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英语学习方法：如何提高英语水平 'd better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our develop interest in English study is not very may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English,talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others' interpreters. 在英语学习之初,我们应该注重培养对英语学习的兴趣.培养对英语的兴趣并不难.当我们可以说点儿简单的英语,用英语与别人或与老外交谈,或作别人的翻译时,我们就可以从英语学习中得到满足感和成就感,这样,兴趣就培养起来了.请注意,这种满足感和成就感很重要! are always very essential,so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before we should certainly carry out these plans to the letter. 制定英语学习计划太重要了,所以我们必须在学习前制定精细的和可操作的计划.并且我们一定要严格执行这些计划.请注意：千万不要干没有计划的傻事,那等于在浪费生命. should be made whenever we study any may follow this advice:Don't read book without making we know that notes are the summarization,the core content,our understanding and the abbreviations of the notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier,to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive,visual and concise. 无论学习什么,我们都要作笔记.我们可以参照下面的忠告:不作笔记就不要读书.如您所知,笔记是我们对所学课本的总结,中心内容,我们的理解和课本的缩略.笔记要比课本薄的多,我们可以较容易的记忆和经常复习他们.更胜一畴的做法是把笔记录成音,这样我们可以经常听一听来加深印象和减轻记忆负担. English movies,English TV programs,listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may bine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory. 看英文电影,收看英语电视节目,听英文歌曲和在某些特定场景学习英语也是很棒和很生动的英语学习方式,因为这样我们可以把所学英语与某些特定的场景联系起来以加深记忆. just memorize single English by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words. 请不要孤立地背英语单词.请背记包含生词的句子或词组,这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇,而且印象更深. time permits,we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover,which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects. 如果时间允许,通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大.他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识. personality is one of the decisive factors in English and determination are badly needed. 优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一,坚持,忍耐,自信和坚定都是很重要的.当然如果兴趣培养得好,可适当削弱这方面的要求.
Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature. Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written. The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton. The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly. The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines. As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles. Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.
给你个翻译网站呢：你只要先把问题翻译出来，再把你想说的中文（论文）翻译出来就行了。放心，你绝对看得懂！o(∩_∩)o...~★~多给我点追加分哦~☆~（不过，小妹这网站只为了应急，建议你还是自己写比较好……瞒得了初一瞒不过十五啊！你得为你自己以后打算啊……）
A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high schoolAbstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. How to teach reading I. Why teach readingThere are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons. The last but not the least, students must read widely because only a fraction of knowledge about the world can come from other experiences in their short . What kind of reading should students do? When the teachers give reading class to students, they should notice a balance----a balance to be struck between real English on the one hand and the students’ capabilities and interests on the other. There is some authentic written material which beginner students can understand to some degree: menus, timetables, signs and basic instructions, for example, and, where appropriate, teachers can use these. But for longer prose, teachers can offer their students texts, which, while being like English, are nevertheless written or adapted especially for their level. Anyway, the materials to be read should be interesting and meaningful. Teachers should become better acquainted with books written specially for teenagers and dealing with their . What are the principles behind the teaching of reading? i) Permit Students To Read No one has learned to swim by practicing the skills of backstrokes, flutter kicks or treading water while staying on the edge of the swimming pool. Yet, in the teaching of reading teachers often do just that. Rather than let the students into “the water”, teachers keep them in skills books learning rules about letters, syllables or definitions of words rather than letting them into the book itself, permitting them to be immersed in the language which comes from the authors as the readers try to reconstruct the written ) Encourage students to respond to the content of a reading text, not just to the languageOf course, it is important to study reading texts for the way they use language, how many paragraphs they contain and how many times they use relative clauses. But the meaning, the message of the text, is much more important. Teachers should help students understand that the main reason to read is for them. They have to have their own purpose to read and reading must make sense, they have to find ways of doing something about it. They should be encouraged either to reread or to continue reading to gain meaning. But they must realize that the meaning is not in the teacher, but in the interaction between the reader and author. Students should be encouraged to ask themselves repeatedly, “Does this make sense to me?” Students should be encouraged to reject and to be intolerant of reading materials that do not make sense. iii) Encourage students to guess or predict Readers’ guesses or predictions are based on the cumulative information and syntactic structure they have been learning as they have been reading. Therefore, their guesses are more often than not appropriate to the materials. Students have to realize that risk taking in reading is appropriate; that using context to decide what words mean is a proficient reading strategy and that they have the language sense to make appropriate guesses which can fit both the grammatical and semantic sense of what they are reading. iv) Match the task to the topic Once a decision has been taken about what kind of reading text the students are going to read, teachers need to choose good reading tasks—the right kind of questions and useful puzzles, etc. Asking boring and inappropriate questions can undermine the most interesting text; the most commonplace passage can be made really exciting with imaginative and challenging tasks. Working in groups, the English teacher and students take turns asking each other questions following the reading. The teacher may ask, “ What is the significance of the character’s age?” These questions require inferences based on details from the reading text.
INTRODUCTIONThe 19-member Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) releaseda six-chapter consensus report on 5 October 2005 calling on all nations torespect the human rights of migrants and recommending a new InteragencyGlobal Migration Facility to help coordinate migration policies at the regionaland eventually global level. The GCIM mandate was to put migration on theglobal agenda, to highlight gaps in policy responses to people crossing nationalborders, and to examine links between migration and other global report includes six principles and 33 more specific recommendations aimedat creating a comprehensive global framework in six broad areas: migrants in aglobalizing labour market, migration and development, irregular migration, migrantsin society, the human rights of migrants, and the governance of the 33 recommendations, 25 are directed primarily at developed or receivingcountries, 15 to sending countries, and eight to the international of these recommendations have been made previously, and some areincluded in earlier United Nations’ system reports and WORKERS AND DEVELOPMENTChapter one begins with the estimate that 200 million people are outside theircountries of birth or citizenship (the UN is revising this figure to 190 million in2005), that half are in the labour forces of receiving countries, and that developmentand demographic disparities, as well as deficits in the protection of humanrights, promise more migration. Perhaps the most important GCIM recommendationis the call to open more doors for guest workers in order to reduce praises traditional immigration countries such as Australia, Canada, andthe United States, but calls for more temporary worker programmes becausethey are more acceptable in “non-immigrant Europe” as well as in many developingcountries attracting migrants from their poorer neighbours. GCIM asserts thatsome sending countries believe that the circular migration promised by guestworker programmes is more beneficial to them, and concludes that “the oldparadigm of permanent migrant settlement is giving way to temporary and circularmigration” (GCIM: 31).GCIM acknowledges the problems of temporary worker programmes, includingthe fact that migrant workers have limited rights and may settle rather thanreturn, but argues that well-designed programmes can work as intended, that is,admit temporary workers rather than permanent residents. GCIM says that welldesignedguest worker programmes are those that fully inform migrants of theirrights and obligations; allow them to change jobs in receiving countries; andhave governments enforcing laws that regulate contractors, employers, andothers involved in moving workers over borders and employing them. GCIMbelieves that regular returns to countries of origin as well as reintegration assistancecan minimize guest worker migrants cross national borders for higher wages and more opportunities,but only 25 per cent work in countries in which they are covered by bilateralpension agreements, so that the work-related taxes paid abroad by 75 per centof the migrants do not necessarily provide them with benefits. GCIM arguesthat non-portability of pension benefits is one reason why migrants are willingto work in the informal sector abroad and reluctant to return generally welcomes the movement of professionals from developing todeveloped countries, but also notes that their exodus can slow idea of receiving countries compensating migrant countries of origin forthe loss of their human capital is rejected as impractical, and GCIM does notthink that codes of conduct that discourage, . “aggressive recruiting” ofhealth-care personnel can be effective. Instead, GCIM calls for sending countriesto value nurses and other professionals likely to emigrate more highly, forreceiving countries to train more nurses rather than recruit foreigners, and forboth to co-invest in human capital in developing countries, such as by usingforeign aid to train health-care urges that the GATS Mode 4 negotiations be brought to a “successfulconclusion”, and notes that some developing countries see Mode 4 as a way tobegin to liberalize the movement of professionals. GCIM asserts that globalcorporations want and should get more power to “deploy the right people at theright time and place”.Chapter two covers migration and development. GCIM sees mostly benefitsfrom the US$150 billion in remittances to developing countries in 2004. GCIMemphasizes that remittances belong to migrants and should not be “subjectto undue official regulation”; urges efforts to reduce transfer costs with technology,education, and competition; and calls on sending countries to create a“conducive environment” to encourage migrants to invest their remittances athome (GCIM: 27-28). GCIM recognizes that remittances can lead to dependencyamong recipients, and that going abroad to earn them can impose significantpsychological costs on migrant third “R” in the migration and development nexus is returns. GCIM highlightsthe development potential of diasporas, noting that many of the 600 MexicanHometown Associations (HTAs) in the United States voluntarily contribute todevelop the infrastructure of their communities of origin, with their contributionsmatched by federal, state, and local governments under 3 x 1 programmes(US$3 in government funds for each US$1 of HTA contributions). In addition toproviding funds, diasporas can forge trade and investment links and provide theideas and energy needed to get development going, but GCIM emphasizes thatdevelopment must begin at home. GCIM notes that diasporas can, but need notalways, contribute to development, and can impede development when they, forexample, finance conflicts in their countries of AND INTEGRATIONChapter 3 tackles irregular migration, emphasizing that 25 to 35 per cent of allmigrants in many industrial countries are irregular and that there are large numbersof irregular migrants in some developing countries as well. GCIM acknowledgesboth the complexity of irregular status and the conditions that encouragemigrants to risk migrating illegally, and laments the divide between those concernedprimarily with human rights and those concerned primarily with national between these extremes can prevent governments from adoptingone or both of GCIM’s preferred solutions – regularization or returns (GCIM:37-38).GCIM notes the significant investments that have been made in border controls,and calls on receiving countries to combat irregular migration by opening newchannels for legal migrants (“appropriately designed temporary migrationprogrammes”). GCIM also calls for prosecuting employers of irregular workersto de-magnetize the labour market for irregular migrants and the smugglersand traffickers who emerge to facilitate illegal are called on to protect the human rights of the migrants they are removing,and countries of origin are reminded that they should accept the return oftheir nationals. Meanwhile, GCIM urges case-by-case regularization. In anotherdifficult trade off, GCIM acknowledged the link between irregular migrationand asylum and called for maintaining respect for asylum by having a fairand fast procedure to determine if an applicant is in need of protection whileimplementing policies to reduce irregular 4 turns to integration, noting that major cities in industrial countrieshave become very diverse. Diverse societies can find it difficult to achieve consensus,especially when residents cannot communicate easily and there is competitionfor limited resources. GCIM calls on host countries to respect the humanand labour rights of migrants, and for employers, unions, and migrants and theirassociations to cooperate to promote integration. As with irregular migration,GCIM sought a balance between respecting cultural differences and condemningcultural practices that violate international human rights noted the special problems of women, children, and irregular migrants,asserting that irregular migrants “who have been living in a country for longperiods of time” have some claim on the services of the state (GCIM: 51).GCIM takes aim at journalists and groups who fan xenophobia, calling insteadfor a “responsible debate on migration” (GCIM: 52).INTERNATIONAL LAW AND GOVERNANCEChapter 5 turns to the international legal framework for managing internationalmigration. It notes that international law sets out the rights and responsibilitiesof governments to regulate migration into their countries, the rights and responsibilitiesof migrants, and areas in which cooperation among states is essential to improving responses to international flows of people. GCIM emphasizes thatthe basic rights of migrants are established in the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and seven human rights treaties, most of which have beenratified by a large majority of states. The exception is the 1990 InternationalConvention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Membersof their Families, which has been ratified by 30 mostly migrant-sendingcountries. Recognizing that receiving countries are unlikely to ratify the MigrantRights Convention in large numbers, GCIM focuses on the pressing need forgovernments to implement the laws that they have ratified and recommends thatthe UN human rights machinery should be used more effectively to ensure theprotection of migrant rights.
1. My Plan for the Spring Festival（我春节的计划）Spring Festival is the most important festival for Chinese people. Many people will prepare many things for the Spring Festival. Now this is my plan for the Spring Festival. First, I will visit my friends and my relatives. Second, I will make a big snow man with my daughter / son and my wife / husband / friend. Third, I will stay with my parents, because I have no more time to stay with them when I am at work. This is my plan for the spring festival. I hope all of you have a good time in the Spring . Why I like learning English（为什么我喜欢学习英语）Why I like learning English? First, English is very useful. English is the most widely used language in the world. If we make a visit to foreign countries or do business with foreigners, we need communicate with them in English. Second, with China becoming stronger and stronger, we have more chances to go abroad. We can know the English-speaking countries much deeper if we know English. Both China and English-speaking countries have realized the importance of the culture exchanging. Above all, English is useful and important, we must learn it Dream（我的梦想）1) I have a dream from the first time I sit in a car—I want to drive. Driving is the most meaningful way to meet human being’s desire of “faster”. What’s more, driving a car can take me to any place I want whether it rains, snows, blows or not. A smooth ride in a good car is enjoyable. With rows of trees moving backward rapidly, music playing, breeze blowing, my soul flies in the air. I love this feeling very ) My dream is to be an English teacher one day. Firstly, I like children very much. I would like to sing, to dance, and to play with them. Secondly, a teacher has two vacations each year. I can enjoy myself during the summer and winter holidays. Finally, I want to teach the students all I know and help them to explore their potential so that they can work better for our country in the future. In order to be a good teacher, I will train my patience, improve my handwriting, and enrich my knowledge. In a word, I will study harder than ever to prepare for my future teaching . About Self-study（关于自学）As adult students in Chongqing TV University, self-study becomes very important. As for me, there are several pieces of tips of , I always make a study plan in the beginning of a new semester. Second, preview every unit before the lesson. Third, try to finish the homework after class. Fourth, go over what I have learnt in class regularly at home. Without review, you will absolutely forget what you’ve learnt as quickly as possible. So reviewing is helpful in understanding and memorizing what you’ve . The Job I Like（我喜欢这项工作）I like to be a teacher. Three reasons have led me to choose this occupation. First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures more vivid and stimulating, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world, which is the very thing I enjoy in my life. Second, teaching means freedom and independence. As a teacher, I’m free to use my own ideas and make my own decisions. Finally, I like teaching because it offers certain peace of mind. All in all, the reasons above make me like teaching . My Favorite TV program（我喜欢的电视节目）The News Report has always been my favorite TV program. The News Report contains a large amount of information ranging from the international political situation to the latest football game. And the most important character is its fast pace. Because of this fast pace, news programs can contain much information in a short time. In my opinion, the News Report is more than a TV program. It is a way of communication. From this program, people can know what is happening in the world now. I especially appreciate this while watching the . My Family（我的家庭）There are seven people in my family. They're my grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, my two younger brothers and I. My father is a businessman. He's busy working every day. My mother is a housewife. She cooks meals, washes clothes, and teaches us lessons every day. One of my younger brothers is a junior high school student, and we go to the same school. My grandparents help my parents look after the youngest brother every day. We go to the movies every Sunday. How's your family?8. About Television（关于电视）Television has its good sides as well as bad ones. It makes us informed of daily news, lets us know the outside world, provides lessons for learners, and it has brought joy and interest into people’s , some television programs have been extremely harmful to the young. Violent movies are shown on TV programs. Children regard the murders as heroes or models, so they imitate. Therefore there happened many murders or shooting cases in American campuses. What a big harm!So young people should learn to get ride of the bad influences of TV and learn to make use of the advantages that TV brings . My Classmates（我的同学）Liu Kai is my classmate. He is a good student and always ready to help others. One day on his way to school, he saw a little girl crossing the road when a car nearly hit her. Just then Liu Kai rushed up to her and caught her by the arm. The little girl was saved. She told him where she lived, and he took her home. When Liu Kai hurried into the classroom, the teacher had already begun lesson. He told the teacher why he was late. He was then praised for what he had . My Favorite Book 11) The Book I Like Best（我最喜欢的书）My favorite book is “Dream of The Red Chamber”. The book tries to tell us that there are different kinds of love, only one kind which should be considered as True Love. In our life, we should marry the true love instead of wealth and good looking. From this book, we also get to know a part of the noble people’s life in Qing Dynasty and find some life philosophies from it. So this book is very instructive to people. We should learn more from this book as well as other . My Favorite Food（我最喜欢的食物）I like different kinds of foods, among them, egg is my favorite. Egg contains a lot of essential nutrients needed by the human body. Eggs are oval shaped spheres with a light brown color. Egg is the basic ingredient to many dishes, like omelet and French toast. You can easily get eggs at any supermarket, and they are sold for a very cheap price too. Besides the cheap price, egg contains lots of nutrients and is a very good source of energy. In conclusion, egg is my favorite . My Hometown（我的家乡）My hometown is …, which is not far from Chongqing. It is a modern city. There are lots of high buildings there. Most of us live in flats because we can be close to our friends. My hometown is a beautiful city. On either side of the roads, there are some big trees and nice flowers. The roads are also very clean, which makes people happy and comfortable. The weather here is very nice. I like autumn best, for it’s neither hot nor cold but very cool. I love my hometown. Welcome to my . My English Study（我的英语学习）English is always my favorite subject and I am good at English. I would like to share 4 good studying habits with , remember 20 new words, and never give , go over grammar points I have learnt in English class , read an English article in China Daily every , write an English composition every week and ask teacher to revise that for me to improve the writing you do things above, I am sure your English will also be . My Best Friend（我最好的朋友）Linda is my best friend. She is 15 years old pretty girl with a round face and two big black eyes. She always has a smile on her face. Every morning, we go to school together. She studies quite well and she's one of the top students in our class. When I have difficulty in English, I always ask her for help. We are both interested in music. At weekends, we join the same hobby group and play the violin together. We like each other and enjoy staying . How to Overcome Difficulties in My English Studies（我的英语学习中，如何克服困难）I have made a lot of improvements in English. The following is my way to overcome the day, I do half an hour’s morning reading to try to pronounce every word out. And I will then spend half an hour listening to English radios like BBC to correct my pronunciation. Because I have trouble in English grammar, I attend a full-time English class to study grammar. The teacher recommends me to buy a grammar book—《Advanced English Grammar》. It helps me with my English study a lot. These above are what I have done to overcome my difficulties.
土耳其的水库征地与移民安置来源： 作者： 日期：10-03-07 摘要：根据世界银行的推荐，由水利部移民办公室组团，水库移民经济研究中心、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江、贵州和四川省移民办公室，河海大学等9个单位11人参加，组成赴土耳其水库移民考察团，于1995年11月8日至24日进行了为期二周的考察。关键词：土耳其 水库征地 移民安置本次考察的主要目的是，通过对土耳其与水利水电工程建设中征地拆迁、移民安置有关的各级政府机构的访问，了解该国在水利水电工程项目建设中的征地拆迁、移民安置与重建的政策法规、管理体系、规划设计与实施等方面的做法与经验，以供我国参考和借鉴。一、土耳其共和国基本概况土耳其共和国位于亚洲西部，地跨亚、欧两洲，面积78万km2。其亚洲部分位于小亚细亚半岛上，占全国总面积的。其欧洲部分位于巴尔干半岛东南角，占全国总面积的，海岸线长3558km。14世纪初，土耳其建立了奥斯曼封建帝国，15、16世纪是其全盛时期，此后开始衰落。19世纪末、20世纪初，西方帝国主义势力逐渐入侵。1919年爆发反帝反封建王朝的资产阶级革命，1920年成立国民政府，1923年成立土耳其共和国。1971年同我国建交。土耳其人口约6164万(1995)，人口增长率约，其中城镇人口约60%，约80%为土耳其族，绝大多数居民信仰伊斯兰教。土耳其语为官方语言。全境绝大部分为高原、山地，仅沿海有狭窄的平原。小亚细亚半岛东西长约1000km，南北宽约600km，面积万km2。半岛的主体是安纳托利亚高原，西部海拔800至1200m，东部海拔2000至2500m，西部比东部低，山间多陷落盆地。高原南边是托罗斯山脉，一般海拔2000至3000m左右，山势峻峭，多死火山，地面熔岩广布。安纳托利亚高原西部，山脉和海岸直交，海岸支离破碎，半岛、岛屿、岬角、港湾相间。境内河流大部分水流湍急，不利航运。东南部山地为著名的底格里斯和幼发拉底两河的上游。安纳托利亚高原中部有克泽尔河等流入黑海。克泽尔河干流长1150km，是小亚细亚半岛上最重要的河流，西部注入爱琴海的河流，多迂回曲折，河谷为连接高原内部的通道及重要农业区。土耳其的绝大部分地区属亚热带地中海式气候。内陆高原较干旱，向亚热带草原、沙漠气候过渡。各地气候差异较大。黑海沿岸地区，年平均降水量在700至2500mm之间，东部比西部多，冬季降水较多，西部沿爱琴海地区年平均降水量从沿海的500至750mm，向东部减少为380—500mm，降水主要在冬季。南部地中海沿岸年平均降水量在500—750mm之间，山地区可达1000mm以上，降水主要集中在冬季。安纳托利亚高原大部分地区，年平均降水量在250-400mm之间，春季降水较多。土耳其东部比安纳托利亚高原降水量多。土耳其现有耕地约2700万ha，草地和牧场2700多万ha。主要粮食作物有小麦、大麦、黑麦、燕麦、玉米、稻米等。二、土耳其国家水利工程总局(Dsi)水利水电工程建设概况国家水利工程总局(Dsi)是土耳其政府进行全国水资源规划、工程建设和运行的主要机构。1994年，Dsi雇有4644名工程师和25385名永久性工作人员。Dsi作为一合法实体成立于1953年，归公共工程及安置部领导。作为国家主要的自然资源开发机构，Dsi负责管理属国家所有的全部地表及地下水资源和部分公共土地。1994年Dsi用于其项目的经费约占政府投资预算的，占政府总财政预算的。Dsi的宗旨是“开发水及土地资源”，其职责包括：流域开发规划、为农业提供无污染水源、水力发电、大城市的市政及工业供水、水质改善、防洪、河流整治及控制、环境治理及对水工设计和施工材料的研究。法律授予Dsi的特别权力包括临时征用土地及不动产来行使上述职能。至1994年，已建成164座大坝、74座水电站、1217座灌溉及拦沙坝。这些工程和其它在建工程完成后将最终提供土耳其用电量的一半左右。国家开发计划全部完成后，495座多用途水坝将灌溉850多万ha的土地，年发电量将达亿kW·h。土耳其目前正在实施的一个重大项目为东南安纳托利亚工程(GAP项目)，包括22座大坝，19座水电站，总装机7476MW。年发电量27345GWh，灌溉面积万ha。现已建成3座水坝、2个水电站(装机容量为3200MW，发电量16254GWh)，灌溉面积可达万ha。在建5座水坝、4座水电站(装机，发电量1051GWh)，建成后灌溉面积可达万ha。三、土耳其的土地征用、移民安置与重建(一)土地征用按照土耳其宪法的授权，政府可征用公共工程所需的土地，为此制定了《征地法》，规定了实施征地的程序。国家计划组织的项目选择标准是把投资预算分给那些征地费用最少的项目。其目的在于帮助政府机构把重点放在那些较少或不需征地并且移民工程不太棘手的项目上。Dsi作为水坝建设机构，负责征用项目建设需要的不动产，对不动产进行估价。征地赔偿原则上以现金方式支付给土地所有者。如果土地所有者要求由国家进行移民安置，则其补偿金将由Dsi存人一个特别的移民基金中。征用的财产价值由一个特别委员会决定。其组成人员每五年换一次。共有5名常务委员及5名候补委员，其中3名委员由省级行政委员会任命，2名从财产所有人中选出。Dsi在水坝施工现场及库区按下列征地顺序征地：第一，是大坝的轴线位置，施工便道及料场。第二，按施工计划从最低的河底高程处至围堰高程处。第三，从围堰到规划的高于最高水位的征地等高线。最后，按财产所有人的请求和政府的批准征用邻近的不动产。至1992年末，Dsi已征用了35万多ha土地。预计，将要征地的总数将达到70万ha，这一数字已近于土耳其国土总面积的1%。(二)移民安置方法在土耳其，土地征用和移民是两种不同的活动范畴，国家水利工程总局(Dsi)负责土地征用，国家乡村事务委员会(GDRA)负责移民。在征地和移民过程中，Dsi起主导作用，因为它是导致移民的主要机构。土耳其宪法中规定了国家移民政策的总体框架，按照宪法精神制定了《移民法》。《移民法》中明确规定对属于移民或请求政府帮助迁出的移民，政府必须负责。移民法还包括解决移民迁进土耳其、在土耳其内移民和合并零散的村落过程中的移民问题时应采取的措施。目前，在土耳其，根据现行移民法，实行两种类型的移民：①农村移民;②商人、技工和其它有专业技能的城市移民。在实施移民计划时，政府提供必要的资本如土地、房屋、商业场所和营业资金。农民可得到一定的土地、农畜、工具、设备、牲畜圈棚、仓储地和其它设施。政府还对移民搬迁提供交通条件。(三)移民实施当GDRA从Dsi收到必要的资料后，移民过程正式开始。接着Dsi将提供给GDRA有关的现场机构需要征地的清单和地籍图。当移民实施时，同时也进行征地工作。首先，进行意向调查表，以确定家庭是否愿意搬迁。如果愿意，再询问搬迁的类型，如向城市还是向农村搬迁。然后，省移民委员会将确认哪些家庭有资格移民。土地的数量及其分配形式由卫生和社会援助部及农业部按家庭人口来确定。法律规定了在建设过程中雇佣政府工作人员，并在移民过程中无偿提供木材。确定了有资格的移民人口后，GDRA将配合Dsi安排移民计划。另外，除了存入特别移民基金内的资金外，短缺的资金将请求在一般预算中给予补偿。在这一阶段，同时还进行选址的研究。在取得政府分配的必要土地和资金以后，对移民区的建设进行招标。在房屋建成之后，有资格移民的家庭按政府搬迁计划搬入新的居住点。如果施工延期，有资格的移民人口将被安置在附近的临时住所。提供给移民的不动产在10年的时间内不得以任何理由出售。同时移民在5年内免税。省长、市长是及时、全部把重建款分配给移民的最高负责人。他们也将对移民恢复其原有的生产水平负责。如果淹没的村子在水库淹没区域高程之上拥有现成的土地，政府将允许这些人移居到这一地区，并提供技术上和财政上的帮助。四)重建政府采取下列措施来重新恢复移民的生活水准：①那些贫困线以下的移民家庭有资格一经批准就可得到食物、燃料、保健品和衣服。②提供现金或某种信贷来购买机器和其它设备，偿还期延期2年，7年内还清。偿还从第3年末开始，分4年以相同的金额分期付款。利息按10%计。运行资本贷款是另一种帮助重建的形式，它1年到期，利息按10%计。移民费用的偿还期是25年，包括5年宽限期(初始利息免除期)。移民者在搬迁过程中可享受与政府低级雇员津贴相同的旅行补贴。除了上述的金融支持外，政府还提供许多就业机会来提高移民的生活水准。这些工作的必要设备也由政府提供。每一个乡村移民区配备一个保健中心，包括一名医生、一名护士和一名助产土。政府还实行经常性的卫生管理，在移民过程中召开信息发布会。在移民区还建立通讯、邮政设施。开展社会活动以支持、帮助移民与当地人和睦共处。移居于水库淹没线以上地区的人可以建立合作社，比如渔业合作社。在Dsi帮助下，Dsi鱼种场以向水库提供鱼苗的方式对合作社给以支持。(五)Dsi不动产征用部简况Dsi不动产征用部下设4个科，即征地科、地籍管理科、项目规划与监测科、调查评估科。现有33人，其中农业工程师10人、测量工程师1人、土木工程师1人、高级职员11人。Dsi不动产征用部的主要职责是：(1)制定不动产的征用政策和具体实施计划;(2)准备征用土地所需的地图、文件;(3)为财产估价委员会提供帮助;(4)根据项目的重要程度，为Dsi制订土地征用预算，编制与实施年度计划;(5)协调Dsi的地区委员会与有关政府部门的关系;(6)从财政部、林业部申请必要的土地用于安置移民;(7)将有关移民人口的基础资料提交给国家农村事务部、国家乡村事务委员会;(8)发布官方的征地移民通告，对法律诉讼结果制定处理措施;(9)建立Dsi土地财产档案;(10)向国家计划组织提交移民重建家园的报告;(11)为Dsi项目制定移民计划，并根据规划对实施过程进行监测;(12)根据征地、移民情况，编制季度进度报告给外资贷款方。截止94年，Dsi已征地75万块约35万ha，从森林部、财政部要求划拨土地为15万ha。Dsi不动产征用部各科的主要分工职责如下：(1)征地科：征地;购买土地;土地分配;土地划界;准备征地图纸;划定和标定征地范围;准备招、投标文件和最终确定土地价格;起草有关征地的法律框架文件;土地调整;提供地籍图纸。(2)地籍管理科：资产交换;统计征地过程中价格变化情况;土地登记造册;土地出租;不动产产权转移与移交;收回征用后的土地;出售Dsi的不动产。3)调查评估科：土地估价;临时用地损失调查;对需政府帮助移民者进行调查评估。(4)项目规划监测科：移民监测;移民恢复重建;征地与移民对环境影响的分析;统计数据的收集;处理移民过程中的问题。四、值得我国借鉴的经验及建议土耳其与中国一样，属于发展中国家，近15年发展较快，土耳其现已成为欧共体、北约成员国，社会经济发达程度已远高于中国，人均国内生产总值已达2400多美元。在水利水电工程建设方面，中国与土耳其有许多相似之处。土耳其有丰富的国土资源和水资源，水力发电占整个能源供给的37%，已灌溉面积达400万ha，占可灌溉面积(850万ha)的45%。水力资源已利用部分占总蕴藏量的15%。土耳其政府十分重视水利水电工程建设和水利工程引起的移民与重建问题。通过本次对土耳其水库征地与移民重建的考察访问，结合我国的实际情况，我们感到有下述几方面的经验值得我国在工作中进行参考与借鉴：(1)土耳其政府对水库移民工作非常重视，制定了《征地法》与《移民法》两部重要法律，从法律上明确了征地、移民工作的机构、程序、内容、方式、步骤等。与我国相应的法律相比，更具有实际可操作性。建议组织力量翻译土耳其有关征地、移民的法规，并进行中土对比研究。(2)土耳其将征地、移民工作分开的思路与做法很值得研究借鉴。在土耳其，水利水电工程征地由业主(Dsi)负责，采用项目出资完全赔偿的办法(而不是我国“前期补偿补助，后期扶持”的办法)，赔偿价格既不完全是市场价，又经过了独立于征地方与被征地方的充分合理公正的评估，且征地有关各方面均可通过法律诉讼对赔偿进行质疑。移民在得到合理赔偿，在经济利益机制驱动下，既可选择由政府安置，也可选择自我安置的方式。由国家安置的移民费用部分由国家提供30年期(含5年宽限期)的无息贷款解决，国家承担部分列人政府社会发展计划及预算，具体工作由乡村事务委员会承担。(3)土耳其在移民重建过程中，对安置村进行了比较全面的规划，基础设施建设配套。其优先利用国有土地安置移民、各有关行业(教育、卫生、农业、社会、金融等)共同支援等许多移民工作的政策与做法值得研究借鉴。(4)土耳其政府特别重视水利水电建设，Dsi在政府中也具有很重要的地位与作用，比如从Dsi预算占国家财政预算及投资预算的中可见一斑。土耳其水利水电工程规划设计与施工建设和水平也是比较高的，Dsi与中国进行交流合作的愿望也比较强烈。很值得我国与其加强双边互访、交流与合作。(5)土耳其刚加入欧共体和北约，正处于过渡期，可作为中国技术、劳务、产品进入欧洲市场的桥梁，同时，土耳其一些公司进入中国市场的欲望也比较强烈，可考虑组成中土联合体，承接中国、土耳其、中东、中亚以及欧洲的工程建设项目。五、未来合作的设想与建议在总结会上，不动产征用部主任贝拉姆先生代表Dsi提出了以下合作建议：(1)中、土两国移民机构各自将自己国家的与移民有关的法律翻译成英文，相互交流，进行比较研究讨论和相互了解。(2)进行水利水电项目引起的土地征用、移民安置、监测、公共设施重建等方面的信息与文件交流。(3)双方各找一个涉及移民的比较典型的水利水电新建项目，双方交换年度实施进度、移民及其恢复情况报告，并每年到各自工程移民区互访一次。(4)与水利部移民办、河海大学合作开发移民方面的计算机软件(包括土地征用与移民安置规划、实施、监测评估)。(5)相互邀请两国同行参加在中、土举行的国际、国内研讨会。邀请中方为Dsi计划主编的“移民与重建”212作手册提供稿件。(6)在水利水电工程设计、可行性研究方面，建议组织政府间合作。(7)建议向各自的主管部门提交正式的文件，土方将向其外交部报告中土水利交流的情况，并表示通过外交途径最好能达成政府间的正式合作协议文件。(8)建议合作工作从1996年初开始。考察团对Dsi的提议给予了积极的响应。建议水利部有关司、局积极研究，并邀请Dsi主席Ozenci先生访华，商谈两国水利部(局)合作计划，并积极组织实施。
英语论文的格式
在个人成长的多个环节中，大家一定都接触过论文吧，论文是对某些学术问题进行研究的手段。写论文的注意事项有许多，你确定会写吗？下面是我帮大家整理的英语论文的格式，欢迎大家分享。
论文的'规格：正文长度 5，500—8，500 单词。
使用的语言：英语
论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。
引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号，间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚：(作者名，年份，引文所在页码)
论文正文部分：
1、 题目大写，三号字，新时代罗马字，大写下面可写一个附标题，4号字;
2、 作者名，5号字，班级，学号
3、 指导教师名，5号字，职称
4、 摘要：用300词，5号字, 英文一页,中文一页
5、 关键词：不能用专有名词，词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键)，不加标点符号
6、 正文：用5号字, 大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字，小不分用一般数字符号：
引言：引入正题，不超过2段
7、 参考文献(bibliography)：先英文,后中文
作者名，出版年月，文章名/书刊名，出版社，地点
9、致谢(acknowledgement)
五、 毕业论文质量标准
(一)选题恰当、与毕业生的知识水平与认识能力相当;
(二)内容丰富、资料翔实、论证充分有力;
(三)观点正确、逻辑性强、无违反国家大政方针的观点;
(四)叙述清楚、层次清晰而丰富;
(五)语言表达正确，无拼写错误、语言错误控制在20-25%00(万分之二十到二十五);
(六)用词、造句、谋篇、布局等方面无明显失误，修辞错误率控制在2%。
1.文章标题 英文标题一般在10个实词以内,最多不超过15个实词,避免使用非公知公用的缩略词,代号等.
2. 论文如有涉密问题或已在公开期刊上发表,请在篇首页地脚处注明.
3. 摘要 英文摘要一般为150-180个实词,中文摘要一般在300字以内,中英文摘要应基本一致.其内容应包括研究目的,方法,结果,结论等,禁用"本文","作者","This paper"等作主语.详见"科技期刊文章摘要的写作要求".
4. 关键词 每篇文章可选3～8个能反映文章主要内容的单词,词组或术语.英文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.
5中图分类号 请查《中国图书馆分类法》.
6. 正文 正文篇幅一般希望控制在成书5页(记空格,图表占位)以内.内容力求有创新,论证严谨,语句通顺,文字精炼.
7.文中正体,斜体,黑体字符的用法:
⑴斜体.变量名称用斜体单字母表示;下标若是由变量转化来的则用斜体;坐标轴(如x,y)和变量(如i,j)用斜体.
⑵正体.下标由文字转化来的说明性字符用正体;单位,词头用正体,如nm,pF等;几个特殊常量用正体,如e,i,π等.
⑶黑体.矩阵,矢量名称用黑体表示.
8.图形要求
图中所有线条,文字必须用黑色绘制;用线形或标识符区分;不得有背景;
图中线条须清晰,均匀,刻度线向内侧画,并且间隔应均匀;
图中坐标线粗磅,曲线宽度为坐标线宽度的3倍;
9.表格要求 表格采用三线表,表头中使用物理量符号/单位,如下例:
10.参考文献 来稿引用他人观点与材料,须将参考文献按正文中出现的先后次序列于文后,文中须在引用处右上角加注"「序号」".中文参考文献必须列出相应的英文,并在后面加注"(in Chinese)".引文作者姓名均为姓前名后,最多标3名,余下用"et al."代表.
著录格式为:(按不同析出物分类说明)
「连续出版物」 主要作者.题名「J」 .刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.
「专著」 主要作者.书名「M」 .出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.
「译著」 主要作者.书名「M」 .译者.出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.
「论文集」 主要作者.题名「A」 .编者.论文集名「C」 .出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.
「会议论文」 主要作者.题名「Z」 .会议名称,会议召开地(城市名),召开年.
「学位论文」 作者.题名「D」 .所在城市:保存单位,年份.
「研究报告」 主要作者.题名「R」 .报告代码及编号(或:保存地点:责任单位),年份.
「报纸」 作者名.文章名「N」.报纸名,出版日期(版次).
「电子文献」 作者.题名「EB/OL」 .发表或更新日期/引用日期.
「专利」 申请者.专利名「P」 .专利国名:专利号,发布日期.
「技术标准」 技术标准代号,技术标准名称「S」 .
英文论文的格式共六点：标题、提纲、摘要、正文、文中引述、文献目录。
标题：一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
提纲：英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
摘要：英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
正文：有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
文中引述：正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
文献目录：论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
英语论文格式模板
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。
字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。
行距：单倍行距。
页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。
文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)
图表：
标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。
照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
基本论文格式
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。
11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。
学术英语论文格式规范
随着论文不断的被普及，各种各样的论文格式五花八门，规范的论文格式是怎样的呢?
(一)题名(Title,Topic)
题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。
论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。 论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：论文题目是文章的一半。 对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。
对这四方面的要求分述如下：
1.准确得体
要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。 常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。
2.简短精炼
力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求，并无统一的硬性规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。 若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。
3.外延和内涵要恰如其分
外延和内涵属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象;而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。 命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。
4.醒目
论文题目虽然居于首先映入读者眼帘的醒目位置，但仍然存在题目是否醒目的问题，因为题目所用字句及其所表现的内容是否醒目，其产生的效果是相距甚远的。 有人对36种公开发行的医学科技期刊1987年发表的论文的部分标题，作过统计分析，从中筛选100条有错误的标题。在100条有错误的标题中，属于省略不当错误的占20%;属于介词使用不当错误的占12%)。在使用介词时产生的错误主要有：
①省略主语第一人称代词不达意后，没有使用介词结构，使辅助成分误为主语;
②需要使用介词时又没有使用;
③不需要使
用介词结构时使用。属于主事的错误的占11%;属于并列关系使用不当错误的占9%;属于用词不当、句子混乱错误的各占9%，其它类型的.错误，如标题冗长、文题不符、重复、歧意等亦时有发生。
(二)作者姓名和单位(Author and department)
这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。
(三)摘要(Abstract)
论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。 摘要应包含以下内容：
①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;
②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;
③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;
④结论或结果的意义。
论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。
论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不给化学结构式，也不要作自我评价。 撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。
(四)关键词(Key words)
关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。
主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。 主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。
关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。
关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是：
由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。需要选出，与从标题中选出的关键词一道，组成该论文的关键词组。
关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加关键词这一项，就为该刊物提高引用率、增加知名度开辟了一个新的途径。
(五)引言(Introduction)
引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。
引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。
(六)正文(Main body)
正文是一篇论文的本论，属于论文的主体，它占据论文的最大篇幅。论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果，都将在这一部分得到充分的反映。因此，要求这一部分内容充实，论据充分、可靠，论证有力，主题明确。为了满足这一系列要求，同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰，常常将正文部分人成几个大的段落。这些段落即所谓逻辑段，一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段。每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题(分标题或小标题)。
段落和划分，应视论文性质与内容而定。
一般常见的划分方式有：
①实验原材料和材料/实验方法/实验结果和分析。
②理论分析/实验装置和方法/实验结果比较与分析。
根据论文内容的需要，还可以灵活地采用其它的段落划分方案，但就一般性情况而言，大体上应包含实验部分和理论分析部分的内容。实验结果和分析这一部分是论文的关键部分。有人曾说：实验的结果是论文的必脏，这并不为过，论文的新意主要在这里体现。
不少学科的论文，还可再简化一点，例如，医学论文，常将正文部分分成两个大段落，即：材料和方法(或对象和方法)，结果和讨论(工结果和分析)。
要写好材料和方法这一节，应给出诸如实验所用原料或材料的技术要求、数量、来源以及制备方法等诸方面的信息，有时甚至要列出所用试剂的有关化学性质和物理性质。
要避免使用商业名称，通常应使用通用化学名称。实验方法应介绍主要的实验过程，但不要机械地按通常以年、月的次序进行描述，而应该将各有关的方法结合起来描述。
这样做的目的主要是使有能力的科技工作者按论文这一部分提供的信息，可以生复文中的试验及其结果，并即达到再现性或可重复性、确证性的要求。缺少论文写作经验与素养的人，容易将这一部分写成实验报告。
英文论文的详细格式：
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English734或BritishNovel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需doublespace,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上Thesis一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“TimesNewRoman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词：“KeyWords”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为WorksCited,其格式须注意下列几点:
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题WorksCited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
扩展资料：
发表论文作用：
论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生毕业需要；教师、医护人员、科研院所的人员、企业员工等晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题：教育、科技、卫生系统每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文是作为基金或课题完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文是对最新科技科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源：百度百科——英文论文
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You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a day. And you don’t have to queue with others. And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking are some disadvantages, too. You can not see the products or check their qualities. Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends. 8Should We Keep the Students in School All the Time?Hello, we should keep the students in school all the time is a hot topic among educationists,teachers and teachers think that in order to let the students have more time for their lessons and develop their good behaviors,the schools are supposed to be sealed off,so the students can't go out and have to stay at some teachers and the students hold a different believe that would cause some students will have no time for relax,doing something they like,and that would do harm to their health,as well as their my mind,I don't think it's a good way to keep the students in school all day every one of us,need time and places for playing。Please do not keep the students in school all the time,for our students and education,That's all,thank As the old saying goes(正如老话所言), a life without a friend is a life without a sun.（生活没有了朋友就像没有了太阳）.But some people may say,we teenagers may let our friends talk us into doing bad as to pleased their so called "friend".This is because we teenagers are lack of the self-control like staying with friends. Because friends are always give me a helping hand when in course, I will treasure（珍惜） my friendship no matter modern society, people tend to be self-centered. Yet in my opinion, helping others should still be of all, when you give a hand to a person in need, not only will he be free from the trouble but you will also feel good helping from that, helping others facilitates an efficient civilization. After the threshold of the new century of information explosion, it's not enough to perform on one's own any more. Teamgeist and cooperation are gaining from the above mentioned two reasons, i hold the opinion that helping others benefit the most. 还有四篇发不上来，要的话留邮箱吧
英语是世界上普遍使用的语言，英语教学得到了极大的重视，尤其是初中英语教学也日益受到人们的关注。下面是我为大家整理的初中英语教学论文，供大家参考。初中英语教学论文篇一：《初中英语教学中多媒体技术运用》 摘要：对多媒体技术在初中英语教学中的应用进行 反思 ，分析其正面作用与存在的问题。 关键词：多媒体技术;初中英语;学习资料 1前言 英语作为一门语言课，随着社会的进步而不断发展。当今社会充满信息化，故而英语这门语言课中所蕴含的信息量越来越大。多媒体技术是学生在课堂上接触信息化社会的重要媒介，随着科学技术的不断发展，多媒体技术的安装成本逐渐降低，越来越多的学校实现了多媒体教学，多媒体教学实现广泛应用，多媒体技术在初中英语教学中的作用日益明显，成为初中英语教学效率提高的重要因素。 2多媒体技术应用于初中英语课堂的正面效应 巧用多媒体提高学生 学习英语 的兴趣多媒体技术应用于初中英语的一个首要作用就是提高了学生学习英语的兴趣。对于初中阶段的学生来说，他们虽然在小学阶段接触过英语，但是 英语学习 更多是集中在口语练习和兴趣培养方面，到了初中阶段英语学习发生很大变化，学生除了要记忆单词、 句子 之外，还要学习系统的语法知识。随着英语难度的增加，学生逐渐对英语学习失去兴趣。而多媒体技术运用于初中英语课堂，可以将抽象的语言知识以文字、动画等形象展现出来，将枯燥的英语学习变得生动有趣，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。在小学阶段学习英语时，由于教课内容较为简单，教师多采取直观的教学方式，如模型、实物、挂图等，采用这种方式可以让学生听觉、视觉受到直观的冲击，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。 但是这种教学随着初中学生学习内容的增加，实物教学的效果受到限制。采用多媒体技术进行教学，则可以极大避免这种情况出现，多媒体技术具有实物模拟功能，为学生提供声情并茂、形象生动的学习资料。巧用多媒体创造真实的学生练习口语的情境在日常教学中经常会听到一些学生抱怨： 英语口语 学习怎么那么难;很难遇到外国人，见了也不敢说话……英语学习是语言的学习，学习语言就需要口语训练环境。学生耳濡目染的都是汉语的各种说法，英语练习缺乏真实的能够说英语的环境。尽管学生在英语课堂上学到很多的英语知识，但是受到母语的限制，在课下很少有练习的机会，仅靠课堂上的学习很难掌握。再加上初中英语知识要比小学阶段复杂难懂得多，教师在课堂上的教学多是讲解性质的，不可能向小学教师那样玩耍着教学，同时也很少关注学生的语言练习，故而也就成为初中学生学习英语的一大困难。采用多媒体工具进行初中英语教学，将文字、图片、动画等元素进行有机融合，为学生创设跟本课内容相关的英语学习真实环境，使学生更好地进行学习口语练习，并学以致用。 对于英语学习来说，除了记忆一些词汇、词组之外，还需要了解英语国家的风土人情、语言习惯等，这些单靠教师的讲解并不能在学生心中留下深刻的印象，但是通过多媒体技术的图片、视频等展示，则可以加深学生的印象，提高学习兴趣。巧用多媒体活跃英语课堂学习氛围巧用多媒体技术可以激发学生的学习兴趣，活跃初中英语课的学习氛围。运用多媒体教学可以活跃学生的思维，让学生在一个相对轻松的氛围下学习英语。对于初中阶段的学生来说，他们仍然保留有孩提时代活泼好动的秉性，通过多媒体技术学习初中英语，将抽象的知识转化为以图片、动画展现的具象知识，可以激发学生的学习兴趣，让兴趣转化成为最强大的学习动力，挖掘出学生的潜力。兴趣是学生学习的最大动力，如果学生对英语学习可以保留有浓厚的兴趣，那么这股兴趣将成为学生英语成绩提高的最强大的力量来源。对于教师来说，运用多媒体教学，教师就节省了书写大量板书的时间，教师可以在上课之前将需要讲解的知识全部打在课件上，这样便有了更多的时间跟学生进行交流，有利于师生关系的融洽，同时促进课堂氛围的活跃。 3多媒体技术应用于初中英语课堂的负面效应 随着多媒体技术的广泛使用，滥用或错用的现象在各个课堂都可以见到。多媒体技术运用于初中英语课堂的初衷是要提升教学效率，但是随着滥用多媒体的现象出现，教师在使用多媒体技术时便产生一系列的问题。下面谈一谈多媒体技术在初中英语课堂应用中出现的负面效应。 现象之一：教师应付备课随着多媒体技术在教学中应用的逐渐普及，一些负面的影响也随之产生，阻碍了英语课堂的高效。如教师在备课中有种应付的心态，在原来的英语教学模式下，教师要想上好课离不开对教材、教学参考的认真研读，这样才能提高课堂的教学效率。但是随着多媒体技术在英语课堂的使用，教师可以借助多媒体课件开展英语教学。网络是一个包罗万象的资源库，教师可以从网络上很方便地寻找、下载自己所需要的课件和资源，这样就造成教师在备课时不认真对待，应付心态严重，最终阻碍了教师自我素质的提升，同时也造成课堂教学的低效，不利于学生英语成绩的提高。 现象之二：板书的重要性被忽视板书是课堂的灵魂，是学生在课堂上掌握教师讲课脉络的重要凭借。在传统的教学模式下，教师主要凭借板书传递给学生英语知识，加深学生对教师所讲解知识的理解。随着多媒体技术在初中英语课堂的使用，教师适应了点击鼠标展现知识的方式，将书写板书这一重要的步骤基本省略。虽然上文提到多媒体技术在初中英语课堂的使用节省了教师书写板书的时间，但是这并不意味着在教学中完全抛弃书写板书的环节。对于学生来说，虽然他们可以从课件上学到一些知识，但是学生无法区分知识的重要与否，这样不利于学生对英语知识的系统掌握。书写板书可以给学生进行知识的强调，帮助他们区分知识的重要性，有利于学生的长远发展。 现象之三：课件制作不合理在多媒体技术和初中英语课堂整合过程中，有些英语教师对多媒体课件的新奇性过分推崇和追求，认为只要英语课的课件制作得精美新奇就可以吸引学生学习英语的兴趣，让学生臣服于课件，提高其英语成绩。在这一目的的驱使之下，教师将一些动态的图案、漫画穿插进英语课件之中，如旋转的小球、奔跑的小狗、跳动的小闹钟、一闪一闪的小灯等，通过这些动态图案的应用把学生的注意力全部抓住，使之造成学生无法集中注意力在教师的知识讲解上，最终影响了学生的听课效果。 参考文献 [1]俞毅成.浅谈多媒体教学及其在英语教学活动中的应用[J].青海师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2004(6). [2]王军.多媒体在英语教学中的应用[J].辽宁高职学报,2004(2). [3]赵雪芹.多媒体在英语教学中的应用[J]. 教育 实践与研究,2001(6). [4]曾小艳.多媒体辅助教学在初中英语课堂中的应用[J].教育教学论坛,2011(25). [5]张冬梅.多媒体与英语教学[J].资治文摘:管理版,2010(4). [6]陈艳.多媒体技术在英语课堂教学中的优势、误区及其对策[J].安徽电子信息职业技术学院学报,2009(2). 初中英语教学论文篇二：《初中英语课堂教学效率提升 措施 》 摘要：课堂教学是英语教学的主要形式，提高英语课堂教学效率，是提高学生英语听、说、读、写能力的主要途径，是提高教学质量的关键。因此，英语教师要认真备课，精心设计课堂教学，改进 教学 方法 和手段，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高学生的自学能力以及综合运用语言的能力，提高课堂教学效率。 关键词：初中英语;课堂教学;效率兴趣;自学能力 提高初中英语课堂教学效率，就要在一定的时间内更好地完成教学任务，使学生获得更多的知识和技能，而且学生学习的过程是愉快的。为此，教师要采用多种教学方法和手段，培养学生的学习兴趣，充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性，多鼓励学生，引导学生，使学生掌握学习策略，增强学生学习英语的自信心，使学生积极参与课堂教学活动。只有这样，才能充分体现以教师为主导、以学生为主体的教学理念，使学生能够更好更快地掌握英语知识，并能够灵活运用这些语言知识，达到提高学生语言能力，培养学生创新精神和实践能力的目的。下面笔者就如何提高初中英语课堂教学效率谈几点粗浅的认识。 一、培养学生学习英语的兴趣 长期以来，有些初中生对英语缺乏兴趣，甚至存在一定的畏惧心理，成为提高教学效率的障碍。因此，如何激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣是当前我们需要认真思考的问题。笔者认为，激发学生的英语学习兴趣，可从以下几方面入手。首先，建立和谐的师生关系，营造良好的教学氛围。和谐的师生关系是提高教学效率的前提。在英语教学中，教师不仅要传授知识，还要有爱心，有责任心，热爱学生、尊重学生，加强师生间的沟通交流互动，使学生“亲其师，信其道”，产生浓厚的学习兴趣。另外，良好的教学氛围也是激发学生学习兴趣和提高教学效率的重要条件。教师在英语教学中应尊重学生的个性和人格，为学生营造民主、和谐、愉悦的教学环境，给学生提供均等的展示自己的机会，在课堂上要多使用表扬用语，鼓励学生，使学生感到自信、轻松、愉快，激发他们学习英语的兴趣，从而使他们全身心地投入到英语学习中去，积极主动地获取知识和技能。其次，通过趣味导课，激发学生学习兴趣。教师要在上课伊始就调动起学生的学习积极性，可通过风趣幽默的开场白、生动有趣的小 故事 ，用多媒体播放视听材料、歌曲、电影片段等，吸引学生的注意力，激发学生的学习兴趣。再次，运用游戏激发学生的学习兴趣。教师可在英语教学中适当开展游戏活动，将教学内容融入游戏中，使学生在游戏过程中学习和巩固知识，比如教学词汇时可用猜词游戏，讲授课文时，可组织小组竞争游戏。最后，开辟第二课堂，拓宽学生视野，激发学习兴趣。教师要注意课内外相结合，课下可让学生在教室办英语角、英语专栏，收集一些英语小故事、 成语 、笑话等，组织学生开展故事会、游戏、对话比赛等活动。这样，学生会兴趣盎然，积极准备，踊跃参加，能够拓宽他们的视野，使他们学到更多的知识，并学以致用。这些活动的开展，有效地激发了学生的学习兴趣，学生在活动过程中会感受到学习英语的乐趣，能学到更多的英语知识和技能，且印象深刻，经久不忘。 二、提高学生自学英语的能力 “授之以鱼，不如授之以渔。”在英语教学中，教师要教给学生学习的方法，加强听、说、读、写的训练，提高学生综合运用语言的能力和自学能力。只有学生具备一定的实际运用语言的能力和自学能力，才能更好地进一步学习和运用英语，才能在学习过程中不断克服困难、解决问题。从这个角度看来，培养学生的英语自学能力比直接传授给学生英语知识更能有效提高教学效率，更具现实和长远的意义。因此，教师要注意启发学生，让学生多读多练，激发学生的阅读兴趣，提高学生的 英语阅读 能力，从而全面提高学生的听、说、读、写能力。阅读重在理解，学生要注意从整体上把握 文章 内容，还要从细节上理解，注意关键词句。教师要让学生多进行听说读写的练习，通过不断的练习，提高学生自学英语的能力，使学生学会自主提出问题并解决问题。教师还要注意指导学生掌握学习英语的方法，比如，记忆单词的方法、各种阅读方法、写作的方法技巧等，使学生能够举一反三。此外，教师也要引导学生多做 总结 ，使学生将前后学习的知识联系起来，使所学的知识系统化、整体化。通过这些环节，全面提高学生自学英语的能力。 三、巧设活动，注重实效 课堂活动是激发学生学习兴趣、使学生掌握英语知识和技能的重要途径。那么，在初中英语教学中，教师怎样设计课堂活动才能达到最佳的教学效果呢?我认为，要想使活动更具实效性，我们要遵循以下几方面的原则：教学活动目标要明确，情境创设要合理，要让全体学生都积极参与活动，要注意合理利用教学资源，要注意有效的评价和反馈。具体而言，首先，活动要围绕内容展开。每节课都有一定的教学内容和教学目标，教师在课前一定要理清思路，安排好教学内容和教学环节，根据每一个环节要达到的目标设置相关的教学活动，循序渐进，并突出教学重难点。其次，活动要难易适当。学生是课堂教学的主体，教师要保证学生能够积极参与，在有限的时间内完成教学任务，就要把握好课堂活动的难易程度，分层设计课堂活动，在学生的最近发展区内使各个层次的学生都能有所进步，在较有难度的地方给学生一些支持是非常必要的。这样，英语基础好的学生可以尽情表现，基础差的学生也能积极参与、有所收获。 四、科学地运用评价手段 教学评价是教学过程中的重要组成部分。教师通过评价，能够使学生认识到自己的优点和进步、缺点和不足，从而达到鼓励学生，增强学生自信心，纠正学生错误，使学生有效弥补不足的目的。如果学生在学习中得到了正面评价，那么他们就得到了教师和同学的肯定，就会产生成就感，增强自信心，就会产生学习英语的兴趣和学习进步的需要。相反，如果学生得到的负面评价过多，就会产生消极情绪，有些学生，特别是成绩较差的学生，学习英语的信心会下降。因此，教师应多鼓励学生，尊重学生的个体差异，对不同的学生提出不同的要求，只要他们有进步，就要鼓励他们，使各个层次的学生都能增强自信心，在英语学习上都能进步。教师还要注意在表扬的同时也要指出学生的不足，使学生查漏补缺，积极进步。总之，在教学过程中，教师要科学合理地评价学生，要善于捕捉学生的闪光点，多表扬、少批评，使学生信心十足、积极主动地学好英语。 参考文献： [1]徐永芳.初中英语教学问题及应对策略[J].科教文汇：中旬刊，2011(12). [2]陈露露.基于分层教学法的初中英语教学探索[J].科教文汇：中旬刊，2010(9). 初中英语教学论文篇三：《初中英语口语教学》 近年来，随着教学改革的不断深入，初中英语口语教学取得了一定的进展，但是由于受到应试的影响，以及教学方法、教学观念的落后，初中英语口语教学仍然存在着很多问题。而新课程标准的要求，21世纪的英语教学的主要目的在于引导和培养学生掌握语言行为交际，这就突出强调了英语口语教学的重要性。难么我们应从哪些方面做起来提高英语口语教学呢? 一、口语教学存在的不利因素 初中英语口语教学方案中容易出现的误区，主要表现在教学方式、教学内容两个方面。 1.从教学方式来看 虽然我国初中教育已经实现了九年义务教育，但是，应试教育体制的本质还并没有发生变化，在传统的教学理念影响之下，初中英语教师在口语教学方案中就容易延续以往的应试教学作风，采用照本宣科和理念式教学，也就是将口语的基本理论进行重点强调，而忽视口语练习的教学，在这样的教学中，教师更注重通过阅读课文或者背诵课本的方式，企图让学生通过更多的自我阅读，来提升其口语水平，而忽视了对学生口语中的偏差指正和标准化教导;另一方面，在初中的口语教学中，教师的教学方式更多的是让学生独自学习，并没有采用现代化的信息教学方式，或者合作教学方式，这就会让初中的英语口语教学失去了趣味性，而无法带动学生的积极性和主动性，影响英语口语教学的质量。 2.从教学内容上来看 初中英语口语教学是以课本内容为主，也就是模范课本的对话和句子内容，来让学生进行口语方面的联系，从本质上上来说，初中英语口语教学的内容是专注于英语本身，而没有加注对英语的各类相关性的延生，那么，像 英语 文化 、影视等内容并没有引用到初中英语的口语教学中，而英语教学发展到现阶段，口语教学已经脱离了传统的机械式的教学，开始走向丰富性和多样化的教学，像影视和文化等内容早就已经进入了口语教学，成为了英语口语教学的有效手段，初中英语口语教学的教师却因为教学课程的难度系数低，而存在一定的疏忽，这就让初中英语口语教学的教学内容显得单一，再加上教学方式上的疏忽，则会导致整个英语口语教学课堂的枯燥和乏味。 3.教师的综合素质低 无论是从数量上，还是从质量上来看，中学英语教师都非常的紧缺。这方面在农村体现得更为严重，甚至在大量的农村学校中因为没有英语教师而放弃了英语这一学科，也有许多其他的学校没有足够的资金聘请合格的英语教师，只能聘请读过高中的短期的代课教师，这些教师严重缺少规范而系统的训练，只是随自己的习惯心性来给学生授课，结果将使学生缺乏正确的训练方法，进而接受了错误的发音，学习了地道的方言英语，最终错失了学习标准英语的机会。 二、口语教学的具体对策 1.口语教学生活化 一节成功的外语课，应该设有丰富的情境，学生在这种情境中不断增强对已学知识的驾驭能力。英语口语教学应为学生创设情境，引导学生身临其境。可与生活实际密切联系，创设生活情景，这样更利于口语教学生活化。设置情境可以将学生带入一个特定的空间之中，让他们用情感去体验，在较短时间内能激发他们的情感。在设置情境时如果能结合教材内容及学生的年龄特点，将大大提高课堂效率。 学好外语，学生只有更多接触外语和使用外语。学习口语要有讲究，让学生学习不常用的口语是没有任何意义的。因此，教师在设置情景时一定要贴近生活，是学生喜闻乐见，感兴趣的生活趣事。由学生已知的信息，导入目 标语 言结构，学生学起来就会轻松很多。甚至遇到一些生词时，单凭理解就可以知道它的意思与用法。 2.注重学生英语基本功 语言基本功直接影响学生的英语水平，是影响学生口语水平的重要因素。大多数学生语言基本功不扎实，如语音不标准、语调不规范、句型运用不熟练、语法不过关等都是学生口语水平偏低的原因。 针对这一具体情况，教师应从基本的语音语流讲解开始，夯实学生英语基本功。语音语流学习中有很多学生较难掌握的重要内容，如连读、爆破、弱读等。教师可先向学生讲解相关的基本知识，再慢慢过渡到句型训练，并以教材内容为依托。引导学生进行大量巩固练习，力争在短时间内提升学生的语音面貌。 语法也是制约学生英语口语水平的原因之一.所以语法讲解是西部不发达地区初中英语教学中的重要内容。教师应以教材为基础进行语法讲解。并引导学生大量背诵教材中的 经典句子 ，让学生在掌握语法基础的同时提升英语语感。 3.鼓励学生大胆说 在初中英语口语教学中，为了鼓励学生大胆说讲英语，从而增强学生的口语交际能力，教师应该在教学中坚持尽量用英语跟学生进行口语交流。比如，学习了简单的交际用语后，教师早上上课前要求学生用英语问好：“Good morning，Teacher!”迟到时先问：“May I come in?”打扰别人要说：“Excuse me.”得到别人帮助以及受到别人赞美应回答：“Thank you!”等等。让学生先由简单的对话开始，慢慢习惯用英语交流，从而提高自身英语口语能力。而在学生运用英语的过程中，即使有时发音不准或者表达不够流畅时，教师应委婉地帮助其纠正，并给予积极鼓励。这样，才能有效增强学生的自信心，从而让他们大胆说英语，最终提高口语交际能力。 4.适时纠正错误 犯错误是语言学习过程中的必然现象。在口语教学中，教师最主要的任务是帮助、鼓励学生开展各项交际活动.以期达到学生口语练习的最大实践量。口语能力的提高一定是在实际运用中来实现的。教师切忌盲目地责怪学生.而要耐心地对学生加以引导.让学生发现自己的错误，从而提高他们说英语的自信心和兴趣.促使他们能够在课堂外自觉不自觉地运用英语交流.只有这样，我们学生的口语能力才能不断得到提高。 5.提高自身素质 初中英语口语的培养对于同学们日后的发展都是十分重要的，所以英语教师一定要更加重视口语的训练，提升自身素质，在日后的教学中改进课堂教育方式，让口语课堂内容丰富多彩，更加具有意义，同学们能够在课堂中得到更多的锻炼英语口语的机会。 三、结语 随着我国改革开放进一步深化扩大以及国际交往日益频繁， 学习英语并运用英语进行口头交际已成为社会的需要。因此，加强英语口语的教学已被大家所注重，这不但是当前素质教育的一项要求，也反映了外语教学改革的趋势。教师要用英语组织课堂教学，用英语处理教材内容，并且要求学生用英语参加课堂实践活动，用英语提问及回答问题，通过说的实际培养听说能力。师生在课堂上都说英语，这已是英语课堂教学的显著特征和优秀课堂教学的重要标志之一，也是提高我国英语教学的方向。 猜你喜欢： 1. 初中英语教学论文 2. 初中英语优秀论文 3. 初中英语教学论文发表 4. 英语文学类论文范文 5. 初中英语教学计划范文