武术论文英文文献

Chinese martial arts, popularly referred to as kung fu or gung fu (Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu), and also by the Mandarin Chinese term wushu (simplified Chinese: 武术; traditional Chinese: 武术; pinyin: wǔshù), are a number of fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" (家, jiā), "sects" (派, pài) or "schools" (门, mén) of martial arts. Examples of such traits include physical exercises involving animal mimicry, or training methods inspired by Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (内家拳, nèijiāquán), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external (外家拳, wàijiāquán). Geographical association, as in northern (北拳, běiquán) and southern (南拳, nánquán), is another popular classification method.TerminologyKung fu and wushu are terms that have been borrowed into English to refer to Chinese martial arts. However, the Chinese terms kung fu and wushu listen (Mandarin) (help·info); Cantonese: móuh-seuht) have distinct meanings;[1] the Chinese literal equivalent of "Chinese martial art" would be Zhongguo wushu (Chinese: 中国武术; pinyin: zhōngguó wǔshù).Wǔshù literally means "martial art". It is formed from the two words 武术: 武 (wǔ), meaning "martial" or "military" and 术 (shù), which translates into "discipline", "skill" or "method."The term wushu has also become the name for the modern sport of wushu, an exhibition and full-contact sport of bare-handed and weapons forms (Chinese: 套路, pinyin: tàolù), adapted and judged to a set of aesthetic criteria for points developed since 1949 in the People's Republic of China.[2][3]Quan fa (拳法) is another Chinese term for Chinese martial arts. It means "fist principles" or "the law of the fist" (Quan means "fist" and fa means "law", "way" or "study"). The name of the Japanese martial art Kenpō is represented by the same characters.The term "kung fu"Main article: Kung fu (term)In Chinese, kung fu (功夫, gōng meaning "work" or "achievement" and either fū, "man", or fu, a particle or suffix that can mean "intensity") can also be used in contexts completely unrelated to martial arts, and refers to any individual accomplishment or skill cultivated through long effort and hard work.[1] It is only in the late twentieth century, that this term was used in relation to martial arts by the Chinese community.[4][5]Wushu is a more precise term for general martial activities.HistoryThe genesis of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the need for self-defense, hunting techniques and military training in ancient China. Hand-to-hand combat and weapons practice were important in training ancient Chinese soldiers.[6][7]Detailed knowledge about the state and development of Chinese martial arts becomes available from the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), as the Central Guoshu Institute established by the Kuomintang regime made an effort to compile an encyclopedic survey of martial arts schools. Since the 1950s, the People's Republic of China has organized Chinese martial arts as an exhibition and full-contact sport under the heading of Wushu.Legendary originsAccording to legend, Chinese martial arts originated during the semi-mythical Xia Dynasty (夏朝) more than 4,000 years ago.[8] It is said the Yellow EmperorHuangdi (legendary date of ascension 2698 BCE) introduced the earliest fighting systems to China.[9] The Yellow Emperor is described as a famous general who, before becoming China’s leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology and the martial arts. One of his main opponents was Chi You (蚩尤) who was credited as the creator of jiao di, a forerunner to the modern art of Chinese Wrestling.[10]Early historyThe earliest references to Chinese martial arts are found in the Spring and Autumn Annals (5th century BCE),[11] where a hand to hand combat theory, including the integration of notions of "hard" and "soft" techniques, is mentioned.[12] A combat wrestling system called juélì or jiǎolì (角力) is mentioned in the Classic of Rites.[13] This combat system included techniques such as strikes, throws, joint manipulation, and pressure point attacks. Jiao Di became a sport during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE). The Han History Bibliographies record that, by the Former Han (206 BCE – 8 CE), there was a distinction between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls shǒubó (手搏), for which training manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, then known as juélì (角力). Wrestling is also documented in the Shǐ Jì, Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian (ca. 100 BCE).[14]TerminologyKung fu and wushu are terms that have been borrowed into English to refer to Chinese martial arts. However, the Chinese terms kung fu and wushu listen (Mandarin) (help·info); Cantonese: móuh-seuht) have distinct meanings;[1] the Chinese literal equivalent of "Chinese martial art" would be Zhongguo wushu (Chinese: 中国武术; pinyin: zhōngguó wǔshù).Wǔshù literally means "martial art". It is formed from the two words 武术: 武 (wǔ), meaning "martial" or "military" and 术 (shù), which translates into "discipline", "skill" or "method."The term wushu has also become the name for the modern sport of wushu, an exhibition and full-contact sport of bare-handed and weapons forms (Chinese: 套路, pinyin: tàolù), adapted and judged to a set of aesthetic criteria for points developed since 1949 in the People's Republic of China.[2][3]Quan fa (拳法) is another Chinese term for Chinese martial arts. It means "fist principles" or "the law of the fist" (Quan means "fist" and fa means "law", "way" or "study"). The name of the Japanese martial art Kenpō is represented by the same characters.The term "kung fu"Main article: Kung fu (term)In Chinese, kung fu (功夫, gōng meaning "work" or "achievement" and either fū, "man", or fu, a particle or suffix that can mean "intensity") can also be used in contexts completely unrelated to martial arts, and refers to any individual accomplishment or skill cultivated through long effort and hard work.[1] It is only in the late twentieth century, that this term was used in relation to martial arts by the Chinese community.[4][5]Wushu is a more precise term for general martial activities.HistoryThe genesis of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the need for self-defense, hunting techniques and military training in ancient China. Hand-to-hand combat and weapons practice were important in training ancient Chinese soldiers.[6][7]Detailed knowledge about the state and development of Chinese martial arts becomes available from the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), as the Central Guoshu Institute established by the Kuomintang regime made an effort to compile an encyclopedic survey of martial arts schools. Since the 1950s, the People's Republic of China has organized Chinese martial arts as an exhibition and full-contact sport under the heading of Wushu.Legendary originsAccording to legend, Chinese martial arts originated during the semi-mythical Xia Dynasty (夏朝) more than 4,000 years ago.[8] It is said the Yellow EmperorHuangdi (legendary date of ascension 2698 BCE) introduced the earliest fighting systems to China.[9] The Yellow Emperor is described as a famous general who, before becoming China’s leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology and the martial arts. One of his main opponents was Chi You (蚩尤) who was credited as the creator of jiao di, a forerunner to the modern art of Chinese Wrestling.[10]Early historyThe earliest references to Chinese martial arts are found in the Spring and Autumn Annals (5th century BCE),[11] where a hand to hand combat theory, including the integration of notions of "hard" and "soft" techniques, is mentioned.[12] A combat wrestling system called juélì or jiǎolì (角力) is mentioned in the Classic of Rites.[13] This combat system included techniques such as strikes, throws, joint manipulation, and pressure point attacks. Jiao Di became a sport during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE). The Han History Bibliographies record that, by the Former Han (206 BCE – 8 CE), there was a distinction between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls shǒubó (手搏), for which training manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, then known as juélì (角力). Wrestling is also documented in the Shǐ Jì, Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian (ca. 100 BCE).[14]

《黑带》，美国武术权威杂志，被评上的都是公认的世界级大师武术家。李小龙曾七次被黑带评为世上最强的七个武术家之一。（那是题外话）

1.世界跆拳道锦标赛至今举办了几届？答：5届。2.中国际武联至今有几个洲际会员组织，有几个会员国？答：有4个洲际会员组织，有30有几个会员国。3.中国跆拳道2004年以后还参加了什么世界性的比赛？答：还参加了18世界性的比赛。4.有关于跆拳道和中国武术论文的外文文献？从武术的本质特征论中国武术的发展走向 跆拳道运动的起源和历史古代的跆拳道原始社会时期，朝鲜民族的人民大部分过家耕生活，余暇辅以狩猎为生。为了获取得食物、抗击外来势力的入侵和抗御野兽的袭击，人在反复的实践中逐渐发展了一些锻炼身体和参与战斗的方法，这些发自本能的发明，在社会进化的过程中逐步演化成有目的、有意识的斗技活动，形成了古代跆拳道的雏形。当时人们斗技的目的除了获得食物、抗击入侵和抵御野兽外，更多的是用于参加斗技活动，史书都有所记载，可见当时斗技相当流行。朝鲜三国时代的跆拳道形式朝鲜半岛的三国时代是高句丽、新罗和百济三国并存时期大约在公元前一世纪左右，三国相继兴起，高句丽在朝鲜半岛北部，新罗在东南部，百济在西南部，为了争夺领土，纷争四起，因而这个时期跆拳道形式迅速发展以适应战争的需要。据古书记载："跆拳意指使用手和脚，磨炼四肢和身体的灵活用法，是武艺的基础。"剑术是以空手击倒对方的手术为基础。可以看出，当时的练武之人都能灵活运用手和脚战胜对手，成为优秀的武士。高句丽、新罗、百济三国当时对跆拳道的叫法都不同。新罗时代的跆拳道新罗势力小而弱，且四面均被强国包围，但却在三国中持续了最长的时间，由于高句丽的入侵，新罗认识到武艺的价值。由陈兴王创立的名为"花郎道"的青年武团，以"事君以忠，事亲以孝，交友以信，临战无退，杀身有择"为宗旨，组织年轻人聚在一起修炼学问，切蹉武艺。这种制度造就了一批英勇无畏的勇士，保卫了新罗，为统一三国而尊定了基础。证明新罗广泛流行武艺的史实资历料很多，如在《帝王韵记》、《三国中记》、《古事》等资历料中都有有关跆拳道形式的记载。百济王朝的跆拳道遗址百济是当时三国中兵力最弱的国家，有关跆拳道的文字记载或遗迹记载关于高名丽和新罗，是史料中记载的便战戏，这种竞技方式方法类似于今天的跆拳道，可以认为是跆拳道的一种雏形。据《三国史记》记载，百济的万代国王大多为了推崇武技，要求全国人都要学马术、射箭和跆跟（原始跆拳道）等武技。当时的史料中还有"手臂打"的记载，各技法被军队和百姓普遍使用。高丽时代的跆拳道高丽是于公元918年在朝鲜半岛建交的一个统一的国家。高丽的忠惠王本人十分喜爱手博，便要军队必须进行具有跆拳道特色的"手搏"竞技运动练习。士兵们常用拳掌击打墙壁、木块及砖瓦，以磨炼手部的攻击能力。忠惠王还邀请了武艺超群的士兵金振郗到宫中表演手搏技艺，在朝野上下极力推崇"手搏"技艺，使跆拳道声望大振，受到广大民众的喜欢，并被规定为军队训练的必修项目。据《高丽史》记载，手搏是高丽人普遍喜好的竞技项目之一。朝鲜时代的跆拳道公元1392年，高丽王朝被李成桂建立的王朝取代，国号朝鲜。朝鲜时代由于推荐佛学，重文轻武，这一时期朝鲜的跆拳道技艺没有受到官方的重视，但在民间却始终没有停上过"手搏"和"跆跟"这些跆拳道的初始技艺活动。同时，军队也用"手搏"和"跆跟"作为选择士兵的方法，一个人若想作武官，就必须在竞技时用"手搏"或"跆跟"技艺打倒三人以上才行。近代的跆拳道公元1910年日本侵占朝鲜后建立了殖民政府，一度下令禁止所有的朝鲜文化活动，跆拳道自然也在禁限之内，这个期间，跆拳道技艺在朝鲜境内销声匿迹，只有靠流浪到日本和中国的跆拳道艺人与日本和中国的武术融合在一起保存下来，这反而使跆拳道得到充实和发展，逐渐形成了跆拳道新的技术体系。第二次世界大战后，朝鲜独立，国家的政治、社会面貌日益改观，自卫术也相应再度兴起，以前被迫留落异国他乡的许多朝鲜人也相继回归故里，同时也将各国的武道技艺带回本国，并进一步将这些技艺和跆拳道技法融一体，去芜存精，融合发展，逐渐形成了现代跆拳道运动的基础体系。从历史的角度看，技击是中华武术的本质特征，尽管进入近代以后，武术的技术体系发生了很大变化，但技击应该始终是武术发展的价值前提。可是在当今的竞技舞台上，不管是与技击貌合神离的套路运动，抑或戴上护具的散手运动，都给中国武术的可持续发展打上了一个问号。武术运动的健康发展离不开科学理论的指导，离不开对传统武术的汲取。只有这样，武术才能在历史的交叉点上寻找到自己的位置。关键词：武术本质特征现状 发展走向中图分类号G852On Development Trend of Chinese Wushu from the Point ofIts Essential ChracteristicsAbstract The art of attack and defence has been the essential characteriaticin Chinese Wushu though there have been great changes in its technique systemin modern times. However, in modern competitions whether the series actionsthat are seemingly in harmony but actually at variance with the art of attackand defence or protected boxing just puts a question mark on the sustaineddevelopment of Chinese Wushu. Wushu is healthy development depends on boththeoret ical guidance and the absorption of the traditional Wushukeywords Wushu essential chracteristics current situation development trend引言："武术是以技击动作为主要内容，以套路和格斗为运动形式，注重内外兼修的中国传统体育项目。"这个1988年全国武术专题论文研究会上所作出的对武术的文字定义，既阐明了武术的体育性质，又表述了武术的民族特点。中国武术是中国传统文化巨系统中的一个子系统，它体现为中华民族对攻防技击技术的理解和运用，同时也表现了中华民族的思想情感、审美情趣等民族文化特点。在长期的历史过程中，中国武术始终是围绕"武"的价值和规律发展的，它是一门特殊的技能和技艺，这也是它能在历史长河中屡经厄运而不断发展的生命活力所在。然而，我们不无遗憾地看到近来武术运动中一个不可忽视的现象：武术的发展越来越偏离"武"的传统价值和规律，从而走入一条越发狭窄的小胡同，这不能不给这个吸吮了数千年文化乳汁的民族体育项目健康发展带来妨碍。同时，也引起了海内外武术界的高度关注。1 中国武术的本质特征思考所谓本质特征，是指事物概念所反映出的该事物内在规定性的外在表现。尽管从近代起，武术已成为我国最具代表性的传统体育项目，但人们对这一问题的认识尚存在较大分歧，集中反映为武术是一种以格斗技击为本质特征的技击方式或仅是一种"活动手足，惯勤肢体"的身体活动。关于这个问题，不妨从武术的形成、发展来加以考察，也许更能有助于我们的理解。在古代，人们进行攻防格斗，主要使用短兵相接的技击技术，无论是军旅武艺活动中的大规模阵战拼杀，还是少数人之间进行的"两两相当"技击格斗，主要通过训练来掌握这一类技术技能，并用之于实战。这既是当时习武的价值体现，也是习武的主要目的。因此，无论是进行身体直接对抗的格斗训练，还是练习既具有民族色彩，又能满足传授、记忆、训练的需要而产生的武术套路，以及围绕这两种形式而存在的各种训练手段和各种练功方法，大体上都是紧紧围绕这个目的而展开，而发展的。在讨论这个问题时，有些学者往往会引用明代军事家戚继光斥套路武术为花法，"无预于大战"的批评，认为武术的套路本来就并非实用的，从而提出武术与技击的分异。事实上，只要把戚继光的评语前后综合起来分析，不难看出，戚继光批评套路武术为花法，"此艺不甚预于兵"，是基于军事阵战角度，实际在戚继光的武术观中，他从来没有否认套路武术在"两两相当"单打独斗中的技击价值，反而明确提出，套路武术"势势相承，遇敌制胜，变化无穷"⑴。随着火器的出现，武术的技击功能在军事舞台上的价值也随之减弱，技击格杀成了近代军事战争中的一种小小补充，而武术本身也纳入了近代体育的洪流之中，其技术体系也发生了很大变化，尤其至现代，更是形成了以专业队为主体的竞技武术体系。但从历史看，决不能因此就否认技击性是中华武术的本质特征这个逻辑前提，也不能由于专业队为主体的竞技武术在社会上的影响，而忽视整个社会对武术的文化认定和价值取向。2 武术本质特征视野中的中国当代武术现状50年代中期，在《新体育》、《体育文丛》等刊物上，曾围绕武术的性质、发展方向等展开了一场理论大讨论，不少学者一致指出，技击是武术的最根本的本质特征，发展武术"必须保存武术固有的风格特点"⑵。令人不无遗憾的是学者们的意见并没有得到很好落实。建国以来，武术运动技术水平得到了极大提高，但武术本质特征所要求的技击性却大大削弱了，在一定程度上也妨碍了武术运动的良性持续发展，出现了一些令人值得深思的倾向。在很长一段时间内，中国的武术运动是以套路形式展现在竞技舞台上的。以动作规格为主要评分标准的竞技比赛杠杆，使武术以功架练习为手段，以技击实用为主旨的目标追求发生了倾斜，竞技武术体现的仅仅是一种对周围环境的精神征服，也就是说是对观赏者而言的一种审美效应。而这种竞赛套路往往是由创编者根据自己的经验和演练者的具体条件来进行编排的。在编排过程中一般不会考虑技击应用的必备条件，它脱离了实用价值的客观性和随机性。在演练过程中所体现出来的所谓"技击意识"，也带有浓厚的主观性、表演性，这种演练意识与真正的技击意识只能是貌合神离。在套路的训练方法上，竞技武术由手以争分夺牌为出发点和终极目标，所以与传统的讲究格杀实用，并注重多种练功方法的传统训练方法发生变异而显得单一。在这种发展背景下，中国武术历来所追求的主体目标和本质特征正在渐渐淡化，正在远离我们而去。谈到这里，也许有的人会以近十多年来开展的散手运动为例而认为、目前不正是在大力开展武术的散手运动吗?散手运动的开展，确是对以往单一以套路为主的武术运动的一种突破，给中国的武术运动注入了一股新的活力，也可以看作是以前武术运动在发展到某一阶段对武术本质特征的一种回归。散手武术包含着踢、打、摔、拿等动作的运用，有着丰富多彩的技法和招数；但令人遗憾的是我国现在的散手缺少能够体现这些具有武术特征的技术，不少散手选手甚至连武术基本功也没练过，他们的武术技术基础一般都比较差，难于在散手中运用武术招数，这样就容易将中华武术混同于一般的搏击术，失去武术固有的本质特征。目前，竞技武术中套路和散手运动两种形式并存，但它们都没有很好地保持武术的本质特征。套路越来越趋象于"技巧加体操"，散手也快要成为"自由搏击"；但套路却没有体操高难、优美，散手也没有跆拳道凶猛、厉害，这样下去，难保武术不失去其精华和魅力，更谈不上弘扬武术，走向世界。3 武术的发展走向武术要发展，首先必须继承其本质特征，不断吸取传统武术的营养来充实自身，保留武术固有的风格和特色。因此有必要组织专家研究如何在现行的套路比赛和散手比赛的基础上进行加工改造，对于这项工作，一是要用只争朝夕的精神去办，不能再迟缓；二是在步骤上项目改造要采用渐进法，要稳妥地、有条不紊地进行这项工作，使之能充分体现武术的特色。攻防技击乃武术的本质或灵魂，套路的编排应以攻防动作为基本特征，以各种搏击技巧、手法或招数为内容去串编，套路是散手技术的基础，如果撇开套路基本功不练，一味只习蛮力，练散打，犹如空中楼阁。⑷在散手运动中，也并非只有拳打脚踢，象少林拳中的童子拜佛、八卦掌中的白蛇吐信、太极拳中的手挥琵琶等等这些技法一旦在格斗中使用得当，其攻击威力和效果远在拳脚之上，所以练套路者，应该加强格斗技术的实战练习；练散手者，多进行套路演练，套路和散手二者要互相渗透交融在一起；只有这样，武术的本质特征才能得以继承和发扬光大，才能使现代武术不负"功夫"之称。结语：武术要发展，离不开武术科学理论的指导，这已是当代武术界的共识，我们需要武术科学化，需要在理论上对武术的发展作出应有的科学阐述和指向，为此，我们呼吁有关部门和专家学者尽快制订出有关武术的科研规划，加大武术的科研力度，使我国这项优秀的文化遗产更加科学、完善，以它丰美的姿态走向世界。如果想自己查找您满意的资料可以点击希望你能够早日查找到合适的论文。