儒学英文论文文献

四书指的是《论语》《孟子》《大学》和《中庸》，这些是古代必考的内容；而五经指的是《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》。因为四书五经体现了儒家思想，所以称为儒家经典。儒家经典又称儒家典籍，是儒家学派的典范之作，被世人奉为“经”，受到历代帝王的推崇。主要指十三经，同时也包括历代儒家学者的评注和解说。十三经是儒家文化的基本著作，就传统观念而言，《易》《诗》《书》《礼》《春秋》谓之“经”，《左传》《公羊传》《谷梁传》属于《春秋经》之“传”，《礼记》《孝经》《论语》《孟子》均为“记”，《尔雅》则是汉代经师的训诂之作。其中，“经”的地位最高，“传”“记”次之，《尔雅》又次之。十三种儒家文献取得“经”的地位，经过了一个相当长的时期。在汉代，以《易》《诗》《书》《礼》《春秋》为“五经”，官方颇为重视，立于学官。唐代有“九经”，也立于学官，并用以取士。所谓“九经”包括《易》《诗》《书》《周礼》《仪礼》《礼记》和《春秋》三传。唐文宗开成年间于国子学刻石，所镌内容除“九经”外，又益以《论语》《尔雅》《孝经》。五代时蜀主孟昶刻“十一经”，排除《孝经》《尔雅》，收入《孟子》，《孟子》首次跻入诸经之列。南宋硕儒朱熹以《礼记》中的《大学》《中庸》与《论语》《孟子》并列，形成了今天人们所熟知的《四书》，并为官方所认可，《孟子》正式成为“经”。至此，儒家的十三部文献确立了它的经典地位。清乾隆时期，镌刻《十三经》经文于石，阮元又合刻《十三经注疏》，从此，“十三经”之称及其在儒学典籍中的尊崇地位更加深入人心。最初只有《六经》，后来《乐经》失传，剩下五经，随着历史的发展，便有了七经、十三经、十经等名称。

墨家：Mohist founder mo-tse, its thought: love not attack, it is force, firm the day was buried, in the warring states later has not valued.（墨家创始人墨子，其思想有:兼爱非攻，尚力，节用节葬，在战国以后一直未受到重视）儒家：Confucian founder Confucius, mencius and xunzi after and. Confucius's thought core is the kernel and rite, mencius thoughts core is benevolent governance, xunzi has simple materialistic thought, Confucianism in dong put forward to the emperor "rejection of various philosophical," adapted to the centralized, Taoism and the rise of Buddhism, which makes the Confucianism facing crisis, Confucian thoughts to adapt to the contemporary society, now the world a "Confucianism hot", many countries have built Confucius school.（儒家创始人孔子，在此后还有孟子和荀子。孔子的思想核心是仁和礼，孟子的思想核心是仁政，荀子具有朴素的唯物思想，儒学在董仲舒向汉武帝提出“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”后适应了中央集权，道教和佛教的兴起，使得儒学面临着危机，儒家的思想适应当代社会，现在全世界掀起“儒学热”，很多国家都建有孔子学校。）道家：The founder of the Taoist Lao zi, after that have chuang tzu. Lao tze thought core is the author, zhuang zi's thought is the core of all things.(道家创始人老子，在此之后有庄子。老子思想核心是辨证论，庄子的思想核心是齐物。)法家：These two ferraris of pole is han fei, of course, Reese is also rich in, HanFeiZi emphasize method, technique, the potential combination of law is the law, art is power tactics, the potential is power. In the qin dynasty when they have been praised highly nomocracy thought.（法家的极大成者是韩非，当然李斯也是发家的，韩非子强调法，术，势的结合，法是法律，术是权术，势是势力。在秦朝的时候就一直推崇法家思想。）亲，这中文是根据我所了解的写的，可能会少，英语是用有道翻译的，希望能够帮助你~~

Confucian, figures: Confucius, mencius, xunzi, advocating "virtue and intellectuality";Taoist, figures: laozi, zhuangzi, to one of his novices, advocate natural, let nature take its course, advocate quietism;Mohist, figures: mo zi, "and love each other, enhance the" as the theory basis,Legalist school, figures: han fei, Reese, claiming that mount, though, "no don't or not special, and a fault in law"