对报刊英语研究的论文

摘要] 初中毕业生的英语写作与我们的培养目标相差远。虽然师生在英语写作这方面花了大量的时间和精力，收效却甚微。新课程的实施，为这一难题提供了解决的途径和方法。本文主要介绍如何利用新课程这一坚实平台，循序渐进地提高学生的英语写作能力。[关键词] 新课程，课程改革，写作水平一、问题的提出：初中毕业生的写作现状令人担忧 近两年来，我市（泉州市）初中英语中考题增加了书面表达，笔者认为这对于考查学生的综合语言运用能力迈出了很重要的一步。书面表达是一种能反映学生表达、传递信息和解决实际问题的语言交流能力的十分重要的语言测试手段。它对学生素质的提高、素质教育的推进，必将产生积极和深远的影响。但这对毕业班的师生来说无疑是一种新的挑战。近两年来师生在书面表达即英语写作这方面花了大量的时间和精力，收效却甚微。形成了“学生见书面表达就怕，教师批改书面表达就头痛”的现象。这一现象在去年（2002）的中考书面表达题中也得到同样的体现。去年的中考题是：一幅不算太复杂的学校平面图。如果学生在审题的时候能找到一个立足点并能熟悉地运用there be 句型和一些方位介词，笔者认为拿一个及格的分数应该不成问题。而考试的结果却令人大失所望：有非常多的学生这题得1-2分，不少平常实力不错的学生只得4－5分，能够得7－8分的可能算是“佳作”了。这一现状与我们的培养目标相差甚远，它既给高中英语衔接教学带来许多实际困难，也给学生的进一步学习和发展带来重重压力，这不能不引起我们初中英语教师的高度重视。二、问题的分析为什么书面表达对初三年的学生来说如此难呢？笔者认为原因主要有三点：⑴在新课程实施之前，中学教育（特别是农村中学）基本上是应试教育。应试教育过分注重语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授，而忽视学生对实际语言运用能力培养;应试教育注重学生死记硬背，机械训练得高分，而忽视对学生的观察，思维，想像能力和创新精神的培养；应试教育过分强调教师的主导地位，忽视学生的主体地位，学生在课堂中活动时间和空间不能得到合法保障。学生在这样的学生环境下连最基本的“说话”的自由都被剥夺了，更不要谈什么综合语言能力的运用了。⑵中学英语教育重视笔头训练，忽视口头操练，重笔试，轻口试，（甚至有的学校到现在还没有把口试列为评价标准），口语基础普遍薄弱，这也是学生写作能力不能提高的一个最重要的原因。试想一下，一个连话都说不好的人，怎么可能要求他写出好的文章呢？(3)教师在初一，初二年普遍忽视对学生英语写作能力的培养，到了初三年后，只有靠“临时抱佛脚”。这严重违背了写作过程中必须遵循的循序渐进的规律。三、问题解决的契机新一轮课程改革：它以人为本，关注个体发展，以情为重，贯彻素质教育。它注重学生的可持续性发展，以学生的终生学习和发展为目的。教育部颁发的《国家英语课程标准》提出基础教育阶段英语课程的任务是：激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习和合作精神。它为培养学生的综合语言运用能力提供了一个坚实的平台。这种综合语言运用的能力当然也就包括写作能力。四、问题解决的途径笔者前二年担任初三年的英语教学工作，也曾为“书面表达”焦头烂额。虽说有着“衣带渐宽终不悔”，“为伊（书面表达）消得人憔悴”的决心，但问题终究没有得到根本解决。本学年担任初一年的教学工作，有幸参加初一年的课程改革。在坚持以口语为切入点的同时，我特别注意加强对学生写作能力的培养。坚持点滴积累，循序渐进。我惊喜地发现：经过坚持不懈地练笔，到初一年下学期结束前，全班有三分之二的同学就能写出语句通顺，结构完整的作文来。这基本上已达到了初三年优秀学生的写作水平。下面我就谈谈具体的做法，希望各位同行能提出宝贵意见。1、坚持以口语（听和说）为基础任何一门语言的学习，都必须以口语为基础，这点我们可以从儿童学习母语得到启示。语言心理学研究的成果告诉我们，初学语言者开始阶段，一般都需要大量的信息输入并通过内部语言系统进行理解，吸收和加工，进而转化为一定程度的外部语言，通常第一性口头语言的比重要超过第二性的书面语言，进而逐步增加书面语言的输入。“听说领先，读写跟上”这是学习任何一门语言都必须遵循的规律，我们在培养学生的写作能力的时候更不能违背这一规律，布里顿（Britton,1970）指出：“学习口语的句型结构和表达方式往往是他们学习写作的基础。”塔天（Tough,1977）不仅强调口头表达能力和写作水平的重要联系，并且指出“教师必须在教授写作的同时，帮助学生提高和丰富其口头表达的技能，因为口头形式往往包含了大量近似书面语的结构和措词。”实际上，口头表达能力强的学生写作水平也较高。教师可以采用课前三分钟的值日生报告、课堂的情景交际、课外的English corner及英语辩论等多种形式来提高学生的口头表达能力。在进行笔头训练之前，可以先进行口头作文，这样可以降低写作的难度，同时也能提高学生写作的兴趣。2、从易到难，由浅入深，循序渐进、一步一个脚印地练习。古人云：“骐骥一跃，不能十步，驽马十驾，功在不舍。”写作是“细活”，不能急于求成，更不能拔苗助长，只有坚持不懈，勤奋练笔，才有可能“水到渠成”。对于初一年的学生，我们可以从连词成句、造句、阅读文章后回答问题、填表格、看图写作、改写或缩写课文、根据所提供的词汇复述课文、模仿写作等多种形式来培养学生的写作能力。3、充分利用课程资源 ⑴教科书是我们最主要的课程资源，它从初一年第七单元起，就开始向我们提供训练写作的机会。这些训练对于提高学生的写作能力是必不可少的。我们必须指导学生认真完成。对于学生的习作，我们应该及时批改，及时讲评。我还经常把学生优美的、创造性的语句，用波浪线划出来，并加上鼓励性的评语。最后，可别忘了成果展示：我经常把学生的优秀习作张贴在墙报或学习园地上。期中或期末之前，我还会把学生的优秀作品汇编成册，人手一本。这对于学生来说，也许是最好的礼物和最难忘记的情感体验。⑵鼓励学生经常上图书馆借课外读物（如简易英文读本），报刊杂志，指导他们定期收看广播电视节目等。我还和他们一起征订了《中学生英语周报》、《英语画刊》、《中学生英语》等辅助学习材料，并把这些材料放在班级的图书柜里，学生在课外时间可以随时翻阅。阅读是写作的基础。古人说的“开卷有益”，“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”讲的就是这道理。(3)充分利用网络资源：我们的时代已经进入了网络时代，利用网络查找资料快捷方便；同时，学生还可以在网上发电子邮件或电子贺卡。在发E-mail的过程中，学生为了更好地表达思想，不断的修改，使之更清楚、更有意义。在E-mail的写作交流中，学生的语言运用能力可得到很大的提高。4、贴近学生的生活实际《英语课程标准》强调：听，说，读，写训练的内容和形式尽可能地贴近学生的实际生活，贴近学生的交际行为，贴近有目的综合运用语言的活动。所以在培养学生的写作能力时，我们必须遵循“为用而学，在用中学，学了就用”的原则。例如，在学完第三单元后，我布置给学生的作业是：制作一张有关自己个人资料的小卡片。我没有严格限定格式，学生的习作真是五花八门：有的学生在完成卡片之后，还不忘show一下自己的绘画功底，在卡片旁边画了一个可爱的Carton；有的同学把Polly也带上，并捎上这样一句话：I’m a lovely boy, don’t forgot me! 有的同学用电脑进行制作，并把自己的照片也扫描进去，有的还是孩提时代的呢，看了真令人忍俊不禁。而这些却正是学生的创造性思维啊！事实证明，贴近学生生活的写作题材，有利于激发学生写作兴趣，有利于培养学生主动参与，乐于探索，勤于动手的学习态度。5、要培养学生用英语进行思维的习惯在学生的书面表达中，我们发现最具代表性的错误就是中文式的英语。这除了学生口语基础不过关，还有一个因素就是由于母语习惯定势对外语学习有很大的负迁移作用。为什么正常儿童能很快掌握一门语言？因为他用那种语言进行思维活动,从咿呀学语开始，一直就用那种语言进行思维活动的练习和实践。原苏联外语教学心理学家别亚科耶夫指出心理语言学的根本原则：掌握外语的过程，就是学习用外语来思维，也即掌握用外语来形成和表达思想的手段和能力的过程。那么在教学的过程中，怎样培养学生用英语进行思维的习惯呢？⑴课堂上尽量用英语组织教学，用英语来进行交流与沟通。⑵经常性地给学生作一些英语国家的文化背景、风土人情、风俗习惯的介绍，帮助学生了解世界和中西文化的差异。⑶有意识地记住一些固定用法，经常性地做些汉译英的练习，注重一句多译，这对于提高学生灵活运用语言的能力大有帮助。在这里，也许马克思关于学习外语的忠告对所有英语学习者都是很有启发的：When a person is learning a foreign language,he must not always be translating everything into his own language.He must be able to use the foreign language forgetting all about his own.五，应该注意的事项在培养学生的写作能力时，应该注意以下几点：1、听、说、读、写这四者的关系是相辅相承，密不可分的，决不可以因为培养学生的写作能力，而忽视了对学生其它能力的培养。总的说来，在起始年段，听、说、读的比重比写的比重要更大。2、不可以因为培养学生的写作能力，而占用他们大量的时间，以至影响他们的全面发展。培根曾这样说：“史鉴使人明智，诗歌使人巧慧，数学使人精细，博物使人深沉，逻辑和修辞使人擅辩，凡有所学，皆成性格。”这段名言告诉我们：任何一门学科都是构成学生基本素质的一部分；任何一门学科对一位学生来说都不是全部。作为一名英语教师我们要跳出英语学科的局限。既要为具有英语特长的学生的全面发展考虑，也要为不具备英语特长的学生的全面发展考虑。总之，在课程改革的平台上，培养学生的写作能力的方法是多种多样的，只要我们有目的、有计划地对学生进行训练，学生的写作能力就会逐步提高。

打一片中文 我可以帮你弄成英文的

Structure Features and Rhetorical Devices of English Newspaper HeadlinesAbstract: With the development of mass media, newspaper is one of the major media for us to get information all over the world. Nowadays English newspaper is very popular and read all over Chine. However, many people still have difficulty in understanding English newspaper headlines even for some English majors. This is because English newspaper headlines have their own special features, culture backgrounds and different from the daily English we used in many aspects. This paper will then focus on the lexical, structure features and rhetorical devices of English newspaper headlines, which can help us to have a better understanding when we are reading newspapers.Key words: Newspaper headline, Lexical features, Structure features, Rhetorical devices.摘要：随着传媒的发展，报纸逐渐成为我们获取世界各地的信息主要媒介。现在，英文报纸的阅读更是非常流行。然而，许多人仍是很难理解英文报纸的标题，即使是英语专业的学生。这是因为英语报纸的标题有着它们自己独有的特点，文化背景和日常英语与我们在很多方面的不同。本文将重点放在词汇，结构特点和修辞在英语报纸中的特点，当我们在读报纸，它可以帮助我们有更好的理解。关键词：报纸的标题，词汇特征，结构特点，修辞。1. IntroductionEvery time we pick up a newspaper, what come into our sight will be lots of news headlines. A headline has become an indispensable part of newspaper. The editor means to attract the reader’s attention through headlines. As a result, news paper headlines are usually specially designed to be short, concise, and informative to convey different kinds of information. We may be confused by the headlines like “Cater’s War on Waste”, “UFO Sighted”, “Smugglers Get Jail and Fines”, “Weekly Mag for Stamp Lovers to Be Launched”, ect. Yet without some knowledge of news headline features, it is not easy for us to read English newspaper. This paper has summarized the study of newspaper development in recent years and presents the lexical features, structure features and rhetorical devices of English newspaper headlines in details.2. Lexical Features of English Newspaper HeadlinesLexical features of English newspaper headlines can mainly include four parts. They are exemplified as follows.[1] AbbreviationAbbreviation, which is used in a large quantity in English newspaper, means “A shortened form of a word or phrase used chiefly in writing to represent the complete form”. Generally speaking there are 3 kinds of Abbreviations used in the newspaper.① Abbreviation for organizationsExamples: UNESCO = Uinted Nations Educational, Scientific and Culture OrganizationPLO = Palestine Liberation OrganizationIOC = International Olympic CommitteeNASA = National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationAPEC = Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ConferenceFIFA = Federation Internationale de Football Association② Abbreviation for profession and careerExamples: MP = member of parliament PM = prime ministerGM = general manager PA = personal assistant③ Abbreviation for our familiar thingsExamples: UFO = Unidentified Flying Object DJI = Dow-Jones IndexAIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeGMT = Greenwich Mean TimesLaser = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of RadiationRadar = Radio Detection and RangingSonar = Sound Navigation RangingTOEFL = Test of English as A Foreign LanguageIELTS = International English Language Testing System[2] ShorteningShortening of different words in newspaper aims to spare more space or to cut down the length of the headlines.Examples: grad – graduate hosp – hospital cig – cigaretteCell – cellular Sec – second Reps – representativesInfo – information Int’l – international Deli– delicatessenHi-fi – high fidelity Hi-tech – high technology 3-D – three dimensionalG-7 – Group of seven A-bomb – atom bomb V-day – victory day[3] CompoundCompound words in English newspaper are usually formed by two or over two words. By compounding, we can make complicated structure simpler, what’s more, save space.Examples: ① “Plan to aid school dropouts extended” ( China Daily, Feb.5.1998 ). Here “school dropouts” refers to “the student who drops out of school”.② “Li stresses corruption fight” (China Daily, Feb.6.1998). Here “corruption fight” refers to “fight against corruption”.[4] Informal and Small WordsNewspaper headlines are likely to use informal and small words because small words have more meanings than big words and can be used in many cases. In news English these words are refered to as “synonyms of all work”.Examples: aim——purpose, design, object intention, etc.meet——assembly, convention, congregation, exam,etc,pact——compact, contract,agreement,conventiondeal——negotiationm,transaction,bargain,etc.3. Structure Features of English Newspaper HeadlinesStructure features of English newspaper headlines can be divided into two aspects. They are as follows:[1] OmissionOmission is one of the major features of English newspaper headlines. Generally speaking, omission can be classified 4 types.① Omission of articlesExamples: Italian Ex-mayor Murdered ( = A Italian Ex-mayor Was Murdered )Tenth of British Mackerel Catch Ground into Feed(= A Tenth of the British markerel Catch Ground into Feed )② Omission of conjunction and pronounExamples: USA, Vietnam Resume Talks ( = USA and Vietnam Resume Talks )Have Dollars, Will Sell ( = If You Have Dollars, Will Sell )③ Omission of “be ” and auxiliary verbsExamples: Three Dead after Inhaling over Gas ( = Three Are Dead after Inhaling over Gas )Married Women to Get Care Allowance( = Married Women Are to Get Care Allowance )PNC’s world views praised ( = PNC’s world views were praised )④ Omission of verbsExamples: Ballots, Not Bullets ( = Algerians Want Ballots, Not Bullets )Pom peii Reported Seriously Damaged( = Pom peii Reported to Have Benn Seriously Damage)[2] Use Noun to Replace Adjective, Phrase, and VerbNouns are frequently used in newspaper Headlines to replace different words to form various structures. So nouns are the most animated words in news headlines.Examples: Yugoslav pianist stirring music world( “music world” = “musical world” )Corruption Reports Against Police Rise( “corruption reports” = “reports on corruption complaints ”)Female axe murderer executed( “female axe murdered” = “ a female murderer who killed with an axe ” )Export growth to beat crisis( “growth” is used to replace “grow” )4. Rhetorical Devices Of English Newspaper HeadlinesRhetorical devices of English newspaper headlines mainly have six kinds. They are as follows.[1] ImitationExamples: The Son Also Rises To Save or Not to SaveThe Road That Must be Taken Do as Maoris DoThe Great Mall of China Candidate in the WindiPod, therefore, i am[2] MetaphorExamples: A Dove Taking WingWhitewater May Drown DemocratsTrouble Brewing[3] AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.Examples: Pride and Prejudice Sense and SensibilityKill or Cure? Carrots and Clubs?Solitary Soldier Tiger Tied Virtual Villains[4] RhymeRhyme is the repetition of an identical stressed vowel sound, followed by identical consonant sound but preceded by different consonantsExamples: Masculine rhyme: Foe/toe meet/fleet make/brakeFeminine rhyme: Revival/arrival mountain/fountainEye rhyme: Brain Gain/Drain Dream Team Wheels and DealsBubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble It’s More Than a War[5] PunPun is an expression that achieves emphasis or humor by contriving an ambiguity, two distinct meanings suggested either by the same word or by two similar sounding words.Examples: Why is the river so rich? It has two banks.Why are monkeys as talkative as women? Each monkey has a tail(tale).Why is that female movie star so cool? She has many fans.Which can run faster, heat or cold? Heat, because everyone can catch cold.What is the worst weather for mice?When it rains cats and dogs.Why is the bride always unlucky on her wedding day? Because she can never marry the best man.What is mind? It doesn’t matter.What is the matter? Never mind.[6] IdiomExamples: Rome is not built in a day.Third time lucky.The seven-year itch.ConclusionTo sum up, English newspaper headlines can use different kinds skills of lexical features, structure features and rhetorical devices to create many effects. Besides the features mentioned above, there many other features in English newspaper headlines for us to analyze. Understanding the headlines of the news is a gateway to understand the whole news, so news headlines is an area worthwhile for us to go deep into.

1，练习了阅读能力2，学到了一些英文单词和语法3.培养了语感4.和同学有关于英语方面的谈资5.可以搜级以后写作的资料望能帮助你