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Before we start, let's talk a bit about collocations. Collocations are groups of words that are commonly used together. Native speakers are so used to using them, they know what sounds "right" and what sounds "wrong."在我们开始之前，我们来谈下搭配。搭配是指常用的词组搭配到一起。当地人很习惯于用这些，他们知道什么的搭配听起来是对的，什么是错的。For example, in English the phrase "go online" is a natural way to refer to using the internet. But it wouldn't be natural to say something like "proceed online" or "travel online", even though "proceed" and "travel" are other ways to express “go.” You’ll hear lots of collocations related to office life in today's dialog. Listen out for them and we'll explain what they mean and how to use them in the debrief. 比如，英语中的短语上网，就是使用网络的意思，甚至用前进和旅游来表达这个意思。在今天的播客中，你将听到很多和办公生活有关的搭配。仔细听，我们将会解释它们的意思以及如何在听取报告的时候使用它。Now, on to the role of an administrative assistant. The job title of "administrative assistant", or "admin assistant" for short, can cover quite a broad range of responsibilities. Admin assistants typically spend a lot of time handling data—whether it's timesheets recording the working hours of other employees, or rosters used for scheduling meeting rooms. Much of what they do involves making sure that other employees are working as efficiently as possible. 现在，来谈谈一个行政助理的职责。通常他们要花很长时间处理数据，不论是日程表记录，雇员的工作时间，还是会议地点安排的执勤人员表。这些很多都牵涉到确认是否有效地工作。In this episode we'll talk with Christina, who works as an admin assistant in the human resources department of an auto parts manufacturer. Christina's going to tell us about some of the responsibilities of her position. 在这节播客中，我们将和克里斯蒂娜交谈，她是汽车配件生产商的人事部的行政助理。克里斯蒂娜将会告诉我们有关她职责的细节。Collocations are a challenge for anyone learning English. There aren't any specific rules to follow. You just have to listen for what sounds right. Still, they're essential for English communication and important to keep in mind when you learn new vocabulary—don't just think about the new word, think about what other words it might be used with. We'll point out some useful collocations related to daily office work as we go through this lesson. 词语搭配对于英语学习者来说是一个挑战。没有严格的条款去依循。你必须去听听起来是对的。并且，当你学 学了新的词汇，不要只是觉得他们是新的词汇，要想到其他的一些可能会用到的其他词语，而搭配对于记住这些新的词至关重 要。Administrative assistants are important to any business organization. For example, they make sure data is handled responsibly and records are maintained properly. It might seem like they work in the background, but their jobs are critical to the smooth running of a company. 行政助理对于任何商业组织都很重要。比如，他们要确保 数据正确，记录好公司正常运行的数据。In the last episode we met Christina, the Head Administrative Assistant in the Human Resources department at LaFarge Automotive. In an interview, Christina told us about some of her usual job duties. Today, she'll talk about why her work is so important to the company. 上一集中，我们了解了克里斯蒂娜，在拉法基汽车公司人事部门的 总的行政助理。在这个访谈中，克里斯蒂娜告诉了我们她的日常工作。今天，她将要谈论她的工作对于整个公司的重要性。
Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments. Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior. Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist . One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980. Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong. The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis. The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation. • Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies. • Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money. • Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private sector. Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time. • New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management. • Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of macroeconomics. It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest. • Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in macroeconomics. • New classical economics. The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- i.e. its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory. This school emerged during the 1970s. This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium". Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed. Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium. 宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为,研究是在整个经济中,一旦所有的个人的经济决策,为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。相反,微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者,公司和行业。宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标,比如经济增长,价格稳定,充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径,包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。直到30年代为止,大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条,遭受了在所有发达国家,发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据,但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是,约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论,努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候,综合国民经济核算,如同我们知道他们今天,是不存在的。经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策,模型。开始于20世纪50年代,macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型,该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型,沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目,发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代),认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的,因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为,虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定,或是对宏观经济模型。然而,最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议,一些凯恩斯主义者的想法,微观经济基础是必要的,如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是,这样的事实,即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´,并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明,而有些人的证明是错误的。各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争,尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确",而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过,他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派,它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法,重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他,但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求,以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动,应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家,定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济,虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点,为了金钱。它提倡货币政策,直接目标钱的价值,不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律,它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。•货币主义的带领下,由弗里德曼,认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝,因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外,它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学,通过货币政策规则,即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期,而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用,强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样,认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础,反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。
经济学人：加拿大的住宅市场Finance and Economics; 财经；Canada's housing market; 加拿大的住宅市场；Time for a bigger needle; 该出手时就出手；The latest attempt to prick a bubble;戳破泡沫的最新举措；经济学人：Canada's reputation for financial regulation is starry. Its banksgot through the crisis unscathed. According to Moody's, a ratings agency, Royal Bank of Canadasits alongside HSBC and JPMorgan Chase in the top tier of global banks. And Canadianpolicymakers are old hands at pulling “macroprudential” levers of the sort now in vogue amongrich-world central banks.加拿大的金融监管一向广受赞誉。它的银行业在这场危机中做到了独善其身。根据评级机构穆迪的报告，加拿大皇家银行与汇丰银行以及摩根大通同列，跻身全球银行界的第一梯队。同时，加拿大的政策制定者也是运用宏观审慎政策的老手，这一政策如今也常被其他富国的央行使用。But questions still nag. Some say that Canada's banks are flattered by a huge indemnity offeredby Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp (CMHC), a public institution that insures mortgages witha loan-to-value ratio of more than 80%. CHMC's book grew to 567 billion Canadian Dollar(557 billion Dollar) in 2011, up from 345 billion Canadian Dollar four years earlier. And Canada'shousing market looks very frothy on some measures: The Economist's analysis of price-to-rentratios suggests that Canadian properties were about 75% above their long-run “fair value” in thefirst quarter of 2012 (see chart). Although less than 0.5% of CHMC's mortgages are in arrears, such exuberance is a worry. The central bank recently labelled housing as “the most importantdomestic risk to financial stability in Canada”.但是，仍有问题缠身。部分人士认为，加拿大的银行被加拿大抵押和住房公司（CMHC）提供的巨额补偿金美化了，CMHC是一家为贷款估值比率超过80%的抵押贷款提供保险的公共机构。在2011年，CHMC的抵押贷款额从四年前的3450亿增长到了5670亿加元（合5570亿美元）。并且，从一些指标来看，加拿大的房地产充斥着泡沫：《经济学人》以房价租金比所做的分析显示，在2012年第一季度，加拿大的物业价格高出它们的长期公允价值75%。纵然仅有低于0.5%的CHMC抵押贷款存在拖欠的情况，但这样的繁荣仍让人忧虑。最近，央行也冠以楼市 “危及加拿大金融稳定性的最大国内隐患”。Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeableeffect. So on June 21st Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, had another go, his fourth in fouryears. Some of the new measures were cosmetic. Buyers of homes worth more than 1m Dollarhave been able to get mortgage-default insurance from CMHC with a downpayment of only 5%. In practice, it is hard to find buyers in this bracket who do not have lots of equity in their homes. But after July 9th mortgages for homes of this value will not be eligible for CMHC coverage.政策制定者们给楼市降温的不断尝试并无明显成效。于是，在6月21日，加拿大财长吉姆·费拉逖，在四年来第四次出台了一些新举措。新措施中的一些不过是表面功夫。价值过百万美元住宅的买主能得到由CMHC担保的债务违约保险以及首付仅付5%的优惠待遇。而事实上，很少有这类购房者在购房时不以大量自有资金支付价款的。不过，在6月9日之后，这类住宅将不再适用于CMHC的保险范围。Other measures have more teeth. The maximum amortisation period for a mortgage will now be25 years, down from 30. That should hurt demand: last year about 40% of new mortgages werefor terms longer than that. Refinancing a home will be allowed only up to 80% of its value, downfrom 85%. Homebuyers will have to demonstrate their housing costs are no more than 39% oftheir gross household income. On top of Mr Flaherty's measures, the Office of theSuperintendent of Financial Institutions, Canada's banking regulator, slapped a loan-to-value limitof 65% on borrowing against home equity.其他那些则更为有力。抵押贷款最长还贷期限如今将从30年降低至25年。这势必将减少需求：去年约有40%的新贷款的期限是超过25年的。允许的房屋再融资的上限从房屋价值的85%降至只有80%。购房者还须证明他们的住房支出不超过家庭总收入的39%。费拉逖的举措中，紧随其后的是，加拿大的银行监管部门，联邦金融机构监督办公室，将贷款和自有资金间的贷款估值比率的限制猛降至65%。Craig Alexander, the chief economist for TD Financial Group, estimates all this will be theequivalent of about a 1% rise in mortgage rates for most homebuyers. He believes that willproduce a slow unwinding of the housing market. If he is right, and Mr Flaherty's variousinterventions avoid the collateral damage that would be caused by an actual interest-rate rise, Canada's admirers will have another thing to swoon over.多伦多道明银行金融集团首席经济学家，克雷格·亚历山大估计，所有这些措施对于购房者而言将等同于抵押贷款利率上升1%。他认为这将促使房产市场缓慢回归。如果他的观点正确，并且费拉逖的各种干预手段能够避免可能引发实际利率上升的附带伤害，那么如此一来，加拿大的崇拜者们又将有一个可以津津乐道的话题了。
1、学会跳读。如果我们一个个单词都去阅读，不但耗费时间，而且没有效果也不理想。实际上，跳读也能很好的把握文章的主旨大意和中心思想。 2、学会猜测生单词和词组含义。对于有了多年英语学习经验的人来说，可以不需要通过边阅读边查单词的方式来理解词语的意义。我们可以通过阅读上下文之间的联系来解决。在欧美人语言表达习惯中，同义定义的情况很多。 3、熟悉英语文章的特点。英语文章一般来说，有时候会采取语序颠倒的方式而不是正常的语序。很多时候，作者会把谓语动词提前或者用形式主语的形式来设置句子。我们需要掌握一些基本的英语文章的特点。 4、对于语法的熟悉程度。看懂一篇难度不大英语文章，不仅仅是词汇量的问题，更重要的是熟悉英语语法。欧美人比起母语为汉语的人来说更加喜欢用长且复杂的句型来表达他们的观点，限制性定语从句使用比较广泛。 5、掌握英语翻译的特点。在欧美人中普遍喜欢意译的方式，因为这种翻译方法更能灵活且忠实的表达出原作的意义。逐字翻译尽管有不少优点，毕竟在英语文章翻译中不完全适合。我们需要掌握翻译的三原则“信、“达”、”雅“。
精读一篇高考难度的英语阅读，那么首先，跟我们去看普通的中文文章是一样的。了解英文文章的段落分类。提取里面重要的单词量。再根据题目的要求去重点阅读英语文章当中的段落。其实英语的阅读，并不难，最主要是是在把自己原本课堂上的知识学好以后，多增加一些额外的英语阅读量词汇量。
上了大学以后，发现高考难度的英语阅读并不是特别的难，其中的词汇并没有多少，只要自己的单词量过关，想要精读一篇英语阅读，是非常简单的。打一个比方，本来是一个有包装的产品，结果被你把包装都卸了，全部成中文了，那你还看不懂其中的意思吗？想要精读一篇英语文章，你只需要把你的单词量过关，能够读通顺这个课文，能够把它一整篇的翻译过来，那就算是精读了。
词汇是阅读得以顺利进行的前提。所以要边增加词汇，边加大阅读。而且一篇文章需要反复去读，一周精读一篇即可，查出所有生词，理解每句话背后的意思。我们来举个例子吧：Men emerged half-naked in streets as the mercury rose to the record high. 这句话里的mercury是水银，整句话的意思是，气温创下历史新高，街上的男人们都开始光膀子了。如果你只知道mercury是水银，不知道它是温度计的水银柱可以隐喻气温，那就是还没有真正弄懂，类似的例子还有很多。可见阅读是需要温故知新的，需要天天进行，精读泛读和词汇同步，逐步提高难度。
把学习过程划分为 Pre-learning, While-learning, Post-learning 三个阶段，这就是 PWP 教学过程。
Pre-learning （学习前）阶段是教师进行教学准备、学生自我准备、教师激活学生学习新的语言知识、形成新的语言运用能力所需的知识、能力的阶段，其目的是为新语言内容的学习进行准备。这一阶段包括是课堂教学之前的一切准备活动，也包括课堂教学中开始学习新的语言内容之前的导入、启动、复习、激活等活动。
While-learning （学习中）阶段当然就是学习新语言的阶段，一般是在课堂进行，但也可以是学习在课堂之外的自我学习活动。在这一阶段，教师进行知识呈现、讲解，引导学生进行训练，学生通过学习掌握语言内容，形成运用能力。
Post-learning （学习后）阶段是学习新语言之后的评价、运用阶段，这一阶段应该是课堂之外的运用活动阶段，因为课堂内的活动本质上都属于学习阶段的活动，即使是课堂内的运用活动也是促进学习的运用活动。
与传统的写作教学法相比，过程教学法明显地显示出自己的优越性：
（一） 渗透到整个写作过程教师的作文教学不再是读范文和给评语，而是贯穿到写作过程的每一个阶段，将整个写作过程当做了教学重点，使学生得到了全面的指导和帮助。
（二） 开阔了学生的思路通过老师的启发、同学的指正和范文的引导，学生们扩展了思路，将写作的重点放在了表达完整的思想内容上，使他们的作文更真实，更具有说服力。
（三） 培养了学生的积极性学生受到了老师的关怀和尊重，从老师的批注中得到鼓舞和勉力，激发了他们对作文的兴趣，提高了写作的积极性。
（四） 拓展了自由的空间老师不再将批改的重点放在语法、词条和句子结构等条条框框上，使学生免去许多束缚，得以源源不断地发挥意识深处所要表达的思想内容。
参考资料百度百科——PWP
英语新新课标从培养学生综合语言能力到培养学生学科核心素养，关注点发生了变化，更加注重学生能力和品格的培养。核心素养的提出意味着我国的英语基础教育进入了以学生为中心，以学科育人为导向，以核心素养发展为目标的新时代。 英语阅读教学一般都采用PWP的基本教学模式 1.Pre-reading 目的:激发学生的阅读兴趣、激活他们的背景知识、导入话题 阅读前 活动:1.以旧带新;2.头脑风暴;3.背景介绍;4.任务驱动 目的:了解文本大意，获取信息，训练阅读技巧 2.阅读中 While-reading 活动:阅读并了解语育大意:将阅读文本的插图打乱师序，让学生 排序:根据文章内容判断正误、回答问题或完成句子等;根据文章 内容进行信息转换，如填表、填空、连线、标图、配对或排序等:给阅读材料加标题:猜测词义，了解重点细节等 目的:训练学生对文本信息的输出能力，提升人文素养 3.Post-reading 阅读后 活动:1.复述;2.角色扮演;3.仿写/续写/改写;4.拓展阅读核心素养背景下英语阅读教学 核心素养背景下英语阅读所要遵循的原则 1足够量的、适当的、多种文体的阅读素材 2创设积极的阅读动机和环境提供积极的阅读体验 3力求课内外阅读相结合培养学生主动学习的习惯 4“为理解而培养”策略 5引导读者在文本意义、作者态度、语篇结构、语言特点与修辞 6修辞的手法鉴赏 7铺垫语言知识，促进新知识增长优化认知结构 8围绕阅读语篇来设计听、说、读、写、看相结合的活动 9持续观察和反馈学生的阅读行为重视其努力的程度 10实践体现个体差异的阅读教学方式
PWP 教学过程当我们关注学习过程时，我们可以把学习过程划分为 Pre-learning, While-learning, Post-learning 三个阶段，这就是 PWP 教学过程。Pre-learning （学习前）阶段是教师进行教学准备、学生自我准备、教师激活学生学习新的语言知识、形成新的语言运用能力所需的知识、能力的阶段，其目的是为新语言内容的学习进行准备。这一阶段包括是课堂教学之前的一切准备活动，也包括课堂教学中开始学习新的语言内容之前的导入、启动、复习、激活等活动。While-learning （学习中）阶段当然就是学习新语言的阶段，一般是在课堂进行，但也可以是学习在课堂之外的自我学习活动。在这一阶段，教师进行知识呈现、讲解，引导学生进行训练，学生通过学习掌握语言内容，形成运用能力。Post-learning （学习后）阶段是学习新语言之后的评价、运用阶段，这一阶段应该是课堂之外的运用活动阶段，因为课堂内的活动本质上都属于学习阶段的活动，即使是课堂内的运用活动也是促进学习的运用活动。PWP 教学过程可以用于英语教学的每一项具体语言教学内容，在技能教学中表现为不同的具体形式，如听力中的 Pre-listening, while-listening 和 post-listening ，口语中的 Pre-speaking, while-speaking 和 post-speaking ，阅读中的 Pre-reading, while-reading 和 post-reading ，写作中的 Pre-writing, while-writing 和 post-writing 。
一、教学过程不同：
PWP= pre reading, while reading, post reading
PPP= presentation, practice, production
二、用法不同：
通常好像ppp用于低年级教学比较多，且pwp要依托于阅读文本，grammar和vocabulary教学可能没有阅读文本所以不适用于pwp。另外好像也没有说不同内容的课程（比如阅读、写作课）一定要使用某种（pwp）的教学方法，只是通常分类。
扩展资料：
PWP（任务型）:阅读、写作、听说课，口语课材料有听力和书面材料2类，我看口语课教案，听力材料的写出来像听说课，书面材料写出来的像阅读课。因为都包含好的教案设计都包含“口语”部分呐。
口语的材料类型复杂，可能是书面材料，也可能是阅读材料（包括只给几个问题和要求的情况），甚至可能都包含，所以如pwp模式的口语课，pre-speaking，while-speak，post-speaking，内容是不好分开的，尤其口语讨论很容易在3个过程中都存在。
参考资料来源：百度百科-PWP
在日常的学习、工作、生活中，大家对作文都不陌生吧，通过作文可以把我们那些零零散散的思想，聚集在一块。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的作文呢？下面是我精心整理的初二英语作文300字9篇，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Last week, we went to see a robot show with my good friends.We saw many robots in the show. The show was so wonderful that many people came to see it. Some robots looked like humans. They could help with the housework, such as sweeping the floor and doing the dishes. They were very helpful. Some of them could dance and play sports. They were very nice.some others looked like snakes. They could help look for people under buildings after an earthquake.
I had a good time enjoying the show. And I think there will be more robots and robots can help us a lot in the future.
Early Rising
Early rising benefits us in many ways.
First, it helps to keep us fit. We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, by taking morning exercises we can improve our health.
Second, it can help us in our studies. In the morning we can learn more quickly.
Third, it can enable us to plan our work for the day. We cannot work well without a proper plan. Early rising can also give us enough time to get ready for our work..
So we say that those who always get up late should make great effort to get up early.
Teenager’s Opinion About Moral
With the development of Internet, people can get to know the instant news and see what happens around the world. We hear about the bad news about teenager’s wrong behavior now and then, the biggest is about a teenager insulted a girl and got arrested.
The whole world is watching the case, because the teenager is born in a rich family. Teenager has been criticized for their lack of moral consciousness, before the case, not a lot of people realize teenager’s moral problem.
There was a new year English party in our classroom,we'd invite our foreign teacher Mary john.each team should prepare two performances for this party,such as singing ,dancing ,talk show and so on.every student should participate in that party,if you want ,you can bring some food and beverage,we'd have a nice party.the party started from 7.30 to 10 ,12.30.09 I dont know what you mean ,I am not in your shoes ,I think you should think what situation you have,I just give you a construction.
It was Monday. I got up very early and was the first to come to the classroom. When I came to my desk and was going to sit down, I found my chair was broken. What could I do? At that time no one was around. I quickly changed my chair with Li Mings and sat down to read the book as if nothing had happened.
My classmates came in one after another. After a while, Li Ming came. When he found his chair was broken, he tried to repair it. I didnt say a word but my face turned red. Soon I ran to the teachers office and brought back a hammer. I said to I.i Ming, Lets repair it together.
In my ophfion, examinations are one of the important activities in school life. I have gone through all sorts of examations since my primary school I have tasted the flavor of happiness and sadness.
Before examinations, I always have a hard time and don’t know what to do. During examinations I feel nervous and sometimes my mind becomes blank. Only after exaninations does the world seem to be bright again and am I brimming with vigor. We often complain that our teachers make trouble for us on purpose. But it is not true. The fact is that examinations are just a way to help us do better in our study.
Our Motherland
Our great motherland is one of the largest countries in the world. It has a population of over eleven hundred million. Peking is its capital.
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. We have a glorious revolutionary tradition. We drove out Japanese invaders and overthrew Kuomingtang government. In 1949 the People's Republic of China was founded. Since then great changes have taken place in our motherland. Now our country is getting stronger and stronger. We Chinese people are working hard to make our motherland into a powerful socialist country.
I still remember my first flight.
I took a flight in Beijing Airport. I got there early. I had my bag weighed first. After a while I began to get on the plane.
When I sat on the plane, Boeing 737, I fastened my seat belt. Then I looked out of the windows, seeing the ground running backwards. When the plane began to take off, I felt it interesting very much.
During about 2 hours’ flight, I saw a film and had a delicious meal. Then the plane began to get lower and I got to Xi’an safely.
How excited I was on my first flight.
The summer vacation began. I decided to work to make money for the next term. But I didn’t know what work I could do.
At that time, my mother was writing a book. I decided to type for her for pay. She agreed and paid me 5 yuan for 1000 words.
I began to work. I typed so slowly that I could type only several hundred words a day. It was a hard job for me. I kept typing all day long.
I finished the work two weeks later. I came to know how hard it was to make money.
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But
I don't think so. In my opinion, to read books is more valuable than anything else.
The old saying "To open a book is always helpful" clearly tells us how good it is to read a book.
Books are our friends. They introduce us different kinds of knowledge. They lead us down the road to success.
Books are our teachers. They teach us troth, science, literature, and philosophy of life. Besides, they increase our knowledge, enlarge our experience,strengthen our character and do many other things which we can not do without them.
Books tell us what is good and what is evil. And only books can tell the good from the bad.
Therefore to read more books is the best policy for our young students.
读书的价值
人们常说金子和银子是世界上最有价值的东西，但我不这样认为。在我看来，读书比任何其他事情更有价值。
“开卷有益”清楚地告诉了我们读书有多好。
书是我们的朋友。它们向我们介绍不同种类的知识，它指导我们沿着成功之路前行。
书是我们的老师。它们教我们真理、科学、文学和生活的哲理，同时它们增加了我们的知识，扩大了我们的视野，增强了我们的个性，使我们还做了在没有书的情况下绝不可能完成的其他事情。
书能让我们明辨是非，并且只有书才能让我们吸取反面教训。
因此，读更多的书是我们青少年学生的明智之举。
Knowledge can be acquired from many sources. These include books, teachers and practical experience, and each has its own advantages. The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life. We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime, just by reading about them in books. We can also develop our *** ytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways. Furthermore, we can learn from the past by reading books. In this way, we won't repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements.
Practical experience, on the other hand, can give us more useful knowledge. It is said that one learns best by doing, and I believe that this is true, whether one is successful or not. In fact, I think making mistakes is the best way to learn. Moreover, if one wants to make new advances, it is necessary to act. Innovations do not e about through reading but through experimentation. Finally, one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience, making an already meaningful experience more meaningful. However, unless it is applied to real experiences, book knowledge remains theoretical and, in the end, is useless. That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.
书本知识与实际经验
获得知识的来源有很多，其中包括书本、老师，以及实际经验，而每一种都有其优点。从书本上及正规教育中所获得的知识使我们知道在日常生活中没有机会亲身去体验的事。通过读书，我们可以研究世界各地的资料，还可以向不曾谋面的人学习。我们也可以培养分析的技巧，并学习如何以不同的方式去观察并理解周围的世界。此外，我们可以通过读书，从历史中获取教训。如此一来，就不会再重复别人的错误，并且能够以他人的成就作为我们行动的基础。
另一方面，实际经验能够给我们更多有用的知识。大家都说从做中学的效果最好，我也认为的确如此，无论一个人成功与否。事实上，我认为犯错是最好的学习方式。此外，如果想要有新的进展，就必须要付诸行动。想要创新，只靠阅读是不够的，必须要去实践。最后，我们可以将通过读书所获得的技巧和见解应用于实际经验中，使得原本有意义的经验变得更有意义。不过，除非我们能将书本知识运用于实际经验中，否则书本知识终究仍只是理论，毫无用处。那就是为什么我会认为从实际经验中获得的知识比从书本中所得到的知识更为重要。
My face looks like a castle room, but the inside is always very chaotic,but I still like my own room. My favorite room in my reading, writing, listening to music, doing things they like, but also be free fantasy. Whenever the after school came home, I burst into the room, forcing the less than special greeting to the dolls are their fortable in her arms sitting desk, and singing songs. replaced by large casual wear, the pressure of schoolwork all disappear without a trace.
In addition, the room is my sister's secret base in chatting, my mother often in the window watching us happy along the probe, and the sum of us laughing in unison, sometimes playing with playing with toys on the chaotic, but I am still feel that this is a warm paradise.
I really liked our room, even if not always greasy with Xian Fan, it is always quiet and free of waiting for me, I wish I could always be together, and it is.
it's generally considered that reading do a lot of benefit to our students.not only can it make our after-school life more meaningful and corlourful,but it can expand our horizons.as a result,with reading more,we would grow into a better person.however, in current days,many of us spend most of the leisure time in playing games or surfing the inter,instead of reading. it's a pity to find it less and less our students are interesting in reading,or have formed a habit of reading.so,in order to revive reading,this beneficial activity,we'd better take action right now.let's read together,learn together and grow tergether！ 差点漏了翻译。
..大家都普遍认为读书对我们学生有莫大的益处。读书不仅丰富我们的课余时间，而且能拓宽我们的视野。
所以，读书能使我们成长成为一个更优秀的人。然而，在当下，我们中多数人都把大部分空闲时间耗费在玩游戏或者上网上，而不是用来读书。
令人遗憾的是，我们越来越少学生对读书感兴趣，或是有读书的习惯。所以，为了使读书，这种有益的活动重新流行起来，我们最好马上行动起来。
让我们一同阅读，一同学习，一同成长。
Some people say that money is the best thing in the world. But I consider reading books as the best and the most precious thing one can ever have. Reading books is very important. First of all, it is knowledge that makes society develop and by reading books you can get all kinds of knowledge. Furthemore, reading books makes you a qualified person and makes your life enjoyable. One is never too old to learn. No matter what time you rcalize the importance of reading books, you can enjoy it during the rest of your life time. Love books, for they are your best friends。
How to Do Reading
In my opinion, when it es to reading English articles, I think it's necessary to look through all paragraphs, so that we can get the main ideas of the article.
If you don't have enough time to go through it, then just get the main idea of each paragraph. Basically, there would be a hint at the beginning of the article, which will tell us what this article is all about. And in the following paragraphs, the key idea usually exists in the beginning or at the end of the paragraph. Then, run to the conclusion part to get the writer's opinion on this.
I like to read books when I am free. I like to read all kinds of books. I think reading is a good habit as well as a nice hobby . I understand a lot of things which I can't learn in class. Reading opens my mind and heart, reading gives me wisdom and teaches me a lot of valuable lessons, too. I think we should make friends with books and we can learn a lot from them! If you don't like reading,you will be out of the fashsion.Nobody likes to make friends with a person who has no knowledge.
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.ButI don't think so. In my opinion, to read books is more valuable than anything else.The old saying "To open a book is always helpful" clearly tells us how good it is to read a book.Books are our friends. They introduce us different kinds of knowledge. They lead us down the road to success.Books are our teachers. They teach us troth, science, literature, and philosophy of life. Besides, they increase our knowledge, enlarge our experience,strengthen our character and do many other things which we can not do without them.Books tell us what is good and what is evil. And only books can tell the good from the bad.Therefore to read more books is the best policy for our young students.读书的价值人们常说金子和银子是世界上最有价值的东西，但我不这样认为。
在我看来，读书比任何其他事情更有价值。“开卷有益”清楚地告诉了我们读书有多好。
书是我们的朋友。它们向我们介绍不同种类的知识，它指导我们沿着成功之路前行。
书是我们的老师。它们教我们真理、科学、文学和生活的哲理，同时它们增加了我们的知识，扩大了我们的视野，增强了我们的个性，使我32313133353236313431303231363533e58685e5aeb931333332633537们还做了在没有书的情况下绝不可能完成的其他事情。
书能让我们明辨是非，并且只有书才能让我们吸取反面教训。因此，读更多的书是我们青少年学生的明智之举。
HOW TO BE A GOOD STUDENT （怎样做个好学生） If you want to be a good student, three attributes can help you in your studies. First, a sense of responsibility is important for building a sound character. If you aren't responsible, you'll postpone your assignments or devote too little time to your schoolwork. Second, in school life, relationships beeen people are valuable. Friends can bring you happiness and laughter. In addition, you c敞叮搬顾植该邦双鲍晶an discuss problems and pursue knowledge with them. Last, it is important to have a constructive philosophy of life. If you are defeated, don't be disappointed. Try to face your life and your studies with courage and determination. If you can work toward these goals, you'll bee a well-rounded and versatile student instead of being a bookworm.。
The Importance of Reading Classics
It is widely acknowledged that reading classics is both important and beneficial to the character development and personal growth of the young people. As for me, nothing can bring more joy and happiness than reading those masterpieces created by great figures like Confucius and Cao Xueqin. I believe works like The Dream in the Red Chamber and The Legend of Three Kingdoms can drastically elevate one's aesthetic taste and deepen the understanding of the glorious history of Chinese culture.
However, the modern society is full of temptations. Compared with TV soap operas, sport events, and video games, classical literary works are old fashioned and time consuming. In bookstores, “Fast-food” reading materials are replacing classics, and young writers with sensational and “cool” remarks win the support of a large number of fans.
we college students should be fully aware of the important role the classics play in broadening one's vision. Therefore, we should start reading and studying the treasuries our ancestors center and absorbing the essence of those classical works. We should also advocate to the public the importance of classics so that an increasing number of general people can enjoy the pleasure of reading
参考翻译：
现在人们已经公认为阅读经典对于年轻人的个性成长是重要而且有益的。就我而言，没有任何事比阅读那些诸如孔子，曹雪芹等人的名著更能让我兴奋了。我相信像红楼梦，三国演义这样的著作能够极大地提升一个人的艺术品位，加深对中国文化史的了解。
然而，现代社会有各种各样的诱惑。和肥皂剧，体育比赛，视频游戏比较，经典文学显得有些跟不上潮流且需要耗费大量的时间。在书店里，快餐式的阅读材料代替了经典，年轻的作者凭借敏感的酷酷的形式赢得大量人的追捧。
我们大学生应当充分认识到阅读经典对于开扩我们的视野所起的作用。因此，我们应当阅读学习先辈创造的财富，吸收经典中的精华。我们还应当向公众宣传经典文学的重要性，那样更多的人才能加入到阅读经典的行列当中。
长期以来,阅读在外语教学与学习中的重要性已为人们达成共识,理解一直被认为是阅读过程中最重要的组成部分。下面是我带来的经典英语 文章 欣赏，欢迎阅读!经典英语文章欣赏篇一 那些年那些天非做不可的事情.... Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it. 一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子;或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。 The end of our life, and can meet many things really do? 而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可? During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can't remember his appearance. 童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无;初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了;然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但 毕业 晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过 篮球 的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。 Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time. 原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。 A person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual. 一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。 At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning... Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life. 此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫;那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸;那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊;还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划……那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。 经典英语文章欣赏篇二 生活的忠告-Words to Live by I'll give you some advice about life. 给你生活的忠告 Eat more roughage; 多吃些粗粮; Do more than others expect you to do and do it pains; 给别人比他们期望的更多，并用心去做; Remember what life tells you; 熟记生活告诉你的一切; Don't take to heart every thing you hear. Don't spend all that you have. Don't sleep as long as you want; 不要轻信你听到的每件事，不要花光你的所有，不要想睡多久就睡多久; Whenever you say" I love you", please say it honestly; 无论何时说"我爱你"，请真心实意; Whenever you say" I'm sorry", please look into the other person's eyes; 无论何时说"对不起"，请看对方的眼睛; Fall in love at first sight; 相信一见钟情; Don't neglect dreams; 请不要忽视梦想; Love deeply and ardently, even if there is pain, but this is the way to make your life complete; 深情热烈地爱，也许会受伤，但这是使人生完整的唯一 方法 ; Find a way to settle, not to dispute; 用一种明确的方法解决争议，不要冒犯; Never judge people by their appearance; 永远不要以貌取人; Speak slowly, but think quickly; 慢慢地说，但要迅速地想; When someone asks you a question you don't want to answer, smile and say, "Why do you want to know?" 当别人问你不想回答的问题时，笑着说："你为什么想知道?" Remember that the man who can shoulder the most risk will gain the deepest love and the supreme accomplishment; 记住：那些敢于承担最大风险的人才能得到最深的爱和最大的成就; Call you mother on the phone. If you can't, you may think of her in your heart; 给妈妈打电话，如果不行，至少在心里想着她; When someone sneezes say, "God bless you"; 当别人打喷嚏时，说一声"上帝保佑"; If you fail, don't forget to learn your lesson; 如果你失败了，千万别忘了汲取教训; Remember the three " respects" .Respect yourself, respect others, stand on dignity and pay attention to your behavior; 记住三个"尊"： 尊重你自己; 尊重别人; 保持尊严， 对自己的行为负责; Don't let a little dispute break up a great friendship; 不要让小小的争端损毁了一场伟大的友谊; Whenever you find your wrongdoing, be quick with reparation! 无论何时你发现自己做错了，竭尽所能去弥补;动作要快! Whenever you make a phone call smile when you pick up the phone, because someone can feel it! 无论什么时候打电话，摘起话筒的时候请微笑，因为对方能感觉到! Marry a person who likes talking; because when you get old, you'll find that chatting to be a great advantage; 找一个你爱聊的人结婚;因为年纪大了后，你会发觉喜欢聊天是一个人最大的优点; Find time for yourself. 找点时间，单独呆会儿; Life will change what you are but not who you are; 欣然接受改变，但不要摒弃你的个人理念; Remember that silence is golden; 记住：沉默是金; Read more books and watch less television; 多看点书，少看点电视; Live a noble and honest life. Reviving past times in your old age will help you to enjoy your life again; 过一种高尚而诚实的生活。当你年老时回想起过去，你就能再一次享受人生。 Trust God, but don't forget to lock the door; 相信上帝，但是别忘了锁门; The harmonizing atmosphere of a family is valuable; 家庭的融洽氛围是难能可贵的; Try your best to let family harmony flow smoothly; 尽你的能力让家平顺和谐; When you quarrel with a close friend, talk about the main dish, don't quibble over the appetizers; 当你和你的亲近的少吵嘴时候，试着就事论事，不要扯出那些陈芝麻、烂谷子的事; You cannot hold onto yesterday; 不要摆脱不了昨天; Figure out the meaning of someone's words; 多注意言下之意; Share your knowledge to continue a timeless tradition; 和别人分享你的知识，那才是永恒之道; Treat our earth in a friendly way,don't fool around with mother nature; 善待我们的地球，不要愚弄自然母亲; Do the thing you should do; 做自己该做的事; Don't trust a lover who kisses you without closing their eyes; 不要相信接吻时从不闭眼的伴侣; Go to a place you've never been to every year. 每年至少去一个你从没去过的地方。 If you earn much money,the best way to spend it is on charitable deeds while you are alive; 如果你赚了很多钱，在活着的时候多行善事，这是你能得到的最好回报; Remember,not all the best harvest is luck; 记住有时候，不是最好的收获也是一种好运; Understand rules completely and change them reasonably; 深刻理解所有的规则，合理地更新他们; Remember,the best love is to love others unconditionally rather than make demands on them; 记住，最好的爱存在于对别人的爱胜于对别人的索求这上; Comment on the success you have attained by looking in the past at the target you wanted to achieve most; 回头看看你发誓取得的目标，然后评价你到底有多成功; In love and cooking,you must give 100% effort……but expect little appreciation; 无论是烹饪不是爱情，都用百分之百的负责态度对待，但是不要乞求太多的回报。 经典英语文章欣赏篇三 母爱的真谛-永远不后悔 Time is running out for my friend. While we are sitting at lunch she casually mentions she and her husband are thinking of starting a family. "We're taking a survey,"she says, half-joking. "Do you think I should have a baby?" "It will change your life," I say, carefully keeping my tone neutral. "I know,"she says, "no more sleeping in on weekends, no more spontaneous holidays..." But that's not what I mean at all. I look at my friend, trying to decide what to tell her. I want her to know what she will never learn in childbirth classes. I want to tell her that the physical wounds of child bearing will heal, but becoming a mother will leave her with an emotional wound so raw that she will be vulnerable forever. I consider warning her that she will never again read a newspaper without thinking: "What if that had been MY child?" That every plane crash, every house fire will haunt her. That when she sees pictures of starving children, she will wonder if anything could be worse than watching your child die. I look at her carefully manicured nails and stylish suit and think that no matter how sophisticated she is, becoming a mother will reduce her to the primitive level of a bear protecting her cub. I feel I should warn her that no matter how many years she has invested in her career, she will be professionally derailed by motherhood. She might arrange for child care, but one day she will be going into an important business meeting, and she will think her baby's sweet smell. She will have to use every ounce of discipline to keep from running home, just to make sure her child is all right. I want my friend to know that every decision will no longer be routine. That a five-year-old boy's desire to go to the men's room rather than the women's at a restaurant will become a major dilemma. The issues of independence and gender identity will be weighed against the prospect that a child molester may be lurking in the lavatory. However decisive she may be at the office, she will second-guess herself constantly as a mother. Looking at my attractive friend, I want to assure her that eventually she will shed the added weight of pregnancy, but she will never feel the same about herself. That her own life, now so important, will be of less value to her once she has a child. She would give it up in a moment to save her offspring, but will also begin to hope for more years—not to accomplish her own dreams—but to watch her children accomplish theirs. I want to describe to my friend the exhilaration of seeing your child learn to hit a ball. I want to capture for her the belly laugh of a baby who is touching the soft fur of a dog for the first time. I want her to taste the joy that is so real it hurts. My friend's look makes me realize that tears have formed in my eyes. "You'll never regret it," I say finally. Then, squeezing my friend's hand, I offer a prayer for her and me and all of the mere mortal women who stumble their way into this holiest of callings. 时光任苒，朋友已经老大不小了。我们坐在一起吃饭的时候，她漫不经心地提到她和她的丈夫正考虑要小孩。“我们正在做一项调查，”她半开玩笑地说。“你觉得我应该要个小孩吗?” “他将改变你的生活。”我小心翼翼地说道，尽量使语气保持客观。“这我知道。”她答道，“周末睡不成懒觉，再也不能随心所欲休假了……” 但我说的绝非这些。我注视着朋友，试图整理一下自己的思绪。我想让她知道她永远不可能在分娩课上学到的东西。我想让她知道：分娩的有形伤疤可以愈合，但是做母亲的情感伤痕却永远如新，她会因此变得十分脆弱。 我想告诫她：做了母亲后，每当她看报纸时就会情不自禁地联想：“如果那件事情发生在我的孩子身上将会怎样啊!”每一次飞机失事、每一场住宅火灾都会让她提心吊胆。看到那些忍饥挨饿的孩子们的照片时，她会思索：世界上还有什么比眼睁睁地看着自己的孩子饿死更惨的事情呢?我打量着她精修细剪的指甲和时尚前卫的衣服，心里想到：不管她打扮多么考究，做了母亲后，她会变得像护崽的母熊那样原始而不修边幅。 我觉得自己应该提醒她，不管她在工作上投入了多少年，一旦做了母亲，工作就会脱离常规。她自然可以安排他人照顾孩子，但说不定哪天她要去参加一个非常重要的商务会议，却忍不住想起宝宝身上散发的甜甜乳香。她不得不拼命克制自己，才不致于为了看看孩子是否安然无羔而中途回家。 我想告诉朋友，有了孩子后，她将再也不能按照惯例做出决定。在餐馆，5岁的儿子想进男厕而不愿进女厕将成为摆在她眼前的一大难题：她将在两个选择之间权衡一番：尊重孩子的独立和性别意识，还是让他进男厕所冒险被潜在的 儿童 性骚扰者侵害?任凭她在办公室多么果断，作为母亲，她仍经常事后后悔自己当时的决定。 注视着我的这位漂亮的朋友，我想让她明确地知道，她最终会恢复到怀孕前的体重，但是她对自己的感觉已然不同。她现在视为如此重要的生命将随着孩子的诞生而变得不那么宝贵。为了救自己的孩子，她时刻愿意献出自己的生命。但她也开始希望多活一些年头，不是为了实现自己的梦想，而是为了看着孩子们美梦成真。 我想向朋友形容自己看到孩子学会击球时的喜悦之情。我想让她留意宝宝第一次触摸狗的绒毛时的捧腹大笑。我想让她品尝快乐，尽管这快乐真实得令人心痛。 朋友的表情让我意识到自己已经是热泪盈眶。“你永远不会后悔，”我最后说。然后紧紧地握住朋友的手，为她、为自己、也为每一位艰难跋涉、准备响应母亲职业神圣的召唤的平凡女性献上自己的祈祷。
经典的英语文章适合我们闲时练习英语阅读，下面我为大家带来，希望大家喜欢! 篇一： I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend that they understand modern art. They always tell you what a picture is 'about'. Of course, many pictures are not 'about' anything. They are just pretty patterns. We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. They notice more. My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. She came into my room yesterday. 'What are you doing?' she asked. 'I'm hanging this picture on the wall,' I answered. 'It's a new one. Do you like it?' She looked at it critically for a moment. 'It's all right,' she said, 'but isn't it upside down?' I looked at it again. She was right! It was! 我是个学艺术的学生，画了很多画。有很多人装成很懂现代艺术。他们总是告诉你一幅画的。当然，有很多画是什么意思也没有的。他们只不过是漂亮的图案。我们喜欢它们就像我们喜欢漂亮的窗帘布。我觉得小孩子们往往比任何人都更能欣赏现代绘画。他们观察到的东西更多。我的妹妹只有七岁，但她总能说出我的画是好还是不好。昨天她到我房里来了。"你干什么呢。她问。"我把这幅画挂到墙上，我回答。"这是一个新的。你喜欢吗。她用挑剔的目光一会儿。"这都是正确的，"她说，"但这不是颠倒的吗?"我又看。她是对的!这是! 篇二： Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food *** elled good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping bags were warm and fortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping bags and hurried outside. It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent! 在下午晚些时候，男孩子们把帐篷搭在一个领域中。一旦这是，他们在篝火上烧起了饭。他们都饿了，而且食物闻起来很香。一顿美餐之后，他们讲故事、唱歌的篝火。但过了些时候开始下雨了。孩子们感到累了，所以他们扑灭了火，爬进了帐篷。睡袋既暖和又舒适，所以他们都睡得很香。在半夜里，两个男孩醒来了，开始喊。帐篷里全是水!他们全都跳出睡袋，跑到外面。雨下得很大，他们发现地上已经形成了一个流。那小溪弯弯曲曲穿过田野，然后正好从他们的帐篷! 篇三： Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics. Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic. When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it. The article began: 'Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace.' The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall. The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. He sent the journalist two urgent telegrams, but received no reply. He sent yet another telegram rming the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired. When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written. A week later, the editor at last received a telegram from the journalist. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed to send a cable in which he rmed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1084 steps leading to the 15-foot wall which surrounded the president's palace. 报刊杂志的编辑常常为了向读者提供成立一些关紧要的事实和统计数字而走向极端。去年，一位记者受一家有名的杂志的委托写一篇关于非洲某个新成立共和国总统府的文章。稿子寄来后，编辑看第一句话就拒绝予以发表。文章的开头是这样的："几百级台阶通向环绕总统的高墙。"编辑立即给那位记者发去传真，要求他核实一下台阶的确切数字和围墙的高度。 记者立即出发去核实这些重要的事实，但过了好长时间不见他把数字寄来，在此期间，编辑等得不耐烦了，因为杂志马上要付印。他给记者先后发去两份传真，但对方毫无反应。于是他又发了一份传真，通知那位记者说，若再不迅速答复，将被解雇。但记者还是没有回复。编辑无奈，勉强按原样发稿了。一周之后，编辑终于接到记者的传真。那个可怜的记者不仅被捕了，而且还被送进了监狱。不过，他终于获准发回了一份传真。在传真中他告诉编辑，就在他数通向15英尺高的总统府围墙的1，084级台阶时，被抓了起来。