大学英语论文1000字

INTRODUCTIONThe 19-member Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) releaseda six-chapter consensus report on 5 October 2005 calling on all nations torespect the human rights of migrants and recommending a new InteragencyGlobal Migration Facility to help coordinate migration policies at the regionaland eventually global level. The GCIM mandate was to put migration on theglobal agenda, to highlight gaps in policy responses to people crossing nationalborders, and to examine links between migration and other global report includes six principles and 33 more specific recommendations aimedat creating a comprehensive global framework in six broad areas: migrants in aglobalizing labour market, migration and development, irregular migration, migrantsin society, the human rights of migrants, and the governance of the 33 recommendations, 25 are directed primarily at developed or receivingcountries, 15 to sending countries, and eight to the international of these recommendations have been made previously, and some areincluded in earlier United Nations’ system reports and WORKERS AND DEVELOPMENTChapter one begins with the estimate that 200 million people are outside theircountries of birth or citizenship (the UN is revising this figure to 190 million in2005), that half are in the labour forces of receiving countries, and that developmentand demographic disparities, as well as deficits in the protection of humanrights, promise more migration. Perhaps the most important GCIM recommendationis the call to open more doors for guest workers in order to reduce praises traditional immigration countries such as Australia, Canada, andthe United States, but calls for more temporary worker programmes becausethey are more acceptable in “non-immigrant Europe” as well as in many developingcountries attracting migrants from their poorer neighbours. GCIM asserts thatsome sending countries believe that the circular migration promised by guestworker programmes is more beneficial to them, and concludes that “the oldparadigm of permanent migrant settlement is giving way to temporary and circularmigration” (GCIM: 31).GCIM acknowledges the problems of temporary worker programmes, includingthe fact that migrant workers have limited rights and may settle rather thanreturn, but argues that well-designed programmes can work as intended, that is,admit temporary workers rather than permanent residents. GCIM says that welldesignedguest worker programmes are those that fully inform migrants of theirrights and obligations; allow them to change jobs in receiving countries; andhave governments enforcing laws that regulate contractors, employers, andothers involved in moving workers over borders and employing them. GCIMbelieves that regular returns to countries of origin as well as reintegration assistancecan minimize guest worker migrants cross national borders for higher wages and more opportunities,but only 25 per cent work in countries in which they are covered by bilateralpension agreements, so that the work-related taxes paid abroad by 75 per centof the migrants do not necessarily provide them with benefits. GCIM arguesthat non-portability of pension benefits is one reason why migrants are willingto work in the informal sector abroad and reluctant to return generally welcomes the movement of professionals from developing todeveloped countries, but also notes that their exodus can slow idea of receiving countries compensating migrant countries of origin forthe loss of their human capital is rejected as impractical, and GCIM does notthink that codes of conduct that discourage, . “aggressive recruiting” ofhealth-care personnel can be effective. Instead, GCIM calls for sending countriesto value nurses and other professionals likely to emigrate more highly, forreceiving countries to train more nurses rather than recruit foreigners, and forboth to co-invest in human capital in developing countries, such as by usingforeign aid to train health-care urges that the GATS Mode 4 negotiations be brought to a “successfulconclusion”, and notes that some developing countries see Mode 4 as a way tobegin to liberalize the movement of professionals. GCIM asserts that globalcorporations want and should get more power to “deploy the right people at theright time and place”.Chapter two covers migration and development. GCIM sees mostly benefitsfrom the US$150 billion in remittances to developing countries in 2004. GCIMemphasizes that remittances belong to migrants and should not be “subjectto undue official regulation”; urges efforts to reduce transfer costs with technology,education, and competition; and calls on sending countries to create a“conducive environment” to encourage migrants to invest their remittances athome (GCIM: 27-28). GCIM recognizes that remittances can lead to dependencyamong recipients, and that going abroad to earn them can impose significantpsychological costs on migrant third “R” in the migration and development nexus is returns. GCIM highlightsthe development potential of diasporas, noting that many of the 600 MexicanHometown Associations (HTAs) in the United States voluntarily contribute todevelop the infrastructure of their communities of origin, with their contributionsmatched by federal, state, and local governments under 3 x 1 programmes(US$3 in government funds for each US$1 of HTA contributions). In addition toproviding funds, diasporas can forge trade and investment links and provide theideas and energy needed to get development going, but GCIM emphasizes thatdevelopment must begin at home. GCIM notes that diasporas can, but need notalways, contribute to development, and can impede development when they, forexample, finance conflicts in their countries of AND INTEGRATIONChapter 3 tackles irregular migration, emphasizing that 25 to 35 per cent of allmigrants in many industrial countries are irregular and that there are large numbersof irregular migrants in some developing countries as well. GCIM acknowledgesboth the complexity of irregular status and the conditions that encouragemigrants to risk migrating illegally, and laments the divide between those concernedprimarily with human rights and those concerned primarily with national between these extremes can prevent governments from adoptingone or both of GCIM’s preferred solutions – regularization or returns (GCIM:37-38).GCIM notes the significant investments that have been made in border controls,and calls on receiving countries to combat irregular migration by opening newchannels for legal migrants (“appropriately designed temporary migrationprogrammes”). GCIM also calls for prosecuting employers of irregular workersto de-magnetize the labour market for irregular migrants and the smugglersand traffickers who emerge to facilitate illegal are called on to protect the human rights of the migrants they are removing,and countries of origin are reminded that they should accept the return oftheir nationals. Meanwhile, GCIM urges case-by-case regularization. In anotherdifficult trade off, GCIM acknowledged the link between irregular migrationand asylum and called for maintaining respect for asylum by having a fairand fast procedure to determine if an applicant is in need of protection whileimplementing policies to reduce irregular 4 turns to integration, noting that major cities in industrial countrieshave become very diverse. Diverse societies can find it difficult to achieve consensus,especially when residents cannot communicate easily and there is competitionfor limited resources. GCIM calls on host countries to respect the humanand labour rights of migrants, and for employers, unions, and migrants and theirassociations to cooperate to promote integration. As with irregular migration,GCIM sought a balance between respecting cultural differences and condemningcultural practices that violate international human rights noted the special problems of women, children, and irregular migrants,asserting that irregular migrants “who have been living in a country for longperiods of time” have some claim on the services of the state (GCIM: 51).GCIM takes aim at journalists and groups who fan xenophobia, calling insteadfor a “responsible debate on migration” (GCIM: 52).INTERNATIONAL LAW AND GOVERNANCEChapter 5 turns to the international legal framework for managing internationalmigration. It notes that international law sets out the rights and responsibilitiesof governments to regulate migration into their countries, the rights and responsibilitiesof migrants, and areas in which cooperation among states is essential to improving responses to international flows of people. GCIM emphasizes thatthe basic rights of migrants are established in the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and seven human rights treaties, most of which have beenratified by a large majority of states. The exception is the 1990 InternationalConvention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Membersof their Families, which has been ratified by 30 mostly migrant-sendingcountries. Recognizing that receiving countries are unlikely to ratify the MigrantRights Convention in large numbers, GCIM focuses on the pressing need forgovernments to implement the laws that they have ratified and recommends thatthe UN human rights machinery should be used more effectively to ensure theprotection of migrant rights.

1. My Plan for the Spring Festival（我春节的计划）Spring Festival is the most important festival for Chinese people. Many people will prepare many things for the Spring Festival. Now this is my plan for the Spring Festival. First, I will visit my friends and my relatives. Second, I will make a big snow man with my daughter / son and my wife / husband / friend. Third, I will stay with my parents, because I have no more time to stay with them when I am at work. This is my plan for the spring festival. I hope all of you have a good time in the Spring . Why I like learning English（为什么我喜欢学习英语）Why I like learning English? First, English is very useful. English is the most widely used language in the world. If we make a visit to foreign countries or do business with foreigners, we need communicate with them in English. Second, with China becoming stronger and stronger, we have more chances to go abroad. We can know the English-speaking countries much deeper if we know English. Both China and English-speaking countries have realized the importance of the culture exchanging. Above all, English is useful and important, we must learn it Dream（我的梦想）1) I have a dream from the first time I sit in a car—I want to drive. Driving is the most meaningful way to meet human being’s desire of “faster”. What’s more, driving a car can take me to any place I want whether it rains, snows, blows or not. A smooth ride in a good car is enjoyable. With rows of trees moving backward rapidly, music playing, breeze blowing, my soul flies in the air. I love this feeling very ) My dream is to be an English teacher one day. Firstly, I like children very much. I would like to sing, to dance, and to play with them. Secondly, a teacher has two vacations each year. I can enjoy myself during the summer and winter holidays. Finally, I want to teach the students all I know and help them to explore their potential so that they can work better for our country in the future. In order to be a good teacher, I will train my patience, improve my handwriting, and enrich my knowledge. In a word, I will study harder than ever to prepare for my future teaching . About Self-study（关于自学）As adult students in Chongqing TV University, self-study becomes very important. As for me, there are several pieces of tips of , I always make a study plan in the beginning of a new semester. Second, preview every unit before the lesson. Third, try to finish the homework after class. Fourth, go over what I have learnt in class regularly at home. Without review, you will absolutely forget what you’ve learnt as quickly as possible. So reviewing is helpful in understanding and memorizing what you’ve . The Job I Like（我喜欢这项工作）I like to be a teacher. Three reasons have led me to choose this occupation. First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures more vivid and stimulating, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world, which is the very thing I enjoy in my life. Second, teaching means freedom and independence. As a teacher, I’m free to use my own ideas and make my own decisions. Finally, I like teaching because it offers certain peace of mind. All in all, the reasons above make me like teaching . My Favorite TV program（我喜欢的电视节目）The News Report has always been my favorite TV program. The News Report contains a large amount of information ranging from the international political situation to the latest football game. And the most important character is its fast pace. Because of this fast pace, news programs can contain much information in a short time. In my opinion, the News Report is more than a TV program. It is a way of communication. From this program, people can know what is happening in the world now. I especially appreciate this while watching the . My Family（我的家庭）There are seven people in my family. They're my grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, my two younger brothers and I. My father is a businessman. He's busy working every day. My mother is a housewife. She cooks meals, washes clothes, and teaches us lessons every day. One of my younger brothers is a junior high school student, and we go to the same school. My grandparents help my parents look after the youngest brother every day. We go to the movies every Sunday. How's your family?8. About Television（关于电视）Television has its good sides as well as bad ones. It makes us informed of daily news, lets us know the outside world, provides lessons for learners, and it has brought joy and interest into people’s , some television programs have been extremely harmful to the young. Violent movies are shown on TV programs. Children regard the murders as heroes or models, so they imitate. Therefore there happened many murders or shooting cases in American campuses. What a big harm!So young people should learn to get ride of the bad influences of TV and learn to make use of the advantages that TV brings . My Classmates（我的同学）Liu Kai is my classmate. He is a good student and always ready to help others. One day on his way to school, he saw a little girl crossing the road when a car nearly hit her. Just then Liu Kai rushed up to her and caught her by the arm. The little girl was saved. She told him where she lived, and he took her home. When Liu Kai hurried into the classroom, the teacher had already begun lesson. He told the teacher why he was late. He was then praised for what he had . My Favorite Book 11) The Book I Like Best（我最喜欢的书）My favorite book is “Dream of The Red Chamber”. The book tries to tell us that there are different kinds of love, only one kind which should be considered as True Love. In our life, we should marry the true love instead of wealth and good looking. From this book, we also get to know a part of the noble people’s life in Qing Dynasty and find some life philosophies from it. So this book is very instructive to people. We should learn more from this book as well as other . My Favorite Food（我最喜欢的食物）I like different kinds of foods, among them, egg is my favorite. Egg contains a lot of essential nutrients needed by the human body. Eggs are oval shaped spheres with a light brown color. Egg is the basic ingredient to many dishes, like omelet and French toast. You can easily get eggs at any supermarket, and they are sold for a very cheap price too. Besides the cheap price, egg contains lots of nutrients and is a very good source of energy. In conclusion, egg is my favorite . My Hometown（我的家乡）My hometown is …, which is not far from Chongqing. It is a modern city. There are lots of high buildings there. Most of us live in flats because we can be close to our friends. My hometown is a beautiful city. On either side of the roads, there are some big trees and nice flowers. The roads are also very clean, which makes people happy and comfortable. The weather here is very nice. I like autumn best, for it’s neither hot nor cold but very cool. I love my hometown. Welcome to my . My English Study（我的英语学习）English is always my favorite subject and I am good at English. I would like to share 4 good studying habits with , remember 20 new words, and never give , go over grammar points I have learnt in English class , read an English article in China Daily every , write an English composition every week and ask teacher to revise that for me to improve the writing you do things above, I am sure your English will also be . My Best Friend（我最好的朋友）Linda is my best friend. She is 15 years old pretty girl with a round face and two big black eyes. She always has a smile on her face. Every morning, we go to school together. She studies quite well and she's one of the top students in our class. When I have difficulty in English, I always ask her for help. We are both interested in music. At weekends, we join the same hobby group and play the violin together. We like each other and enjoy staying . How to Overcome Difficulties in My English Studies（我的英语学习中，如何克服困难）I have made a lot of improvements in English. The following is my way to overcome the day, I do half an hour’s morning reading to try to pronounce every word out. And I will then spend half an hour listening to English radios like BBC to correct my pronunciation. Because I have trouble in English grammar, I attend a full-time English class to study grammar. The teacher recommends me to buy a grammar book—《Advanced English Grammar》. It helps me with my English study a lot. These above are what I have done to overcome my difficulties.

土耳其的水库征地与移民安置来源： 作者： 日期：10-03-07 摘要：根据世界银行的推荐，由水利部移民办公室组团，水库移民经济研究中心、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江、贵州和四川省移民办公室，河海大学等9个单位11人参加，组成赴土耳其水库移民考察团，于1995年11月8日至24日进行了为期二周的考察。关键词：土耳其 水库征地 移民安置本次考察的主要目的是，通过对土耳其与水利水电工程建设中征地拆迁、移民安置有关的各级政府机构的访问，了解该国在水利水电工程项目建设中的征地拆迁、移民安置与重建的政策法规、管理体系、规划设计与实施等方面的做法与经验，以供我国参考和借鉴。一、土耳其共和国基本概况土耳其共和国位于亚洲西部，地跨亚、欧两洲，面积78万km2。其亚洲部分位于小亚细亚半岛上，占全国总面积的。其欧洲部分位于巴尔干半岛东南角，占全国总面积的，海岸线长3558km。14世纪初，土耳其建立了奥斯曼封建帝国，15、16世纪是其全盛时期，此后开始衰落。19世纪末、20世纪初，西方帝国主义势力逐渐入侵。1919年爆发反帝反封建王朝的资产阶级革命，1920年成立国民政府，1923年成立土耳其共和国。1971年同我国建交。土耳其人口约6164万(1995)，人口增长率约，其中城镇人口约60%，约80%为土耳其族，绝大多数居民信仰伊斯兰教。土耳其语为官方语言。全境绝大部分为高原、山地，仅沿海有狭窄的平原。小亚细亚半岛东西长约1000km，南北宽约600km，面积万km2。半岛的主体是安纳托利亚高原，西部海拔800至1200m，东部海拔2000至2500m，西部比东部低，山间多陷落盆地。高原南边是托罗斯山脉，一般海拔2000至3000m左右，山势峻峭，多死火山，地面熔岩广布。安纳托利亚高原西部，山脉和海岸直交，海岸支离破碎，半岛、岛屿、岬角、港湾相间。境内河流大部分水流湍急，不利航运。东南部山地为著名的底格里斯和幼发拉底两河的上游。安纳托利亚高原中部有克泽尔河等流入黑海。克泽尔河干流长1150km，是小亚细亚半岛上最重要的河流，西部注入爱琴海的河流，多迂回曲折，河谷为连接高原内部的通道及重要农业区。土耳其的绝大部分地区属亚热带地中海式气候。内陆高原较干旱，向亚热带草原、沙漠气候过渡。各地气候差异较大。黑海沿岸地区，年平均降水量在700至2500mm之间，东部比西部多，冬季降水较多，西部沿爱琴海地区年平均降水量从沿海的500至750mm，向东部减少为380—500mm，降水主要在冬季。南部地中海沿岸年平均降水量在500—750mm之间，山地区可达1000mm以上，降水主要集中在冬季。安纳托利亚高原大部分地区，年平均降水量在250-400mm之间，春季降水较多。土耳其东部比安纳托利亚高原降水量多。土耳其现有耕地约2700万ha，草地和牧场2700多万ha。主要粮食作物有小麦、大麦、黑麦、燕麦、玉米、稻米等。二、土耳其国家水利工程总局(Dsi)水利水电工程建设概况国家水利工程总局(Dsi)是土耳其政府进行全国水资源规划、工程建设和运行的主要机构。1994年，Dsi雇有4644名工程师和25385名永久性工作人员。Dsi作为一合法实体成立于1953年，归公共工程及安置部领导。作为国家主要的自然资源开发机构，Dsi负责管理属国家所有的全部地表及地下水资源和部分公共土地。1994年Dsi用于其项目的经费约占政府投资预算的，占政府总财政预算的。Dsi的宗旨是“开发水及土地资源”，其职责包括：流域开发规划、为农业提供无污染水源、水力发电、大城市的市政及工业供水、水质改善、防洪、河流整治及控制、环境治理及对水工设计和施工材料的研究。法律授予Dsi的特别权力包括临时征用土地及不动产来行使上述职能。至1994年，已建成164座大坝、74座水电站、1217座灌溉及拦沙坝。这些工程和其它在建工程完成后将最终提供土耳其用电量的一半左右。国家开发计划全部完成后，495座多用途水坝将灌溉850多万ha的土地，年发电量将达亿kW·h。土耳其目前正在实施的一个重大项目为东南安纳托利亚工程(GAP项目)，包括22座大坝，19座水电站，总装机7476MW。年发电量27345GWh，灌溉面积万ha。现已建成3座水坝、2个水电站(装机容量为3200MW，发电量16254GWh)，灌溉面积可达万ha。在建5座水坝、4座水电站(装机，发电量1051GWh)，建成后灌溉面积可达万ha。三、土耳其的土地征用、移民安置与重建(一)土地征用按照土耳其宪法的授权，政府可征用公共工程所需的土地，为此制定了《征地法》，规定了实施征地的程序。国家计划组织的项目选择标准是把投资预算分给那些征地费用最少的项目。其目的在于帮助政府机构把重点放在那些较少或不需征地并且移民工程不太棘手的项目上。Dsi作为水坝建设机构，负责征用项目建设需要的不动产，对不动产进行估价。征地赔偿原则上以现金方式支付给土地所有者。如果土地所有者要求由国家进行移民安置，则其补偿金将由Dsi存人一个特别的移民基金中。征用的财产价值由一个特别委员会决定。其组成人员每五年换一次。共有5名常务委员及5名候补委员，其中3名委员由省级行政委员会任命，2名从财产所有人中选出。Dsi在水坝施工现场及库区按下列征地顺序征地：第一，是大坝的轴线位置，施工便道及料场。第二，按施工计划从最低的河底高程处至围堰高程处。第三，从围堰到规划的高于最高水位的征地等高线。最后，按财产所有人的请求和政府的批准征用邻近的不动产。至1992年末，Dsi已征用了35万多ha土地。预计，将要征地的总数将达到70万ha，这一数字已近于土耳其国土总面积的1%。(二)移民安置方法在土耳其，土地征用和移民是两种不同的活动范畴，国家水利工程总局(Dsi)负责土地征用，国家乡村事务委员会(GDRA)负责移民。在征地和移民过程中，Dsi起主导作用，因为它是导致移民的主要机构。土耳其宪法中规定了国家移民政策的总体框架，按照宪法精神制定了《移民法》。《移民法》中明确规定对属于移民或请求政府帮助迁出的移民，政府必须负责。移民法还包括解决移民迁进土耳其、在土耳其内移民和合并零散的村落过程中的移民问题时应采取的措施。目前，在土耳其，根据现行移民法，实行两种类型的移民：①农村移民;②商人、技工和其它有专业技能的城市移民。在实施移民计划时，政府提供必要的资本如土地、房屋、商业场所和营业资金。农民可得到一定的土地、农畜、工具、设备、牲畜圈棚、仓储地和其它设施。政府还对移民搬迁提供交通条件。(三)移民实施当GDRA从Dsi收到必要的资料后，移民过程正式开始。接着Dsi将提供给GDRA有关的现场机构需要征地的清单和地籍图。当移民实施时，同时也进行征地工作。首先，进行意向调查表，以确定家庭是否愿意搬迁。如果愿意，再询问搬迁的类型，如向城市还是向农村搬迁。然后，省移民委员会将确认哪些家庭有资格移民。土地的数量及其分配形式由卫生和社会援助部及农业部按家庭人口来确定。法律规定了在建设过程中雇佣政府工作人员，并在移民过程中无偿提供木材。确定了有资格的移民人口后，GDRA将配合Dsi安排移民计划。另外，除了存入特别移民基金内的资金外，短缺的资金将请求在一般预算中给予补偿。在这一阶段，同时还进行选址的研究。在取得政府分配的必要土地和资金以后，对移民区的建设进行招标。在房屋建成之后，有资格移民的家庭按政府搬迁计划搬入新的居住点。如果施工延期，有资格的移民人口将被安置在附近的临时住所。提供给移民的不动产在10年的时间内不得以任何理由出售。同时移民在5年内免税。省长、市长是及时、全部把重建款分配给移民的最高负责人。他们也将对移民恢复其原有的生产水平负责。如果淹没的村子在水库淹没区域高程之上拥有现成的土地，政府将允许这些人移居到这一地区，并提供技术上和财政上的帮助。四)重建政府采取下列措施来重新恢复移民的生活水准：①那些贫困线以下的移民家庭有资格一经批准就可得到食物、燃料、保健品和衣服。②提供现金或某种信贷来购买机器和其它设备，偿还期延期2年，7年内还清。偿还从第3年末开始，分4年以相同的金额分期付款。利息按10%计。运行资本贷款是另一种帮助重建的形式，它1年到期，利息按10%计。移民费用的偿还期是25年，包括5年宽限期(初始利息免除期)。移民者在搬迁过程中可享受与政府低级雇员津贴相同的旅行补贴。除了上述的金融支持外，政府还提供许多就业机会来提高移民的生活水准。这些工作的必要设备也由政府提供。每一个乡村移民区配备一个保健中心，包括一名医生、一名护士和一名助产土。政府还实行经常性的卫生管理，在移民过程中召开信息发布会。在移民区还建立通讯、邮政设施。开展社会活动以支持、帮助移民与当地人和睦共处。移居于水库淹没线以上地区的人可以建立合作社，比如渔业合作社。在Dsi帮助下，Dsi鱼种场以向水库提供鱼苗的方式对合作社给以支持。(五)Dsi不动产征用部简况Dsi不动产征用部下设4个科，即征地科、地籍管理科、项目规划与监测科、调查评估科。现有33人，其中农业工程师10人、测量工程师1人、土木工程师1人、高级职员11人。Dsi不动产征用部的主要职责是：(1)制定不动产的征用政策和具体实施计划;(2)准备征用土地所需的地图、文件;(3)为财产估价委员会提供帮助;(4)根据项目的重要程度，为Dsi制订土地征用预算，编制与实施年度计划;(5)协调Dsi的地区委员会与有关政府部门的关系;(6)从财政部、林业部申请必要的土地用于安置移民;(7)将有关移民人口的基础资料提交给国家农村事务部、国家乡村事务委员会;(8)发布官方的征地移民通告，对法律诉讼结果制定处理措施;(9)建立Dsi土地财产档案;(10)向国家计划组织提交移民重建家园的报告;(11)为Dsi项目制定移民计划，并根据规划对实施过程进行监测;(12)根据征地、移民情况，编制季度进度报告给外资贷款方。截止94年，Dsi已征地75万块约35万ha，从森林部、财政部要求划拨土地为15万ha。Dsi不动产征用部各科的主要分工职责如下：(1)征地科：征地;购买土地;土地分配;土地划界;准备征地图纸;划定和标定征地范围;准备招、投标文件和最终确定土地价格;起草有关征地的法律框架文件;土地调整;提供地籍图纸。(2)地籍管理科：资产交换;统计征地过程中价格变化情况;土地登记造册;土地出租;不动产产权转移与移交;收回征用后的土地;出售Dsi的不动产。3)调查评估科：土地估价;临时用地损失调查;对需政府帮助移民者进行调查评估。(4)项目规划监测科：移民监测;移民恢复重建;征地与移民对环境影响的分析;统计数据的收集;处理移民过程中的问题。四、值得我国借鉴的经验及建议土耳其与中国一样，属于发展中国家，近15年发展较快，土耳其现已成为欧共体、北约成员国，社会经济发达程度已远高于中国，人均国内生产总值已达2400多美元。在水利水电工程建设方面，中国与土耳其有许多相似之处。土耳其有丰富的国土资源和水资源，水力发电占整个能源供给的37%，已灌溉面积达400万ha，占可灌溉面积(850万ha)的45%。水力资源已利用部分占总蕴藏量的15%。土耳其政府十分重视水利水电工程建设和水利工程引起的移民与重建问题。通过本次对土耳其水库征地与移民重建的考察访问，结合我国的实际情况，我们感到有下述几方面的经验值得我国在工作中进行参考与借鉴：(1)土耳其政府对水库移民工作非常重视，制定了《征地法》与《移民法》两部重要法律，从法律上明确了征地、移民工作的机构、程序、内容、方式、步骤等。与我国相应的法律相比，更具有实际可操作性。建议组织力量翻译土耳其有关征地、移民的法规，并进行中土对比研究。(2)土耳其将征地、移民工作分开的思路与做法很值得研究借鉴。在土耳其，水利水电工程征地由业主(Dsi)负责，采用项目出资完全赔偿的办法(而不是我国“前期补偿补助，后期扶持”的办法)，赔偿价格既不完全是市场价，又经过了独立于征地方与被征地方的充分合理公正的评估，且征地有关各方面均可通过法律诉讼对赔偿进行质疑。移民在得到合理赔偿，在经济利益机制驱动下，既可选择由政府安置，也可选择自我安置的方式。由国家安置的移民费用部分由国家提供30年期(含5年宽限期)的无息贷款解决，国家承担部分列人政府社会发展计划及预算，具体工作由乡村事务委员会承担。(3)土耳其在移民重建过程中，对安置村进行了比较全面的规划，基础设施建设配套。其优先利用国有土地安置移民、各有关行业(教育、卫生、农业、社会、金融等)共同支援等许多移民工作的政策与做法值得研究借鉴。(4)土耳其政府特别重视水利水电建设，Dsi在政府中也具有很重要的地位与作用，比如从Dsi预算占国家财政预算及投资预算的中可见一斑。土耳其水利水电工程规划设计与施工建设和水平也是比较高的，Dsi与中国进行交流合作的愿望也比较强烈。很值得我国与其加强双边互访、交流与合作。(5)土耳其刚加入欧共体和北约，正处于过渡期，可作为中国技术、劳务、产品进入欧洲市场的桥梁，同时，土耳其一些公司进入中国市场的欲望也比较强烈，可考虑组成中土联合体，承接中国、土耳其、中东、中亚以及欧洲的工程建设项目。五、未来合作的设想与建议在总结会上，不动产征用部主任贝拉姆先生代表Dsi提出了以下合作建议：(1)中、土两国移民机构各自将自己国家的与移民有关的法律翻译成英文，相互交流，进行比较研究讨论和相互了解。(2)进行水利水电项目引起的土地征用、移民安置、监测、公共设施重建等方面的信息与文件交流。(3)双方各找一个涉及移民的比较典型的水利水电新建项目，双方交换年度实施进度、移民及其恢复情况报告，并每年到各自工程移民区互访一次。(4)与水利部移民办、河海大学合作开发移民方面的计算机软件(包括土地征用与移民安置规划、实施、监测评估)。(5)相互邀请两国同行参加在中、土举行的国际、国内研讨会。邀请中方为Dsi计划主编的“移民与重建”212作手册提供稿件。(6)在水利水电工程设计、可行性研究方面，建议组织政府间合作。(7)建议向各自的主管部门提交正式的文件，土方将向其外交部报告中土水利交流的情况，并表示通过外交途径最好能达成政府间的正式合作协议文件。(8)建议合作工作从1996年初开始。考察团对Dsi的提议给予了积极的响应。建议水利部有关司、局积极研究，并邀请Dsi主席Ozenci先生访华，商谈两国水利部(局)合作计划，并积极组织实施。