英文认知策略论文目录模板

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

我上周还在为论文的事急急急的，同事介绍我找VIP英语论文网的老师帮忙。他们安排了个老师跟我沟通了一下，我觉得挺专业的，后来就指定那个老师帮我写了，论文的大致框架还有思路都给我讲了，我觉得挺好的，最近我也是每天跟老师联系的，觉得还是挺放心的，呵呵，感觉还是比较省事的。参考下这篇文章，或许对你有帮助语言研究者和语言教师发现在众多影响外语学习的因素中,语言学习策略是一个不可忽视的因素。自20世纪70年代以来国内外学者对学习策略进行了大量研究。英语阅读能力的培养是高中英语教学的重要任务之一,而阅读策略的培养是高中英语阅读教学的一个重点,也是《普通高中英语课程标准(2003年实验稿)》所列举的一项课程目标。然而,国内学者对学习策略的研究大多是以大学生为研究对象的,针对高中生的研究并不多见;以中学生为对象的英语阅读策略研究甚少,实验研究则更少。本论文旨在通过对高中学生进行定量和定性研究,根据高中学生在英语阅读中使用相关学习策略的情况,证实有选择地灵活使用阅读策略有助于提高阅读效率和阅读水平,阅读策略训练有助于提升学生的策略意识和自主学习的能力。本研究以高中生为研究对象,旨在调查他们英语阅读用特点,高、低分数组学生在阅读策略使用上的差异以及学习策略与英语成绩的相关关系,以期发现高中生英语阅读策略的使用对英语成绩可能产生的积极作用;主要通过问卷调查并辅以访谈收集数据,运用定量和定性分析相结合的方法处理数据;利用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)11.5对调查和实验所得的数据进行了定量分析。本研究基于《普通高中英语课程标准(2003年实验稿)》、Oxford(1990)和Andersen(1999)等人关于英语(阅读)策略的问卷,编者编写了由认知策略和元认知策略两大类、共12小类、66个问题组成的《高中学生英语阅读策略使用情况问卷》(ERSISMiSS),对127名(实验班64名,对照班63名)高三学生英语阅读策略的使用进行了实验研究,试图回答以下几个研究问题:1、高三学生英语阅读策略的使用频率与阅读成绩之间的关系如何?2、善学者和不善学习者在策略使用上有什么差别?3、英语阅读策略训练会不会对英语阅读策略的使用频率和阅读成绩产生影响?本论文的主要研究结论为:1、高三学生英语阅读策略的使用频率与前测的阅读成绩之间没有显著性相关关系。而他们的英语阅读策略使用频率与后测的阅读成绩之间则有显著性相关关系。2、不同英语阅读水平的学生之间在英语阅读策略的使用方面总体上没有显著性差异。两组学生最常用的十个具体的策略均是认知策略,而最不常用的十个具体策略中,优秀生有六项,一般学生有八项是元认知策略。3、英语阅读策略训练对英语阅读策略的使用频率和阅读成绩均有较大的影响,但短期的训练对学生认知策略的使用频率影响大一些:实验组与对照组之间阅读策略与后测阅读成绩的相关性有显著差异,但这种差异是由认知策略的使用造成的,在元认知策略的使用上,两组之间没有显著差异。4、高分组学生比低分组学生能更好地运用阅读策略。高分组学生不仅比低分组学生更频繁地使用阅读策略,而且两者在记忆策略、认知策略、元认知策略和社会策略的使用上存在显著差异。5、除补偿策略以外,其它五类策略与英语成绩显著相关。英语阅读策略在整体上对英语成绩具有中度的预测力。记忆策略和元认知策略对英语成绩具有显著的正向预测力。6、英语阅读策略对英语阅读成绩有重要影响,元认知阅读策略是影响学习成绩的首要因素。阅读策略训练有助于提高阅读效率和学生的策略使用意识。最后,本论文结论:在英语学习中,学生要加强阅读策略使用的意识,提高自己的英语阅读效率和阅读水平;在日常英语教学中,尤其是在泛读课上,教师应加强对学生进行阅读策略优化训练,以提高学生自主阅读的能力。全文共分五章。第一章简要介绍了本研究的背景。第二章对国内外英语阅读策略相关文献进行综述。第三章讨论了研究的设计,包括研究环境、研究问题、取样、研究步骤、研究工具、数据搜集与分析、英语阅读策略培训方法等。第四章为对数据的分析与讨论。第五章对研究作简要总结,指出研究发现、局限性及本研究对中学英语阅读教学的启示并对以后的研究提出建议。 如果你还有什么不懂的，自己咨询VIP英语论文网也可以，老师的态度很好

英语阅读的认知观论文

摘要： 英语阅读过程中陈述性知识和程序性知识相互依赖、相互作用，对意义理解具有重要作用。文章指出，知识是构成英语阅读能力的认知元素，是学习者解读意义的媒介、技能和策略。信息的编码与解码是学习者运用知识准确理解语言、文化和情感意义的能动的认知过程。

关键词： 知识；意义；英语阅读；理解

引言

哲学家赖尔（Ryle G.）于1949年将知识区分为陈述性知识（declarative knowledge）和程序性知识（procedural knowledge）[1]。后来认知心理学家加涅（Gagne RM.）和安德森（Anderson JR.）等把它们应用于人类的学习理论和认知理论研究。我国学者皮连生教授通过多年研究，提出了广义知识理论。[2]他认为，知识分狭义知识和广义知识。狭义知识仅指陈述性知识；而广义知识包括陈述性知识和程序性知识。程序性知识是技能，是人们运用规则对外办事的程序性知识，（即认知技能，cognitive skills和动作技能，motor skills）以及运用规则对内调控的程序性知识（即策略性知识strategic knowledge），是有关“如何做”的知识。

阅读是一个信息加工过程。人们为研究这些问题进行了大量而富有成效的研究，提出了不同的阅读理论与模式：自下而上模式（the bottom-up model）、自上而下模式（the top-down model）、互动模式（interactive model）和图式理论（schema theory）。[3]本文运用当代认知心理学广义知识理论，从英语阅读过程分析与讨论陈述性知识和程序性知识对学习者理解语言意义、文化意义以及情感意义的认知作用。

1 陈述性知识

阅读是通过视觉感知语言符号后大脑处理、加工与理解信息意义的心理过程。[4]阅读材料一般承载着三方面的信息：语言信息（词汇、语法等语言结构）、文化信息（历史、政治等）和情感信息（作者的观点、态度等）。因此，成功的阅读意味着学习者能正确解读阅读材料中的语言意义、文化意义和情感意义。那么，在英语阅读认知活动中，陈述性知识对语言、文化和情感信息的编码和译码究竟起到了怎样作用？

陈述性知识是人有意识掌握的、以命题（proposition）方式储存在大脑中的事实、概念、或观念构成的信息，是有关世界“是什么”的知识。而命题是人们从事物的知觉信息中抽取出主要意义而忽略其细节特征的一种表征方式[5]。它具有抽象性和概括性。因此，学习者所获取有关英语的陈述性知识反映出他们对英语语言及其文化规律性的认知结果。在英语阅读认知活动中，学习者要理解阅读材料的语言意义，必须提取头脑中储存的英语词汇知识和语法知识（陈述性知识）。心理学的研究表明，在理解某一词语时，学习者会自动检索自己陈述性记忆中的“心理词典”（ mental dictionary ），即首先激活陈述性记忆中的有关该词的知觉以及该词的所有含义，然后根据上下文做出选择。比如：要准确理解“He lost the match and also lost the chance to play in the finals.”句中 “finals”的词义时，学习者会自动激活该词的所有含义：“最后的”、“决赛”、“期末考试”和“报纸每日发行的最后一版”，并能根据语境迅速确定“final”是“决赛”，而不是其他含义。可见，理解词义首先需要具备词汇知识。学习者的心理词典内容越丰富，其提取词义的速度就越快。同理，分析句子结构、理顺词句间复杂的`语法和逻辑关系离不开语法知识。要准确理解“He has built a mansion overlooking Lake Washington that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors” （徐小贞，《新世纪职高高专英语》，上海外语教育出版社，2005）这个句子，必须对这个结构较复杂的句子进行语法分析，理顺“overlooking Lake Washington”和 “that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry and TV monitors”与“mansion”之间的语法关系，即现在分词短语和定语从句分别作名词“mansion”的定语。

解读语言意义需要语言知识；理解文化意义必须依赖文化背景知识。陈述性知识作为世界知识，它涉及英语语言知识和英语文化背景知识。认知心理学的研究发现，图式（schema）是陈述性知识的综合表征形式，是对范畴（category）中的规律性进行编码的一种形式（nderson R.C. & D. P. Pearson，1984）[6] 。图式既是一种知识表征形式，又是相互关联的知识构成的完整的信息系统，它是建立在个体经验基础上的、有层次的动态结构。比如，“打电话”的行为图式包括摘机、拨号、问好、交谈、告别和挂机一系列的动作程序。即便电话内容有所不同，但打电话的动作程序是大致相同的。图式的这种结构性与程式性为读者加工新信息提供了认知模式（cognitive model）和理解框架。安德森（Anderson，A.）和利恩奇（Lynch，T.）的听力理解研究表明，听者的意义建构是通过更广泛的信息资源所获得的，这种信息资源既包括图式（schematic）知识又包括情境（contextual）知识[7]。这表明我们并不仅仅依赖于传入耳中的语音性质来获得意义，还必须运用大脑中储存的图式知识对输入信息进行加工和意义建构。此外，图式还可以解释话语中词汇的多义（polysemy）现象（Lehnert W.G.）。读者读到 “ The royal proclamation was finished. The king sent for his seal.” 这个句子时，之所以不会将句中的“seal ”（印章）误解为 “海豹 ”；是因为句中的“seal ”、“the royal proclamation”和“king ”属于同一图式。可见，图式能帮助读者消除歧义（ambiguity）、准确地提取词义。就文体图式而言，论说文有论说文的文体图式；记叙文有记叙文的文体图式，等等。英语新闻的编辑图式（who、when、where、 what、why、how）无疑有助于学习者更迅速、准确地理解新闻的内容。安德森（Anderson .R. C.）认为，在阅读理解中，图式具有为同化新信息提供信息框架的作用。[8]让我们看一段文字材料：

The procedure is quite simple. First，you arrange things into different groups. Of course，one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities that is the next step，otherwise youare pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is，it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first，the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon，however，it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future，but then one can never tell. After the procedure is completed one arranges the materials into groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will have to be completed. However，this is part of life.[9]

一般读者看完后会觉得这段文字难以理解。为什么会这样呢？这主要是因为读者没有将新信息与自己头脑中的图式知识建立起有机联系。如果将这段文字加上标题“Washing Clothes”， 这时读者有关“洗衣服”的图式就被激活，理解起来也就更容易、更准确。

另一方面，文化背景知识有助于学习者更好地理解阅读材料的内容，准确把握阅读材料的文化意义。不同的阅读材料涉及不同的内容，如政治、哲学、历史、地理、教育、体育，民俗，等等。因此，我们难以想象一个对哲学知之甚微的读者能看懂有关哲学的文章或书籍。从认知意义上说，学习者获取的陈述性知识越丰富，在认知英语的过程中形成的英语语言与文化图式就越多，其理解事物的能力就越强。语言学家努南（Nunan D.的研究也发现，在阅读理解中，背景知识比语法知识起的作用更大。[10]

在解读文本情感意义的过程中，陈述性知识以语言形式所承载的概念、命题的方式为学习者提供了分析、概括、综合和推理的文字依据。学习者通过运用这些概念和命题来分析与理解作者的观点或态度。比如，阅读 “Two Kinds of Football”（李观仪.《新编英语教程》上海外语教育出版社，1999）这篇文章后，要求学生分析作者对足球运动的态度，并作出正确评价。要理解作者的态度，学生必须从文章的字里行间找出作者对足球运动态度方面的信息，如“American football … is the American national sport”，“It excites tremendous enthusiasm”，“American football has a reputation of being a brutal and dangerous game. This reputation is not really deserved”，“Soccer games can now draw crowds of over 70 thousand in cities where baseball attracts a mere 20 thousand spectators”，“Soccer is being brilliantly promoted，like any other promising American product”；然后进行分析、整合、概括和推断；最终对作者的态度作出客观、正确的评价：作者对足球运动持“赞成”态度。

综上所述，在阅读理解中，陈述性知识对学习者理解阅读材料中的语言意义、文化意义和情感意义都起着重要的媒介或“桥梁”作用。然而，在意义理解的过程中，学习者仅有陈述性知识是不够的，还需运用必要的阅读技能与策略。

2 程序性知识

程序性知识对学习者阅读技能与策略的形成与发展具有重要意义。程序性知识是运用规则做事的技能。就英语阅读而言，这些“规则”主要指阅读技能和阅读策略（策略性知识）。程序性知识的产生式“条件---行为”规则告诉我们，“规则支配行为”。只有满足用规则做事的条件，才能实施与之相符合的行为。这说明在阅读理解过程中，陈述性知识和程序性知识是相互依赖、相互作用的。要充分理解文本意义，学习者必须掌握有关英语阅读技能与策略方面的陈述性知识，并能根据词、句、篇不同层面的信息加工的需要灵活选择与运用与之相符合的词义提取技能、语句理解技能、篇章理解技能。如理解段落大意通常使用“主题句”（topic sentence）阅读技能。就英语阅读词义理解技能来说，有构词法、同义词、反义词、上下义、上下文、定义、解释、重述、识别指代关系等。英语教学实践证明，经过大量实际练习，这些技能不仅会日趋熟练，而且能有效地促进学习者对词义的理解。

另一方面，作为阅读策略，程序性知识的作用主要体现在帮助学习者有效地设定阅读目标、选择阅读技能等，以调节与监控他们分析、综合、判断、概括思维活动，提高意义理解的速度与质量。学习者知道英语阅读技能方面的陈述性知识，但如果不能根据阅读材料的性质和阅读目标的需要灵活选择合适的阅读技能，这无疑会影响其阅读理解。假如学习者的阅读目标只是了解文章大意，那么应选择略读（skimming）策略，然后对自己的略读过程进行监控，即有意识地按照略读的三个步骤进行阅读——首先通读文章的起始段和结尾段；然后细读其他段落的主题句；最后浏览与主题句相关的信息词。[11

通过以上分析我们可以看出，英语阅读能力是由陈述性知识、程序性知识和策略性知识构成的（这里的‘能力’指学习者通过获取和运用知识所形成的能力，不包括能力的先天因素）。陈述性知识、程序性知识和策略性知识在阅读认知活动中扮演着不同的“角色”，但它们互相依赖、互相作用，共同促进学习者对语言、文化和情感意义的理解。

3 结语

本文运用广义知识理论阐明了英语阅读的认知观：英语阅读能力是由陈述性、程序性和策略性知识构成的。意义理解是一个互动的过程。词义的理解离不开句子；语篇理解又以词句的理解为支撑。意义理解的过程既有自下而上（bottom-up）的信息加工，又有自上而下（top-down）的信息加工。在英语阅读认知活动中，知识既各司其职，又相互联系、相互作用，对学习者解读文本意义起到了媒介、技能与策略的作用。广义知识理论认为，英语阅读理解不仅是学习者接受信息的过程，而且是他们运用知识主动加工信息、准确解读文本的语言、文化和情感意义的认知过程。

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[2]皮连生.智育心理学[M].北京：人民教育出版社，1996.

[3]Grabe，W.Currentdevelopment in second language reading research. TESOL，Quarterly 25（3），pp.375-406，1991.

[4]朱纯.外语教学心理学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994.

[5]Anderson，JR.1983.The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge，MA:Harvard University Press.

[6]Anderson，R.C. & Pearson，D.P.1984. A Schema-theoretic View of Basic Processes in Reading Comprehension. In Carrell，Devine & Eskey（ed.）Introductive Approaches to Second Language Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[7]Anderson，A.and Lynch，T.1988.Listening.Oxford: Oxford University.

[8] 同 [5].

[9]Carroll，D.1986. Psychology of Language. Monterey，California：Brooks/Cloe Publishing Company.

[10]Nunan，D. 2001.Second Language Teaching and Learning.Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

[11] 程晓堂等.英语学习策略[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002.