非言语行为作用英语论文参考文献

On the use of body language in cross cultural communication.In the teaching of mathematics, the students can gain the successful experience of the experiential learning in the teaching of Ideological and moral character to improve the effectiveness of school-based training to promote the professionalization of teachers... "Matthew effect" in the slip in the inverted "system" in the teaching of miraculous art class EQ training mathematics teaching should attach importance to cultivating the habit of British celebrities and their national spirit strengthen the necessity of moral education in junior high school, let the light of history shining child growth of traditional culture in moral education in the practice of penetration of the traditional culture in sports in the classroom as a teacher, please give more "exquisite" network moral education in the teaching of junior middle school information technology. On the effective teaching strategies of junior high school physics teaching to promote the teaching of moral educationBody language, like language, is a part of culture. The meaning of body language is not exactly the same in different cultures. Different ethnic groups have different ways of communicating. Therefore, to use a foreign language for effective communication, in a language, we must understand the speaker's gestures, movements, behavior, etc.. In some cases, the body movements and the words are not consistent, verbal and body language expression is not the same as the expression of language. Due to cultural differences, even if the language is accurate, it will produce a misunderstanding. For different people, the same word or the same expression can have different meanings. Due to cultural differences, to talk about a serious problem, the body language is not appropriate to use, can make the listener laugh; a sentence of no malicious words may make the other person unhappy or angry. On the use of body language in different countries, in different countries, body language has a similar place, there are differences in place, which shows the importance of understanding the body language in another language. Can be seen, the real master of the two languages in another language to speak, but also to change another body language, so as to achieve a better communication effect.Key words: non verbal communication; body language; cultureBecause only 30% of the dialogue is a language, the importance of nonverbal communication is no longer emphasized. Whether we can be a true communicator, to a great extent, depends on our ability to use nonverbal techniques. However, this is not an easy job. It is estimated that the human body can produce more than 270000 gestures, but there is no rule, we can do is go with the flow. Non language communication comes from the social, cultural and environmental factors. Body movement research, or body language, is called human action. Body potential behavior, including gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behavior, and other physical display, can be used for communication. People communicate in many different ways. Of course, one of the most important ways is through the language. In addition, it can be used as an independent body and an independent process. Language is obviously crucial to human beings, but it is not a story of human communication. The study of nonverbal communication should be a study of the complement of each other. If the study should be helpful for further understanding.A different body language in the East and the West.When you use a foreign language, the meaning of gestures and expressions is very important in foreign countries. Most body language, like spoken language, is not a biological one, but a learned behavior that is acquired by people and is a social experience after their birth. Therefore, body language is closely related to society and culture. Body language and culture are different in different countries and nations. People from different cultural backgrounds, the same action in dealing with things you can have many unexpected results.1 gazeIt is universal, but usually we are not sure how we look at it. According to American customs, when two people talk to each other, they should look at each other. Otherwise, one may feel afraid, indifferent, not concentrated, not respected or guilty. Even in public speaking, the speaker will be looking at the audience. If he doesn't do that, the audience will feel they are not respected. When speaking, the audience should look at the speaker's eyes or face. If the speech is too long, the audience should say "yes" or "nod" to express them carefully. If you agree with the speaker's point of view, you can nod or smile. But if you do not agree with this view, you can shake your head or raise your eyebrows or show a problem. It is not appropriate to stare at someone for a long time in English speaking countries, although you are enjoying the beauty of others, but it also will offend others. When they travel to other countries, a lot of foreign visitors will feel angry if they are looking at them for a long time. They think the local people are not polite, but they do not know it is a body language, it only means that the locals are curious about them. However, the Chinese people, the Chinese people in the process of interpersonal communication, will try to avoid and communicate the object of attention. In other words, it's not polite to stare at each other. Due to differences in the cultures of the East and the west, Eastern and western communication, but also try to take self deprecating look.2 smileNonverbal behavior, such as smiling and laughing, seems to reduce the distance between cross-cultural communication. But in reality, they are often found not very common. Either laugh or smile, it usually shows the "friendly" "happy" "happy" or "happy" or "happy"". But sometimes our best intentions can lead to cross cultural communication.浅谈跨文化交际中身势语的运用在数学教学中让学生获得成功体验体验式学习法在思想品德教学中的运用提高校本培训的实效性促进教师专业化…“马太效应”在转差中的倒置应用“生导制”在教学中的奇效美术课中的情商培养数学教学要重视习惯培养英国名人与其民族精神加强初中德育的必要性让历史之光照耀孩子成长传统文化在德育中的实践初探如何在体育课堂中渗透传统文化为人师者,请多些“讲究”网络道德教育在初中信息技术教学中的…浅谈初中物理的有效教学策略情境教学促品德课堂教育细无声摘 要：身势语同语言一样，都是文化的一部分。在不同文化中，身势语的意义并不完全相同。各民族有不同的非语言交际方式。因此，要用外语进行有效的交际，在说某种语言时就得了解说话人的手势、动作、举止等所表示的意思。在某些情况下，人体动作与所说的话不一致，口头说的与身势语表达的意思不一样。由于文化上的不同，即使语言准确无误，也会产生误会。对于不同的人们，同一个词或同一种表达方式可以有不同的意义。由于文化上的差异，谈一个严肃的问题时，身势语使用不得体，可以使听者发笑；一句毫无恶意的话可能使对方不快或气愤。对身势语在不同国家的使用进行比较研究，在不同的国家里，身势语有相似的地方，也有差异的地方，这说明了解另一种语言中身势语的重要性。可见，真正掌握两种语言的人在换用另一种语言说话时也要换用另一种身势语，这样才能达到更好的交际效果。 关键词：非语言交际；身势语；文化 因为只有30%的沟通对话是语言，所以非语言沟通的重要性不用再强调。我们是否能成为真正的沟通者，在很大程度上取决于我们适当使用非语言技巧的能力。然而，这并不是一件容易的工作。据估计，人体可以产生270000多个手势，但没有制定的规则，我们能做的就是顺其自然。非语言沟通源于社会、文化和环境因素。身体动作的研究，或肢体语言，被称为人体动作学。身势行为包括手势、头部动作、面部表情、眼睛的行为，和其他物理显示器，可用于交流。人们用很多不同的方式交流。当然，最重要的方法之一是通过语言。此外，它可以被当作一个独立体的和一个独立完成的过程。语言显然对人类至关重要的，但它不是整个人类交流的故事。非言语交际的研究应该是相辅相成的语言的研究。如果加以研究应该有助于进一步理解。 一、在东方和西方国家不同的身体语言 当你使用一门外语，手势和表情的含义在国外是非常重要的。大多数身体语言，就像口头语言，不是生物遗传的，而是从人们获得的一种习得行为，是他们出生之后的社会经验。因此，肢体语言对社会和文化密切相关。在不同的国家和民族，身体语言文化是不同的。来自不同文化背景的人，同样的动作在处理事情上可以有许多预想不到的结果。 1.目光注视 看的意义是普遍的，但通常我们不确定的是我们如何看。根据美国习俗，当两个人互相交谈，他们应该互相看看。否则，其中一个可能会感到害怕，冷漠，不集中，不尊重或有罪的。即使在公共演讲中，演讲者也会根据需要看着听众。如果他不这样做，观众会感到他们不受尊重。说话的时候，观众应该看说话者的眼睛或脸。如果讲话太长，观众应该说“嗯”或点头来表达他们在仔细听。如果你同意演讲者的观点，可以点头或微笑。但是如果你不同意这一观点，你可以摇头或抬起眉毛或显示问题。盯着某人太长时间是不适合在英语国家，虽然你是在欣赏别人的美，但它也会冒犯别人。当他们旅行到别的国家时，如果被长时间盯着看，很多外国游客会感到愤怒。他们认为当地人是不礼貌的，但是他们不知道它是一种身体语言，只意味着当地人对他们感到好奇。然而就中国人来说，中国人在人际交往的过程中，会尽量避免和交际对象的目光注视。换句话说，直直盯着对方是很不礼貌的。由于东西方文化所存在的差异，就要求东方人和西方人交际时，也尽量采取自谦式的目光。 2.微笑 非语言行为，如微笑和大笑似乎会缩减跨文化交际的距离。但在现实中，他们常常发现不是很普遍。无论笑或微笑，它通常显示了“友好的”“令人愉快的”“满意”“快乐”或“愉快”。但有时我们最好的意图会导致跨文化交际中的故障。这可以显示在以下情 况下： 日本学生：在上下学的路上，我收到了一个美国女孩微笑好几次了。最后我终于知道了她对我不感兴趣；它只意味着一种祝福给一个外国人。在日本如果有人对一个陌生人微笑，特别是对一个女孩，她可以假设他是一个不礼貌的人。 韩国学生：一个美国人，在我的国家进行了为期一周的访问。他的推理是，韩国人不是很友好，因为他们很少或者根本不对外国人交谈。大多数韩国人花时间去与人友好，可我们从来不对陌生人说话或对陌生人微笑。 不同文化的人，一个微笑或大笑，却可能有非常不同的含义。在东亚国家，人们不容易展示情感。他们习惯于面对隐藏而不是揭示他们的感受。 3.手势语 手势组成是一个非语言沟通的主要形式。与使用的手语相比，是聋人交流复杂信息的一种方式，手势的功能就像视觉上的图像，它代表的是单一的意念。而往往这些手势极受文化限制，甚至造成尴尬的误解。例如，几乎每个人都有被他人指的经验。你有没有注意到来自不同国家做出这个手势人们之间的差异吗？从小中国人被教导，用食指点是不礼貌的事情。这个概念是反映在语言。正如我们所知，中国的一些习语包含贬义。这与俄罗斯国家是相同――不是用手指去点东西。中国和俄罗斯人应该使用整个手掌。然而，英国或美国人用食指去指向别人，他们不认为这是一个粗鲁的手势。 另一个类似的例子，可以提出是招手手势的人。在印度、西非和中美洲，这种手势意味着招手，因为如果我们叫一辆出租车或别人走向我们时。他们说再见，北美人右手的手掌向下，延长手指，手指上下移动。中国手势是不合适的，因为中国只有在招呼儿童或动物时才发出这种动作；有时这被很多外国人认为是进攻的姿态，所以它甚至可能引起麻烦。这里还有很多其他的身体行为，如美国人通常用大拇指及食指环绕起一个圆圈表示“OK”。同样的手势的意思是日本人是“钱”的意思，法国和巴西人是“零”的意思。出于这个原因，人们接触外国文化时必须小心地使用手势。演讲者演讲完之后，观众鼓掌表示“谢谢”。在中国被拍的青少年或者成年人被拍，它显示了安慰、鼓励。在美国语的手势“拇指”意味着“好”“优秀”“协议”，但更经常使用免费乘坐机动车。但是有这种手势在英国和美国之间的差异。正如我们所知，英国人开车离开，坐在右边，而美国人恰恰相反。因此，当交通灯不工作时，英国人伸展右手的车窗提示方向，但美国人必须伸展左手。 二、结论 尽管有证据表明，某些非语言沟通的倾向是常见的所有人类，但由于文化差异很大，一个微笑，一个点头，目光接触可能在不同文化都有不同的含义。本文考虑的重要非语言代码系统，用于补充、增强或替代语言代码系统。他们不太精确的和有意识的使用和解释，但他们可以有强大的影响对他人的看法和解释。非语言代码系统涉及身体动作、触摸和其他非语言代码系统描述。最后，这些非语言代码系统的相互关系与语言代码系统探索。一般建议：当一个人以某种语言进行通信时，在特定语言的非语言行为中它通常是明智的使用。了解这些身势语，对人们在跨文化交际中互相理解，避免误会，对于填平文化沟壑和交流有重要的 意义。 参考文献： [1]毕继万.跨文化非语言交际[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1999：24. [2][美]罗杰・E・阿克斯特尔.身势语[M].万明玉，译.上海译文出版社，1998：78-81，125-36. [3]顾曰国.跨文化交际[M].外语教学与研究出版社，2000. [4]胡文仲.文化与交际[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1994.

参考文献：[1]Larry A.Samovar & Richard E.Porter & Lisa A.Stefani Communication between Cultures 外语教学与研究出版社&汤姆森学习出版社，2000.[2]胡文仲.交际与文化.外语教学与研究出版社,1994.[3]顾嘉祖,陆升.语言与文化.上海外语教育出版社,1990.[4]熊文华“. 非语言交际理论在外语教学中的指导作用”.语言教学与研究,1986.[5] 郭忠才. 外语教学中的非语言交际研究. 四川外语学院学报,2001.5.