下,进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病,这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白,其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白(父母都有这种血红蛋白)的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症,也不会患疟疾,该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此,我们可以这样说,抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来,同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥,只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时,才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为,德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况,他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力,一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然,该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力,因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力,但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病,如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病,都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然,这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是,也有可能,仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接,或许因此导致智力提高。实际上,在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中,在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中,确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录,患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力,现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然,陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育,但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过,该理论也有令人信服的地方:它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为,这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受,假如确实如此的话,它将有力地证明,德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验,而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是,如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样,它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。

经济类文章翻译

在20世纪50年代和60年代,在金融变量和实体经济活动之间有两条思想路线的经济文献。在发展经济学的主流,理论上讲受凯恩斯主义的严重影响,非常忽视金融的作用。然后,普遍的看法是利率应保持在一个相对较低的水平,以刺激资本形成。这种观点,因此,在发展中国家隐含主张扩张货币政策作为促进经济增长发展。在蓬勃发展的货币增长模型中,类似的消息进行通过。20世纪60年代。在这些模型中,真正的现金结余被视为代替物质资本。因此,经济主体能够满足他们的储蓄目标通过积累无论是实际的现金余额或资本。通货膨胀,这是一个税持有货币,将会打击对货币持有及鼓励资本的积累。由于储蓄倾向,通货膨胀会再增加国民生产总值的增长速度,因为它加速了资本形成。龙( 1983)认为,货币增长模型所提供的理由为通货膨胀的政策和理论基础的侵略性,所分配的很大份额的资源,扩张性财政政策开发阶段的支出在20世纪50年代和60年代。

一些发展中国家的政府开始大范围的干预信贷分配。在表面的观念里,缺少干预的信贷分配并不能直接反映社会和经济中的优先要素。而这些要素又通常是由政府来规划。总体上,当政府设定自身为经济发展中的领导部门的时候,它就应该通过控制利率和对金融中介的管理来约束金融体系。这样才能根据需求方向来引导金融资源的分配。效率和公平并不是导致发展中国家政府干预信贷分配的全部因素。劳动力,外汇和日用品市场也同样有着大量的不完备,这些市场也经常像金融市场一样被大量的调控。这些其它市场上的不完备和对他们的控制经常导致资源分配的波动,结果就是带来政府对信贷分配的干预。

Health careA new prescription for the poor为贫穷者新开的处方America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off美国正在发展一个双重的健康系统,一重是为那些有个人保险的人群,而另一重则是为那些不那么富裕的人群Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition“IT’S time for Dancing with the Stars!”, a woman announces enthusiastically. At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the east and Chinatown to the west, “dancing with the stars” means dancing with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a determined samba.“是时候和明星一起跳舞了!”一位女士满怀热情地宣告。在这个坐落于房屋工程的西面,唐人街东面的纽约健康中心,“和明星起舞”的意思是和一位物理治疗师跳舞。一位老者和一个护士站起来,开始跳事先确定好的桑巴舞。Comprehensive Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer, is in the company’s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs rise and the company’s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others seem to agree.经营这个中心的综合护理管理部门(CCM)努力保持老人们的活力。约瑟夫-海莉,首席运营官解释说,这样做符合公司的最佳利益。政府给这个部门一个封顶的津贴来让他们照顾这些人。如果有人生病了,他的健康成本就会上升,公司的利润就会萎缩。海莉先生确定说这个系统能够在一个低成本上提供最佳的护理。其他人也逐渐同意这个观点。Medicaid, America’s health programme for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into “managed care”, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive their health-care treatment.公共医疗补助,即美国的穷人健康计划,正在被改造的过程中。在接下来的 三年内,纽约将把整个接受穷人健康计划的人群纳入“管理关怀”之中,付给公司们一个事先定好的费用来照顾那些穷人,而不是按照项目来付费。纽约不是唯一这样做的州。加州,密西西比州正在拓展管理关怀计划。这代表一种正在进行中的稳步转变,即大部分贫穷美国人接受健康关怀方式的转变。Medicaid is America’s single biggest health programme. This year roughly one in five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other than education. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama’s health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in 2014. Congress’s “supercommittee” is already considering cuts. However, there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change.公共医疗补助是美国最大的单一健康计划。今年,五个美国人中的一个就会被纳入该计划一个月或更长时间。除了教育之外,它比其他任何州的财政计划耗去更多联邦和地方的经费。当2014年奥巴马的健康保险改革放宽适用人群而使整个计划更加庞大的时候,成本将会进一步上升。众议院的“超级委员会”已经在考虑削减经费。然而,选择这种变化,将会有更多即刻的压力存在。Enrolment in Medicaid jumped during the downturn, from in December 2007 to in June 2010. Mr Obama’s stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been structural: the expansion of managed care.公共医疗补助计划的参与人数在经济滑坡期间从2007年12月的 4270万人跳到了2010年6月的5030万人。奥巴马先生的经济刺激经费能够帮助付掉其中的一部分,但是钱已经被用光。面对资金短缺,一些绝望的州长砍掉了给医院和医生的补助,或是拒绝支付牙医和眼科医生的旅行费用。但是,更多地,最重要的结果是结构上的:管理关怀的拓展。States have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the 1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are introducing it. Other states are extending it to people previously deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate. But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled.各个州涉足管理关怀已经有几十年的历史了。这个趋势在90年代得到加速发展,在2009年前使用这种护理方式的公共医疗补助病人占到了72%。现在,对于剩下的人,这也是很强的推动力。像路易斯安那州这样没有管理关怀的州正在引进管理关怀。其他州也把这个拓展到原先被认为不适用的人群:举例说像加州和纽约州,正在把老人和残障人士纳入这个系统中,德州的目标是在格兰德河谷超过400000公共医疗补助收益人群。地方政治家反对这个举动,他们担心这个护理系统将会变质。但是巨大的赤字意味着他们的观点注定要被批驳。The result is a country with two distinct tiers of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is becoming the norm.结果就是一个国家有两套截然不同的健康保险系统。大多数有个人保险的美国人仍旧害怕那些健康管理组织的想法而宁愿为单独的医疗服务付费。对于穷人来说,管理关怀已经成为一种常规。Advocates of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will improve patients’ health. In managed care, a patient has a network of doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a company’s payment if it does not meet what is required.管理关怀的鼓吹者有着很高的期待。首先,他们希望这能让成本变得可以预测,其次,他们相信,这个改变可以改善病人的健康。在管理关怀中,一个病人有一个由医生和专家组成的网络。如果这个计划运行良好,医生可以监测关怀的各个方面,相对于分离的的按服务付钱的系统来说。州政府和公司的合同可以为质量定下标准。德州,举例说,将会在付款中扣除5%如果公司没有达到要求的标准。The next step is to integrate care for those eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the old. These “duals” account for almost 40% of Medicaid’s costs and just 15% of its population. “If managed care can really deliver better care than fee-for-service”, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that advises Congress on Medicaid, “this is the population that could prove it.”下一步是整合那些同时符合公共医疗补助和长者医疗补助计划(联邦老人医疗补助)的人群。这些“双符合”人群占据了将近40%的公共医疗补助成本和仅仅15%的人口数量。“如果管理关怀能真正比按项目付费带来更好的服务”,戴安-罗兰德,委员会(指导国会在公共医疗补助政策上进行决策)主任说:“这是一群能证明管理关怀可行的人。”But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October 3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court.但是一些人,例如像诺玛-凡斯科夫就对此表示怀疑。作为非盈利的南加州独立生活中心主任,凡斯科夫女士服务于那些有严重健康问题的接受公共医疗补助的病人。在这些年间,她经常控告加州政府在一些政策上会伤害她的一些脆弱的客户。在10月3日,她的案子被移到了上诉法院。The outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo’s suit concerns cuts to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California’s payment cuts would eviscerate her clients’ access to services, worries that under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists they need.道格拉斯 v 独立生活中心的结果将会对公共医疗补助有深远的意义。凡斯科夫女士的诉讼影响到医院和医生的津贴削减。但是这个案子将会引领管理关怀的进程。如果中心和其他原告胜诉,私人团体将会继续在那些他们认为违反联邦法律的政策上挑战州政府。凡斯科夫女士认为说加州的支付削减计划会让她的客户失去得到服务的机会,她还担心,在管理关怀之下,那些残障人士可能不能见到那些他们需要的专家。The question is how to supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so.问题是怎么监管在不同州试运行的管理关怀。到目前为止,公共医疗补助受益者已经能够在法庭中挑战政府。然而,如果上诉法庭结果不利于中心,那么这条路将会被关闭。如果州政府没有提供合适的关怀的话,公共医疗补助和长者医疗关怀中心理论上是能对此进行干涉,但事实上,他们没有太多办法。“I’m a big fan of managed care”, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George Washington University, “but this transformation may happen with almost no federal oversight.” Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse health than Americans as a whole. Companies may struggle to cut costs and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients’ health, their experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care.“我是管理关怀的拥护者”,萨拉-罗森博姆,一位乔治华盛顿大学教授说,“但是这种转变可能在没有联邦监管的情况下发生。”公共医疗补助的受益者和你脆弱,健康程度整体上比一般美国人要差。公司可能在削减成本的同时挣扎着同样提供良好的服务。如果州政府们不好好起草他们的合同,或没有警觉地监控病人的健康的话,他们在管理关怀上的实验可能会是一场灾难。另一方面,如果州政府们认真的话,他们能为那个困扰美国人多年的问题提供答案,即怎么提供优质的便宜的健康关怀。

time have been to sift out the

经济翻译论文题目

Research for How APCE impact the economy of East Asia

Study of the economy influence from APEC against the East Asia region.

提供一些英语专业翻译方向的论文题目,供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译

学术堂整理了十五个新颖的金融经济学论文题目供大家进行参考:1、经典金融经济学理论体系若干矛盾与重构思考2、经济金融化与金融经济学的发展3、汇率调整对我国贸易收支影响的金融经济学分析4、“国进民退”的五大后果——专访耶鲁大学金融经济学终身教授陈志武5、对金融经济学的发展金融深化论6、金融经济学十讲7、货币金融经济学8、金融经济学的研究范式及其演进——行为金融与标准金融研究范式之比较9、经济泡沫与泡沫经济——一个基于金融经济学的考察视角10、理查德·罗尔对金融经济学的贡献11、马克思主义认识论的数学描述及其在金融经济学中的一个应用12、金融经济学课程教学改革与实践探索13、基于金融经济学的股票市场稳定研究14、金融经济学教程15、金融经济学研究的国际动态——基于1990—2011年间《金融学期刊》刊发论文的统计分析

关于经济学的论文英语翻译

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最后,我们的结论或许是美国八十年代的独特性所造成的。只要我们研究依存度所在国家的金融限制较小,我们的方法就是有效的(这样我们研究的是需求而不是供应)。加拿大是我们唯一获得流动资金细节数据的国家,加拿大在许多重要方面与美国都有所差异。正如加拿大的企业所有权,其银行系统比美国也更加集中,工业构成有很大差别。但美国与加拿大的依存度相关性为. 正如表7中第三栏所示,使用加拿大数据衡量依存度,共同估算十分重要。表7与表4都很有趣的是,虽然所衡量的依存度与发展有差异,但交互作用的经济量基本相似。

最后,我们的结果也许来自美国80年代的的特殊性。目前我们测量依赖性的方法应该适用于金融限制较小的国家(所以我们才考察需求而不是供给)。除了美国以外,我们掌握详细资本流动情况的国家只有加拿大。加拿大在许多重要的指标方面与美国有很大差异。其银行系统更多的为公司法人所有制,其工业系统的组成也与美国不同。不过,两个国家的依赖性指标之间的相关性达到. 如表7中第三列所示,在使用加拿大资料测量依赖性时,其系数因数的重要性很高。特别有趣的是,在表7和表4中都显示出虽然对依赖性和发展性测量不同,但是相互产生影响的经济量基本相同。----如有疑问还可以商榷。

带翻译的英文经济学论文题目

提供一些英语专业翻译方向的论文题目,供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译

英语翻译论文题目

写英语翻译的论文需要写哪些内容呢?选什么样的题目合适?下面是我为大家收集的关于英语翻译论文题目,欢迎大家阅读!

1、谈英语谚语的翻译

2、谈英语幽默的翻译

3、英语汉译技巧初探

4、地方名胜古迹汉译英

5、翻译中常见错误分析

6、中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响

7、会话含义的推导与翻译

8、词汇的文化内涵与翻译

9、语境在翻译中的作用

10、翻译技巧探索

11、商标词翻译

12、广告语言的翻译

13、论英汉互译中的语义等值问题

14、英汉文化差异对翻译的影响

15、英汉谚语的理解和翻译

16、浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译

17、中西文化差异与翻译障碍

18、英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译

19、英语意义否定表现法及其汉译

20、浅谈新闻标题的翻译

21、互文性理论下的电影片名翻译

22、从唐诗《春望》英译比较看译者主体性

23、功能对等理论在英文电影字幕翻译中的应用-以《肖申克的救赎》为个案

24、语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯

25、从关联理论视角看汉语习语的英译

26、从目的论角度看新闻标题英汉翻译

27、目的论关照下的汉语标语翻译

28、影视翻译的特点及技巧-阿甘正传个案研究

29、The Characteristics of Athletic English and Its Translation体育英语的特点及翻译

30、Chinese Reduplicated Words and their Translation into English 汉语叠词及其英译

31、Non-Correspondence in English-Chinese Translation of Color Words中英文翻译中颜色词的非对应

32、On the Cultural Signification of Animal Idioms and Translation 动物俚语文化含义与翻译

33、Foreignizing and Domesticating Translations in Cross-cultural Vision跨文化视野中的异化和归化翻译

34、The Loss of Affective Meaning in Translation ―from the Perspective of Cultural Differences 从文化差异的角度看翻译中情感意义的丢失

35、On the Explicitness and Implicitness of Conjunctions in English-Chinese Translation Process 论连词再英汉翻译中的显性和隐性存在

36、Approaching Domestication and Foreignization in Translation from a Functional Perspective 从功能翻译角度看归化与异化

37、Conversion of Part of Speech in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉中词类的转换

38、The Transfer of Culture Image and of English and Chinese Idioms in Translating 论英汉习语翻译中的文化意象的转化 VI 旅游英语方向的选题

39、科技汉英翻译中的.修辞现象述评 ( An Overview of Rhetoric in Scientific English Translation )

40、科技英汉翻译中的虚实互化现象微探 ( Research on the Change from Abstractness to Concreteness in Scientific Translation )

41、翻译方法个案研究?如?“从海明威的短篇小说《一个 干净、明亮的地方》看简洁句的翻译”?

42、两个译本比较研究 ?或某 个译本翻译评论?

43、某个著名翻译家翻译方法或翻译风格研究

44、英汉习语翻译方法研究

45、广告翻译策略 研究

46、Culture Differences and Translation of English &Chinese Idioms

47、浅析应用文体之翻译

48、烹饪英语 翻译探微

49、科技英语翻译方法例析

50、中式菜谱的英译

51、汉语颜色 词的英译

52、福克勒小说的英译

53、英语俚语的汉译

54、论英语委婉 语的差异和翻译对策

55、实用文体翻译中的语 言、文化透视?结合语言学、跨文化交际等相关内容分析影响实 用文体翻译的因素?

56、关于对外交流翻译中不足 的反思?如?电影名的误译?旅游翻译的误译及其他。?

57、对某一翻译的理解与 探讨?如“信、达、雅”的探讨与新解?等等

58、中国特色词汇及其英译

59、中英数字文化对比及其翻译策略

60、论小说风格的传译

61、英文小说中对话的翻译

62、英汉修辞格 的语篇衔接作用及其在翻译中的再现

63、文学翻译批评简论

64、英汉语篇衔接 作用及其翻译策略

65、汉语广告英译中的巧 译策略探微

Research for How APCE impact the economy of East Asia

题目是论文内容的高度概括,它对读者具有影响力,可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022,希望能帮助到大家!

↓↓↓点击获取更多"论文"相关内容↓↓↓

★ 优秀论文题目2022 ★

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★ 毕业论文答辩致谢词 ★

★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★

翻译硕士论文题目选题参考

1、《中国古代 足球 》古汉语专名与古诗词的英译处理

2、英文合同汉译中规范性的实现策略

3、以目 标语 读者为导向的 广告 翻译策略研究

4、盐城旅游文本中特色词汇的翻译问题

5、从接受美学视角探究文学作品中模糊语言翻译

6、法律文献中专业术语英译的探讨

7、扬州旅游文本里 文化 因素的翻译

8、网络辅助下英语缩略语的翻译策略研究

9、有道词典在翻译中的应用

10、 英语 散文 120篇汉译项目 报告

11、徐州景点 导游词 翻译中文化负载词的处理

12、徐州特产食品 说明书 汉英翻译研究

13、从文本功能的角度探究报刊时政新闻的汉译

14、英语长句的英译汉翻译策略实证研究---以<基于语料库的英语教学>为例

15、《物华名胜》中复合式翻译 方法 的运用

16、《苏斯 儿童 绘本汉译过程中儿童语言的处理》

17、目的论指导下企业介绍的英译研究

18、新闻发布会口译项目报告

19、目的论视角下看中国高校宣传片的字幕翻译策略

20、《杨澜访谈录》同声传译项目报告

21、VOA经济报道口译过程中顺句驱动法运用的实践报告

22、预测在英语 财经 新闻口译活动中运用的实践报告

23、中国饮食文化词的口译技巧—《舌尖上的中国》口译实践报告

24、影响英汉交替传译中笔记有效信息筛选障碍的项目报告——以VOA时事新闻口译实践为例

25、视译停顿形成因素及解决方法报告

26、外事口译中译者主体性的把握

27、学生译员汉英交传训练中停顿现象研究

28、商务合同英汉互译技巧

29、英文品牌汉译

30、知识对于翻译的重要性

31、中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响

32、英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译

33、<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析

34、从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿

35、关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏

36、跨文化交际与商标翻译

37、中式菜肴的命名与翻译

38、浅谈英语电影片名的翻译

39、英文电影片名的翻译策略

40、英文化妆品广告之美学翻译

41、数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探

42、浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性

43、英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究

44、论语境在英汉翻译中的作用

45、浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则

46、中英服饰广告的翻译

47、论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性

48、论译者的风格与译风

49、经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译

50、从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译

51、翻译中的文化因素

52、影视字幕翻译的原则

53、影响长句翻译的因素

54、例析英译汉中形象语言的处理

英语专业 毕业 论文翻译方向题目

1、 图里规范理论视角下的《四洲志》翻译研究

2、 翻译伦理视域下杨曙辉和杨韵琴《喻世明言》英译本研究

3、 《围城》英译研究

4、 余华小说《兄弟》中的文化专有词英译研究

5、 汉语形容词重叠式及其基式英译对比研究

6、 英汉交流虚构运动事件中路径和方式表征的对比研究

7、 汉语情态动词“能”字结构的翻译

8、 英汉运动事件表征方式对比研究

9、 顺应论视角下视觉动词的汉英互译研究

10、 语用顺应论视阈下汉语听觉动词的英译研究

11、 基于交往能力理论的翻译主体间性实证研究

12、 目的论视角下的电气英语翻译

13、 从符号视角看翻译中视觉非语言符号的信息处理

14、 功能对等理论视角下政府公文英译策略研究

15、 女性主义视角下影视字幕翻译策略研究

16、 操纵论视角下政治文本的汉英翻译研究

17、 从功能对等原则看中国上古神话中神话意象的翻译

18、 从德国功能派翻译理论视角分析领导人演讲口译

19、 文化翻译理论指导下《黄帝内经》英译策略研究

20、 四字格中医术语动词的英译对比研究

21、 《红楼梦》服饰文化翻译研究探析

22、 英文传记汉译实践报告

23、 生态翻译视角下:《尘埃落定》英译本的研究

24、 奈达的功能对等理论在Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets两个译本中的体现

25、 描写性翻译理论框架下《西敏寺》译文的风格分析

26、 目的论视角下张爱玲《金锁记》自译本的比较研究

27、 从功能理论视角看戴译本《边城》中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法

28、 英译诗歌韵律的定量对比分析

29、 功能对等理论视角下鲁迅小说《药》《孔乙己》《风波》两个英译本的对比研究

30、 奈达功能对等视角下对《瓦尔登湖》两个中译本的对比研究

31、 语义翻译/交际翻译视角下文化特色语的翻译

32、 从关联理论看《了不起的盖茨比》的两个汉译本

33、 目的论视角下的《三体》英译研究

34、 性别与翻译:从女性主义翻译观对比分析《飘》的两译本

35、 目的论指导下的《舌尖上的中国》菜名英译策略

36、 功能对等理论视角下的美国情景喜剧字幕翻译

37、 功能对等理论视阈下的商标翻译研究

翻译理论与实践论文题目

1、德国功能翻译理论的宏观性及其对教学的启示

2、翻译美学的文化考量

3、解构视角下翻译中的二元对立分析

4、传教士翻译与晚清文化社会现代性

5、跨文化传播视域下的翻译功能研究

6、英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究

7、许渊冲唐诗英译研究

8、论英汉翻译写作学的建构

9、 文章 学视野下的林译研究

10、口译研究的生态学途径

11、郭建中翻译思想与实践研究

12、跨文化语用学视角下的外宣翻译策略研究

13、文学文本中的视觉翻译

14、外宣翻译研究体系建构探索

15、异化翻译思想探究

16、翻译的修辞学研究

17、新月派文学观念研究

18、文章学视野下的林纾翻译研究

19、翻译批评原则的诠释学研究

20、蒯因的翻译不确定性及其对英汉互译的启示

21、近代中国 留学 生 教育 翻泽研究(1895~1937)

22、叙事学视域下的外宣翻译研究

23、修辞劝说视角下的外宣翻译研究

24、中国传统翻译理论观照下的林少华文学翻译研究

25、易学“象”视角下的译学研究

26、对比语言学元语言系统的演变研究

27、俄语本科翻译教材研究

28、情境翻译与翻译情境

29、西班牙语委婉语的多元翻译

30、从《哥儿》林译本的 句子 结构调整看奈达功能对等翻译理论

31、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究

32、《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告

33、从中国文化语境视角出发解读西方女性主义翻译

34、证券翻译理论与实践

35、叶维廉汉诗英译研究

翻译方向论文题目选题参考相关文章:

★ 翻译方向论文题目选题参考

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★ 2021英语专业论文选题与题目参考

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★ 本科英语专业毕业论文题目选题

★ 优秀英语毕业论文题目参考

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