信号检测与处理英文论文

1）机械技术机械技术是机电一体化的基础，机械技术的着眼点在于如何与机电一体化技术相适应，利用其它高、新技术来更新概念，实现结构上、材料上、性能上的变更，满足减小重量、缩小体积、提高精度、提高刚度及改善性能的要求。在机电一体化系统制造过程中，经典的机械理论与工艺应借助于计算机辅助技术，同时采用人工智能与专家系统等，形成新一代的机械制造技术。（2）计算机与信息技术其中信息交换、存取、运算、判断与决策、人工智能技术、专家系统技术、神经网络技术均属于计算机信息处理技术。（3）系统技术系统技术即以整体的概念组织应用各种相关技术，从全局角度和系统目标出发，将总体分解成相互关联的若干功能单元，接口技术是系统技术中一个重要方面，它是实现系统各部分有机连接的保证。（4）自动控制技术其范围很广，在控制理论指导下，进行系统设计，设计后的系统仿真，现场调试，控制技术包括如高精度定位控制、速度控制、自适应控制、自诊断校正、补偿、再现、检索等。（5）传感检测技术传感检测技术是系统的感受器官，是实现自动控制、自动调节的关键环节。其功能越强，系统的自动化程序就越高。现代工程要求传感器能快速、精确地获取信息并能经受严酷环境的考验，它是机电一体化系统达到高水平的保证。（6）伺服传动技术包括电动、气动、液压等各种类型的传动装置，伺服系统是实现电信号到机械动作的转换装置与部件、对系统的动态性能、控制质量和功能有决定性的影响。机电一体化系统组成1.机械本体机械本体包括机架、机械连接、机械传动等，它是机电一体化的基础，起着支撑系统中其他功能单元、传递运动和动力的作用。与纯粹的机械产品相比，机电一体化系统的技术性能得到提高、功能得到增强，这就要求机械本体在机械结构、材料、加工工艺性以及几何尺寸等方面能够与之相适应，具有高效、多功能、可靠和节能、小型、轻量、美观的特点。

生物医学信号处理方法论文

生物医学信号处理是指据生物医学信号特点，应用信息科学的基本理论和方法，研究如何从扰和噪声淹没的观察记录中提取各种生物医学信号中所携带的信息，并对它们进步分析、解释和分类。以下是我精心准备的生物医学信号处理方法论文，大家可以参考以下内容哦！

摘 要： 生物医学信号是人体生命信息的集中体现，深入进行生物医学信号检测与处理的理论与方法的研究对于认识生命运动的规律、探索疾病预防与治疗的新方法都具有重要的意义。

关键词： 生物医学信号 信号检测 信号处理

1 概述

1。1 生物医学信号及其特点

生物医学信号是一种由复杂的生命体发出的不稳定的自然信号，属于强噪声背景下的低频微弱信号，信号本身特征、检测方式和处理技术，都不同于一般的信号。生物医学信号可以为源于一个生物系统的一类信号，这些信号通常含有与生物系统生理和结构状态相关的信息。生物医学信号种类繁多，其主要特点是：信号弱、随机性大、噪声背景比较强、频率范围一般较低，还有信号的统计特性随时间而变，而且还是非先验性的。

1。2 生物医学信号分类

按性质生物信号可分为生物电信号（Bioelectric Signals），如脑电、心电、肌电、胃电、视网膜电等;生物磁信号（Biomagnetic Signals），如心磁场、脑磁场、神经磁场;生物化学信号（Biochemical Signals），如血液的pH值、血气、呼吸气体等;生物力学信号（Biomechanical Signals），如血压、气血和消化道内压和心肌张力等;生物声学信号（Bioacoustic Signal），如心音、脉搏、心冲击等。

按来源生物医学信号可大致分为两类：（1）由生理过程自发产生的主动信号，例如心电（ECG）、脑电（EEG）、肌电（EMG）、眼电（EOG）、胃电（EGG）等电生理信号和体温、血压、脉博、呼吸等非电生信号;（2）外界施加于人体、把人体作为通道、用以进行探查的被动信号，如超声波、同位素、X射线等。

2 生物医学信号的检测及方法

生物医学信号检测是对生物体中包含的生命现象、状态、性质和成分等信息进行检测和量化的技术，涉及到人机接口技术、低噪声和抗干扰技术、信号拾取、分析与处理技术等工程领域，也依赖于生命科学研究的进展。信号检测一般需要通过以下步骤（见图1）。

①生物医学信号通过电极拾取或通过传感器转换成电信号;②放大器及预处理器进行信号放大和预处理;③经A/D转换器进行采样，将模拟信号转变为数字信号;④输入计算机;⑤通过各种数字信号处理算法进行信号分析处理，得到有意义的结果。

生物医学信号检测技术包括：（1）无创检测、微创检测、有创检测;（2）在体检测、离体检测;（3）直接检测、间接检测;（4）非接触检测、体表检测、体内检测;（5）生物电检测、生物非电量检测;（6）形态检测、功能检测;（7）处于拘束状态下的生物体检测、处于自然状态下的生物体检测;（8）透射法检测、反射法检测;（9）一维信号检测、多维信号检测;（10）遥感法检测、多维信号检测;（11）一次量检测、二次量分析检测;（12）分子级检测、细胞级检测、系统级检测。

3 生物医学信号的处理方法

生物医学信号处理是研究从扰和噪声淹没的信号中提取有用的生物医学信息的特征并作模式分类的方法。生物医学信号处理的目的是要区分正常信号与异常信号，在此基础上诊断疾病的存在。近年来随着计算机信息技术的飞速发展，对生物医学信号的处理广泛地采用了数字信号分析处理方法：如对信号时域分析的相干平均算法;对信号频域分析的快速傅立叶变换算法和各种数字滤波算法;对平稳随机信号分析的功率谱估计算法和参数模型方法;对非平稳随机信号分析的短时傅立叶变换、时频分布（维格纳分布）、小波变换、时变参数模型和自适应处理等算法;对信号的非线性处理方法如混沌与分形、人工神经网络算法等。下面介绍几种主要的处理方法。

3。1 频域分析法

信号的频域分析是采用傅立叶变换将时域信号x（t）变换为频域信号X（f），从而将时间变量转变成频率变量，帮助人们了解信号随频率的变化所表现出的特性。信号频谱X（f）描述了信号的频率结构以及在不同频率处分量成分的大小，直观地提供了从时域信号波形不易观察得到频率域信息。频域分析的'一个典型应用即是对信号进行傅立叶变换，研究信号所包含的各种频率成分，从而揭示信号的频谱、带宽，并用以指导最优滤波器的设计。

3。2 相干平均分析法

生物医学信号常被淹没在较强的噪声中，且具有很大的随机性，因此对这类信号的高效稳健提取比较困难。最常用的常规提取方法是相干平均法。相干平均（Coherent Average）主要应用于能多次重复出现的信号的提取。如果待检测的医学信号与噪声重叠在一起，信号如果可以重复出现，而噪声是随机信号，可用叠加法提高信噪比，从而提取有用的信号。这种方法不但用在诱发脑电的提取，也用在近年来发展的心电微电势（希氏束电、心室晚电位等）的提取中。

3。3 小波变换分析法

小波分析是传统傅里叶变换的继承和发展，是20世纪80年代末发展起来的一种新型的信号分析工具。目前，小波的研究受到广泛的关注，特别是在信号处理、图像处理、语音分析、模式识别、量子物理及众多非线性科学等应用领域，被认为是近年来在工具及方法上的重大突破。小波分析有许多特性：多分辨率特性，保证非常好的刻画信号的非平稳特征，如间断、尖峰、阶跃等;消失矩特性，保证了小波系数的稀疏性;紧支撑特性，保证了其良好的时频局部定位特性;对称性，保证了其相位的无损;去相关特性，保证了小波系数的弱相关性和噪声小波系数的白化性;正交性，保证了变换域的能量守恒性;所有上述特性使小波分析成为解决实际问题的一个有效的工具。小波变换在心电、脑电、脉搏波等信号的噪声去除、特征提取和自动分析识别中也已经取得了许多重要的研究成果。

3。4 人工神经网络

人工神经网络是一种模仿生物神经元结构和神经信息传递机理的信号处理方法。目前学者们提出的神经网络模型种类繁多。概括起来，其共性是由大量的简单基本单元（神经元）相互广泛联接构成的自适应非线性动态系统。其特点是：（1）并行计算，因此处理速度快;（2）分布式存贮，因此容错能力较好;（3）自适应学习（有监督的或无监督的自组织学习）。

参考文献

[1] 邢国泉，徐洪波。生物医学信号研究概况。咸宁学院学报（医学版），2006，20：459～460。

[2] 杨福生。论生物医学信号处理研究的学科发展战略。国外医学生物医学工程分册，1992，4（15）：203～212。

+++++++++++++++人家问的是英文论文啊！！！UNIX 发展史分析After over thirty years of use, the UNIX computer operating system from Bell Labs is still regarded as one of the most powerful and flexible operating systems in the computer world. Its popularity is due to many things. One of which was the ability to run a wide variety of machines, from single user workstations to supercomputers. Also UNIX’s portability led to its adoption by many manufacturers. The system also made a distinctive approach to software design by solving a problem with interconnecting simpler tools, instead of creating large application development and evolution led to a new philosophy of computing. Computer systems didn't talk to each other in the early days of computing. Even the various computes made by the same company often needed interpreters. And forget about interoperability of systems by different vendors. Most operating systems very often performed only limited tasks, and only on the machines for which they were written. If a business upgraded to a bigger, more powerful computer, the old operating system usually wouldn't work on the new computer, and often the company's data had to be entered again into the new try to develop a convenient, interactive and useable computer system that could support many users. A group of computer scientists from Bell Labs and GE in 1965 joined the effort underway at MIT on what was called the Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) mainframe timesharing system. This project was a failure because the group effort initially failed to produce an economically useful system. Bell Labs withdrew from the effort in 1969. Four people Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIlroy, and J. F. Ossanna at the Bell Labs Computing Science Research Center continued to work on the project and eventually created the UNIX operating first version of UNIX was written in assembler language, but Thompson's intention was that it would be written in a high-level language. Thompson first tried in 1971 to use FORTRAN but gave up after the first day. Then he wrote a very simple language he called B it worked but there were some problems. Because the implementation was interpreted it was always going to be slow. Ritchie added types to B, which for a while was called NB for "New B," and then he started to write a compiler for it. The first phase of C was really these two phases B and NB. The second phase was rewriting UNIX in started in the summer of 1972 but had two problems. Figuring out how to run the basic co-routines of how to switch control from one process to another. The second was the difficulty in getting the proper data structure, since the original version of C did not have structures. The combination of these things made Thompson give up over the summer. Over the rest of the year Ritchie added structures and over the next summer they made the concerted effort and did redo the whole operating system in C.剩余部分在 一共3页，可以删剪

1） 机械技术 机械技术是机电一体化的基础，机械技术的着眼点在于如何与机电一体化技术相适应，利用其它高、新技术来更新概念，实现结构上、材料上、性能上的变更，满足减小重量、缩小体积、提高精度、提高刚度及改善性能的要求。在机电一体化系统制造过程中，经典的机械理论与工艺应借助于计算机辅助技术，同时采用人工智能与专家系统等，形成新一代的机械制造技术。 （2） 计算机与信息技术 其中信息交换、存取、运算、判断与决策、人工智能技术、专家系统技术、神经网络技术均属于计算机信息处理技术。 （3） 系统技术 系统技术即以整体的概念组织应用各种相关技术，从全局角度和系统目标出发，将总体分解成相互关联的若干功能单元，接口技术是系统技术中一个重要方面，它是实现系统各部分有机连接的保证。 （4） 自动控制技术 其范围很广，在控制理论指导下，进行系统设计，设计后的系统仿真，现场调试，控制技术包括如高精度定位控制、速度控制、自适应控制、自诊断校正、补偿、再现、检索等。 （5） 传感检测技术 传感检测技术是系统的感受器官，是实现自动控制、自动调节的关键环节。其功能越强，系统的自动化程序就越高。现代工程要求传感器能快速、精确地获取信息并能经受严酷环境的考验，它是机电一体化系统达到高水平的保证。 （6） 伺服传动技术 包括电动、气动、液压等各种类型的传动装置，伺服系统是实现电信号到机械动作的转换装置与部件、对系统的动态性能、控制质量和功能有决定性的影响。 机电一体化系统组成 1.机械本体 机械本体包括机架、机械连接、机械传动等，它是机电一体化的基础，起着支撑系统中其他功能单元、传递运动和动力的作用。与纯粹的机械产品相比，机电一体化系统的技术性能得到提高、功能得到增强，这就要求机械本体在机械结构、材料、加工工艺性以及几何尺寸等方面能够与之相适应，具有高效、多功能、可靠和节能、小型、轻量、美观的特点。 2.检测传感部分 检测传感部分包括各种传感器及其信号检测电路，其作用就是检测机电一体化系统工作过程中本身和外界环境有关参量的变化，并将信息传递给电子控制单元，电子控制单元根据检查到的信息向执行器发出相应的控制。 3.电子控制单元 电子控制单元又称ECU（Electrical Control Unit ），是机电一体化系统的核心，负责将来自各传感器的检测信号和外部输入命令进行集中、存储、计算、分析，根据信息处理结果，按照一定的程度和节奏发出相应的指令，控制整个系统有目的地进行。 4.执行器 执行器的作用是根据电子控制单元的指令驱动机械部件的运动。执行器是运动部件，通常采用电力驱动、气压驱动和液压驱动等几种方式。 5.动力源 动力源是机电一体化产品能量供应部分，其作用是按照系统控制要求向机械系统提供能量和动力使系统正常运行。提供能量的方式包括电能、气能和液压能，以电能为主。 机电一体化主要课程 机械方面：机械制图，机械设计，工程材料，工程力学，数控编程技术，autoCAD，Mastercam软件，C# 电工方面：可编程控制器PLC，单片机，自动控制原理，数字电路，电工电子 实习课程：电力拖动，PLC，单片机，钳工，普通车、铣、刨床，数控车、铣，加工中心 本专业的培养目标 本专业培养德、智、体、美全面发展，具有创业、创新精神和良好职业道德的高等专门人才，掌握机械技术和电气技术的基础理论和专业知识；具备相应实践技能以及较强的实际工作能力，熟练进行机电一体化产品和设备的应用、维护、安装、调试、销售及管理的第一线高等技术应用型人才。 本专业职业面向 机电一体化专业是一个宽口径专业，适应范围很广，学生在校期间除学习各种机械、电工电子、计算机技术、控制技术、检测传感等理论知识外，还将参加各种技能培训和国家职业资格证书考试，充分体现重视技能培养的特点。学生毕业后主要面向珠江三角洲各企业、公司，从事加工制造业，家电生产和售后服务，数控加工机床设备使用维护，物业自动化管理系统，机电产品设计、生产、改造、技术支持，以及机电设备的安装、调试、维护、销售、经营管理等等。 1、主要就业岗位：机电一体化设备的安装、调试、维修、销售及管理；普通机床的数控化改装等。 2、次要就业岗位：机电一体化产品的设计、生产、改造、技术服务等。 1) Mechanical Technology Mechanical Technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology focus is on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, implementation, structure, materials, performance changes, meet the reduced weight, smaller size, higher precision, improved rigidity and improved performance requirements. 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(6) servo drive technology, including electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and other types of transmission, servo system is the conversion of electrical signals into mechanical motion devices and components, the dynamic performance of the system, control the quality and functionality have a decisive impact. Composed of mechatronic systems 1. Mechanical body mechanical body, including racks, mechanical connection, such as mechanical drive, which is the basis of mechanical and electrical integration, play a support system of other functional units, the role of motion and power transmission. Compared with the purely mechanical products, electrical and mechanical integration of the technical performance of the system is improved, functionality is enhanced, which requires mechanical body in the mechanical structure, materials, processing technology and other aspects of geometry can be corresponding with high efficiency, versatile, reliable and energy-saving, small, lightweight and beautiful features. 2. Detection sensor part of the detection sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its role is to detect the process of mechatronic systems work itself and the external environment-related changes in parameters, and information to the electronic control unit, electronic According to the control unit checks the information given to the corresponding control actuators. 3. Electronic control unit Electronic Control Unit, also known as ECU (Electrical Control Unit), is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the detection of each sensor from the external input command signal and concentration, memory, calculation, analysis, information processing based on the results of according to a certain extent and pace of issuing the appropriate command, control the entire system destination. 4. The role of actuators actuators are based on order-driven electronic control unit movement of mechanical parts. Actuators are moving parts, usually electric, pneumatic and hydraulic drives and other drives in several ways. 5. Power source power source is the energy supply part of the mechatronic product, its role is in accordance with the requirements of the system control to provide energy to the mechanical system and power to make the system work properly. Way to provide energy, including electricity, gas, energy and hydraulic energy to electrical energy based. Main Courses Mechatronics Mechanical aspects: mechanical drawing, mechanical design, engineering materials, engineering mechanics, numerical control programming, autoCAD, Mastercam software, C # Electrical: the programmable logic controller PLC, MCU, automatic control theory, digital circuits, electrical and electronic Internship Program: electric drive, PLC, MCU, fitter, general turning, milling, planer, NC, milling, processing center The training goal The professional training moral, intellectual, physical, and aesthetic development, entrepreneurial, innovative spirit and good professional ethics of higher expertise, mechanical technology and electrical technology to master the basic theory and professional knowledge; have the appropriate practical skills and a strong practical work capacity, skilled mechanical and electrical integration of the application of products and equipment, maintenance, installation, commissioning, sales and management of the first line of high technology talents. The professional career-oriented Mechatronics is a wide caliber professionals to adapt to a wide range of students in school during the addition to learning a variety of mechanical, electrical and electronic, computer technology, control technology, sensing, detection theory, will also participate in various skills training and National Vocational Qualification Certificate Examination, fully embodies the characteristics of attention to skills development. Primarily for students in the Pearl River Delta after graduating from business, the company engaged in processing and manufacturing, household appliance manufacturing and service, CNC machine tool equipment maintenance, property management systems automation, electrical and mechanical product design, production, transformation, technical support, and mechanical and electrical equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales, management and so on. 1, the main jobs: mechanical and electrical integration, equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales and management; common modification of CNC machine tools and so on. 2, secondary jobs: mechatronics product design, production, transformation and technology services.