这也行???早知道当初我也百度提问了。费了我一周时间自己翻译5000字段英文文献。
这就是:中文 随着植物抗病基因工程的发展,越来越多的抗病基因被人们所发现。2004年,Taler等从印度野生瓜的霜霉病抗性品种中克隆得到两个具有丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶(serineglyoxylate aminotransferase,SGT)活性的甜瓜霜霉病抗性基因At1和At2。Taler等发现At1和At2具有丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶活性与植物光呼吸途径相关,不属于任何一类已知R基因,对病原菌的抵抗没有种属专化性,并且它们的抗病作用与H_2O_2相关,基于此种现象,他们提出一种新的抗病机制“酶抗病性”,这是首次报道的通过改变酶的表达量而赋予植物抗病性。据推测At1和At2还可能对霜霉病以外的其它多种植物叶部病害具有抗性作用,是很有研究价值的抗病基因,并且,“酶抗病性”作用机制的提出还需要更多的基因证据和试验支持。据此本论文从光呼吸作用非常强的大豆中克隆At1和At2的同源基因GmSGT,对其进行序列分析、酶活性中心预测、原核表达分析,并将其转入受体植物中进行抗病性鉴定。现将本论文的主要研究结果及创新点总结如下: 1.利用大豆EST序列和5'-Race技术,首次从大豆霜霉病抗性品种中克隆了编码丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶的GmGGT1基因序列(已获得国家发明专利1项,专利号:ZL2005100887 ),同时从受SA诱导的大豆霜霉病感病品种黑农10号中克隆得到了两条GmSGT1的同源基因GmSGT2,GmSGT3。序列分析表明,GmSGT1与Taler等报道的甜瓜霜霉病抗病基因At1、At2氨基酸序列同源性达和;同时,GmSGT1与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana L.)、水稻(Oryzae sativa L.)、贝母(Fritillariaagrestis)、紫萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza)的丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶同源性达。GmSGT1推导蛋白序列分析显示它具有一个5磷酸吡哆醛结合位点GSQKAL和一个强的过氧化物体定位信号SRI,表明该基因可能在植物的过氧化物体中通过光呼吸途径起作用。GmSGT2和GmSGT3与GmSGT1核苷酸序列同源性高达和,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为和。利用生物信息学方法对GmSGT1,GmSGT2,GmSGT3蛋白的酶学活性中心进行了分析,结果显示三个蛋白序列均具有丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶活性。 2.首次通过存大肠杆菌中模拟植物光呼吸途径的技术,证实了GmSGT1具有丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶活性。光呼吸途径中发生的反应:乙醇酸(?)H_2O_2+乙醛酸;乙醛酸(?)甘氦酸。因大肠杆菌中含有乙醇酸氧化酶(GOX),所以向原核表达菌株中加入乙醇酸,可完成上述反应,通过检测H_2O_2量的变化,可确定GmSGT1基因的丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶功能。本研究结果显示,只有表达GmSGT1蛋白的组分能诱导大量H_2O_2产生,对照组分无,因此,可以确定GmSGT1具有丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶活性。 3.分析了GmSGT蛋白与大豆不同品种的抗性相关性。Western杂交结果显示,抗霜霉病品种早丰5号和九农9号中可检测到有目的蛋白的表达,而感病品种黑农10号中无表达。SA诱导前、后半定量RT-PCR结果表明,感病品种黑农10号在SA诱导前未检测到表达,而SA诱导后有微量表达,大豆对霜酶病的抗病性也有大幅度提高。因此,我们推断,GmSGH的表达确实和SA诱导途径相关,并且随着GmSGT1表达水平的提高,大豆对霜霉病的抗病性也明显提高。 4.构建了GmSGT1植物表达载体,进行烟草转化,获得了转基因植株,并对其进行烟草赤星病,黑胫病,青枯病的抗性鉴定,结果表明转基因烟草显著提高了烟草对赤星病,黑胫病,青枯病的抗性。本研究为Taler等提出的植物“酶抗性基因”提供了新的实验证据。 5.利用抗病品种早丰5号探索了GmSGT1基因在大豆中的时空表达特性,该基因在大豆叶片中有表达,而根,茎中无表达,并且随着生育期的增强而表达增强,生殖生长期最强,然后随着细胞的老化而表达减弱,直至消失。这表明GmSGT1的变化趋势与植物光呼吸的变化趋势相符。同时检测了光呼吸途径中在丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶上游起作用的乙醇酸氧化酶(GOX)的表达特性,结果表明GOX的表达水平与GmSGT1表达水平的变化具有一致性,说明GmSGT1表达水平提高的同时,它的上游反应也增强,H_2O_2表达也提高。这与我们推测的GmSGT蛋白在植物光呼吸途径中起作用的结论相符。 6.研究确定了大豆遗传转化体系。建立了大豆早丰5号,黑农10号的胚芽尖组培体系,并利用农杆菌LBA4404介导法将构件好的植物表达载体转化早丰5号,RNAi植物表达载体转化黑农10号,获得了再生植株。同时,对早丰5号的胚芽尖,子叶节,胚轴三种外植体在再生频率,再生时间,K筛选浓度,农杆菌不同侵染时间对重生芽再生频率的影响进行了研究,为早丰5号组培,转化体系的进一步优化提供了实验依据。英文With the development of plant disease resistance genes, more and more resistance genes are found in people. In 2004, Taler and other wild melon from India, downy mildew resistant varieties have cloned two serine glyoxylate aminotransferase (serineglyoxylate aminotransferase, SGT) activity Melon downy mildew resistance genes At1 and At2. Taler At1 and At2 is found with serine glyoxylate aminotransferase activity and plant photorespiration pathway, does not belong to any class of known R genes, resistance to the pathogen resistance without special species, and their role in disease resistance associated with H_2O_2 Based on this phenomenon, they proposed a new resistance mechanism "enzyme resistance", this is the first reported expression of the enzyme by changing the plant disease resistance is speculated that At1 and At2 may also downy mildew than many other leaf diseases of plants resistant to the effect that the great research value of the resistance genes, and the "resistance enzyme" mechanism of the proposed need for more many genes to support evidence and testing. Pursuant to which the paper is very strong from the soybean photorespiration clone At1 and At2 in the homologous gene GmSGT, its sequence analysis, enzyme active site predicted prokaryotic expression analysis, and transferred to the receptor for disease resistance in plants the paper's major findings and innovation are summarized as follows: 1. Using soybean EST sequences, and 5'-Race technology for the first time from downy mildew resistant varieties of soybean clone encoding serine glyoxylate aminotransferase gene sequences GmGGT1 (has received a national invention patent, patent number: ZL2005100887 ),Induced by SA from both downy mildew susceptible varieties of soybean, 10 black farmers have been two GmSGT1 cloned the homologous gene GmSGT2, GmSGT3. Sequence analysis revealed that, GmSGT1 and Taler other melon downy mildew resistance genes reported At1, At2 amino acid sequence homology of up to and ; the same time, GmSGT1 and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.), rice (Oryzae sativa L.), Fritillaria (Fritillariaagrestis), Spirodela (Spirodela polyrrhiza) serine glyoxylate aminotransferase homology deduced protein sequence analysis revealed that it has a 5-pyridoxal phosphate binding sites GSQKAL and a strong peroxisome targeting signal SRI, showed that the gene may be in the plant peroxisome photorespiration way to work through. GmSGT2 and GmSGT3 and GmSGT1 nucleotide sequence homology as high as and , the deduced amino acid sequence homology was and . By bioinformatics method GmSGT1, GmSGT2, GmSGT3 protein enzyme active sites were analyzed, the results show that the three protein sequences all have serine glyoxylate aminotransferase . For the first time through the simulation of plant survival in E. coli pathway of light breathing techniques, confirmed the GmSGT1 with serine glyoxylate aminotransferase activity. Photorespiratory pathway reaction occurs: glycolic acid (?) H_2O_2 + glyoxylic acid; glyoxylate (?) Gan helium acid. Because E. coli contains glycolic acid oxidase (GOX), so the original strain by adding acid expression, to be completed by the above-mentioned reaction, by detecting changes in the amount H_2O_2 can determine GmSGT1 serine glyoxylate aminotransferase gene function. The results showed that only the expression of GmSGT1 protein component can induce a large number of H_2O_2 production, control components not, therefore, can determine GmSGT1 glyoxylate aminotransferase activity with . Analysis of the GmSGT protein soybean varieties with resistance to relevance. Western blotting results showed that downy mildew resistant cultivars EARLY 5 and 9 farmers could be detected in 9 purposeful expression, while black farmers on the 10th susceptible and no expression. SA induction before and after the semi-quantitative RT-PCR results showed that the susceptible black farmers on the 10th in SA was not detected before the induction of expression, while SA induced the expression of a trace of soybean on the cream of the resistance enzymes have greatly improved . Therefore, we conclude, GmSGH SA induced the expression of true and relevant way, and with the expression level of GmSGT1 increased soybean downy mildew resistance was also improved . Constructed GmSGT1 plant expression vector for tobacco transformation, we obtained the transgenic plants, and gain tobacco brown spot, black shank, bacterial wilt resistance identification, the results showed that the transgenic tobacco significantly increased the tobacco brown spot, black shank, bacterial wilt resistance. Taler, etc. This study proposed plant "enzyme resistance genes," provides a new experimental evidence. 5. Use of resistant varieties as early as 5 to explore the GmSGT1 Feng gene expression in the temporal and spatial characteristics of soybean, the gene expression in soybean leaves in, but the roots, stems and no expression, and increased with the growth period while the expression, most reproductive stage, and then with the decreased expression of cell aging, until the shows that the trend of plant GmSGT1 Photorespiration trend line. Simultaneous detection of the photorespiratory pathway of serine glyoxylate aminotransferase in the upper reaches of the role of glycolate oxidase (GOX) of the expression characteristics, the results show that the expression level of GOX GmSGT1 consistent changes in expression levels, indicating enhanced expression GmSGT1 At the same time, it also increased the upstream response, H_2O_2 expression also increased. We speculate that the GmSGT This plant photorespiratory pathway proteins play a role in the . Study identified the genetic transformation system. HSBC was established as early as 5, soybean, black farmers on the 10th of the embryonic tip tissue culture system, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 mediated plant expression vector will be a good member conversion EARLY 5, RNAi plant expression vector transformed black farmers on the 10th, won the regeneration. Meanwhile, HSBC on the 5th of the embryo as early as sharp, cotyledonary node, hypocotyl explants of three in the regeneration frequency, regeneration time, K screening concentration, Agrobacterium infection time on the regeneration of different frequencies of shoot regeneration was studied for EARLY 5 tissue culture, transformation system provides an experimental basis for further optimization.
乙醛在碱性条件下加热会发生阿尔多肟反应。根据新知网,这是通过将乙醛与氢氧化钠和羟胺反应进行的,在反应中,羟胺的氮原子攻击乙醛的羰基碳,并形成一个氧化还原为负离子的中间体。阿尔多肟反应后产生的中间体与水分解,生成乙醇和肟化合物,有利用于检测和分离乙醛。
也说食醋的妙用经常听人说在吃鱼时被鱼刺卡住喉咙了,喝几口醋就可以把鱼刺吞下去,随即也成功地摆脱了鱼骨梗喉之苦。食醋真的有这么大的功效吗?它还有其他什么用途?它的成分是什么呢?为此我专门上网查了查关于醋的有关知识。 醋的主要成分是醋酸,化学名称是乙酸,结构简式为CH3COOH。酿醋主要是以粮食为原料及菌种发酵。经过糖化、酒精发酵、醋酸发酵及后续消毒灭菌、加工包装而成,具有色香味俱佳的特点,经科学分析含有丰富的营养成分。 一、蛋白质和氨基酸 食醋中含有~蛋白质,氨基酸有18种,其中人体必需的8种氨基酸均具备。 二、碳水化合物 食醋中的糖类如葡萄糖、麦芽糖、果糖、蔗糖、鼠李糖等较多,这些成分对食醋的浓度及柔和感有着十分重要的调节作用,也有利于保健功能。 三、有机酸 食醋中的醋酸含量最多,它可促进血液中抗体的增加,提高人体免疫力,有很好的杀菌和抑菌作用﹔除此之外还有乳酸、甲酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、丙酮酸和琥珀酸等,这些物质能促进机体的新陈代谢和细胞内的氧化还原作用。 四、维生素和矿物质 酿造食醋中还含有维生素B1、维生素B2等以及矿物质中的铁、钠、钙、锌、磷、铜等离子,特别是醋酸钙可缓和醋酸作用,对调味酱、醋渍菜、蛋黄酱、鱼糕、香肠、年糕、面包等有调味和冲作用,这些离子的恰当配合对人体营养、降低血压、防止衰老等十分必需且有益。 五、香气成分 食醋的芳香成分虽然含量极少,但醋酸乙酯、乙醇、乙醛、3-羟基丁酮等赋予食醋特殊的芳香及风味。醋中的挥发性物质及香味物质能刺激大脑中枢,使消化液大量分泌,改善消化功能。对食醋的要求,应当具有正常酿造食醋的色泽、气味和香气,不涩,无其他不良气味和异味(如霉臭气味),不浑浊,无悬浮物及无沉淀物,无霉花,无浮膜等。食醋的香气来源于发酵过程中产生的各种酯类以及人工添加的和各种香辣剂。酯类以醋酸及乙酯为主,另外还有乙酸异戊酯、异戊酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、琥珀酸乙酯等。由于酯化反应的速度较慢,而酿醋的新工艺生产发酵周期短,故酯含量低,香气不足;老法酿醋生产发酵周期长,故醋的香气浓郁,陈醋更胜一筹。我国制醋历史悠久,风味多样,在世界上独树一帜,老陈醋的酯香,熏醋现在食醋的好处正日益被人们所认识,但它的许多用途还是鲜为人知的。醋在生活中有很多的用途: (一)调味作用:人们在烹调菜肴时缺少不了醋,醋可增加菜肴的鲜、甜、香等味道。在烹制食品过程中加点醋,可保护食品中的维生素C不受减少和破坏,因为维生素C在弱酸性的环境下比较稳定,醋有破坏抗坏血酸酶的作用,因而保存了维生素C不被破坏。所以在炒菜时加点醋,不仅使菜肴脆嫩可口,还能保护其营养成分。如炒绿豆芽既可使豆芽脆嫩可口,又有保存维生素C少受损失的作用。在做鱼时,如糖醋鱼、酥鱼加醋,不仅可以去除腥味,增加鲜味,还使鱼刺软化,有利于钙的吸收。炖牛、羊肉时放点醋,能使肉容易煮烂味美。食用海带,先在水中放几滴醋煮一下,海带可变柔软可口,吃油腻的食品,加点醋或蘸醋吃可减少油腻感。食醋还有降低咸味的作用,如食物过咸可加些醋可降低咸味。醋含钾较多,在人体中有利于把多作的钠排出。 (二)防病作用:醋有开胃,增进食欲,消食化积的作用。并能促进唾液和胃液的分泌,帮助消化吸收,使食欲旺盛。在炎热的夏季食欲减退时,用加醋调凉拌菜,不但味美可口增进食欲,帮助消化,还有很好的抑菌和杀菌作用,起到预防肠道疾病的功效。冬春季正是流行性感冒和呼吸道疾病的流行季节,如把食醋放时容器内,在火炉上加热熏屋内,也有较好的防治效果。因醋的醋酸有很好的抑菌和杀菌作用,病菌和酸性环境里不易生存。如甲型链球菌、卡他球菌、肺炎双球菌、流感病毒等致病菌,醋都能抑制和杀灭他们。“醋蛋”、“醋泡冰糖”和“醋泡花生米”每日坚持食用,则是心血管病人的一剂良方,即可软化血管,又有降低胆固醇的作用,也是中老人的一种保健佳品。 (三)药用价值:李时珍《本草纲目》“酸温。散解毒,下气消食……少饮和血行气……”根据中医理认,蛔虫“得酸则伏”吃醋可缓解蛔虫病带来的胃肠绞痛。急性肾炎,限制盐量,要吃无盐或低盐包含,若在炒菜时放点醋,多做些糖醋菜肴,可增进食欲。醋还有为醉酒者醒酒之用,醋在酒作用生成乙酸乙脂,因而减少胃肠道和血液中的酒精浓度而起到有醒酒的作用。此外,民间验方常用醋治疗腮腺炎、体癣、灰指甲、肠道蛔虫、毒虫叮咬等都有一定效果。醋不但作为药引子应用,还可用于中药的泡制如醋灸,以改善药物性能,增加疗效。 (四)其他妙用:在宰杀鸡鸭前10分钟,给它灌上一茶匙醋,这样宰杀后褪毛又快又净。家中饭炒锅使用日久会出现漆黑而油腻的污垢,这时可用抹布蘸些食醋加以擦洗,就会光亮如初。旅途中如果感到疲劳,可在浴水中加点醋,浴后颇感舒适,利于消除疲劳。晚上若失眠,可在睡觉前,用一杯凉开水冲一茶匙醋喝可促使及时入睡。若在旅游途中发生晕车晕船,也可在出发前饮一杯加醋的开水,能减轻眩晕 下面介绍几种用醋美容方法: 1.用超市买来的果醋/是浓缩型的啊.如果觉得有点醋可放点蜂蜜.每次喝时用凉白开冲调.效果非常好啊.我的朋友和同事都说我的皮肤细腻了.我只喝了一个星期啊.我个人感觉皮肤真的好了.而且白了. 2.还有我看报纸杂志说用白醋泡新鲜的鸡蛋,一定要新鲜的啊.而且要洗干净才可以泡的.白醋超市就有售.要泡一个月.我在超市买的玻璃罐头来泡它.记得要泡一个月啊.泡好后,可以每次喝水时放一点冲喝.可以嫩肤的.而且兼接可以治高血压和失眠.非常有效. 3.减轻皱纹:晚上洗脸后,取1勺醋、3勺水混合,用棉球蘸饱,在脸上有皱纹的地方轻轻涂擦,再以手指肚轻轻按摩一下,洗净即可。这种方法可帮助消除脸部细小的皱纹。 4.柔嫩肌肤:先洗净脸部和双手,然后浸入加入食醋的温水中洗脸和手,5分钟后换用清水洗净,长期这样做,可让皮肤光洁、细腻,水中加入的醋量宜少,以水不变色为准。 5.祛斑褪斑:用白醋捣入中药白术适量调和,密封浸泡一星期。每天洗脸后,擦试面部长斑的地方,日久可令雀斑逐渐消除、隐退。 6.驱除倦容:用于盆浴,在温水中加入1~2汤匙食醋,洗澡后不仅能去除皮肤老化的角质层,而且消除疲劳,焕发精神,面部也显得很红润。 7.抑制头屑:有些女孩子头皮屑多,各种去屑洗发液都不管用。可在每晚睡觉前,用1∶1的食醋和清水在头皮屑生长处涂湿,轻轻揉搓发根部,10分钟以后,用清水洗净。这样做可以抑制头皮屑过多生成,并可以最终根治。用加入食醋的温水洗发也有效果。 8.黑发亮发:有些女孩子头发枯干没有光泽,用了滋润洗发液也不见效,可在每次以中性洗发液洗发后,再用对入少量食醋的温水漂洗头发,20分钟后用清水冲洗。慢慢地,头发会变得柔软光泽、乌黑亮丽。 9.护甲美甲:在温水中加进半茶匙醋,用其浸泡手指甲或脚指甲,然后再进行修剪。此时,不但指甲皮易于修剪,而且指甲缝中的污垢也容易清除,手指甲和脚指甲也光亮晶莹。 使用时的注意事项: 外用醋一般以米醋为好,不宜用白醋,因为白醋以醋精配制。“吃醋”虽然好处多多,但也不可过量;成年人每天食醋量应在20~40克,最多不宜超过100克;醋对钙的代谢作用也不可轻视,为了防止成年女性的骨质疏松症,患有下列疾病的人不宜吃醋:胃溃疡、胆囊炎、肾炎、低血压、胆石症、骨损伤及慢性肾脏病等。 长期喝醋容易引起牙齿的腐蚀和脱钙,所以喝醋时应用水稀释,尽量用吸管直接咽下,然后用水漱口。空腹时不要吃醋,以免胃酸过多而伤胃;胃酸过多的人,不宜喝醋。的独特焦
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