研究中美节日文化差异的论文

东北文化传统节日中的禁忌问题，国内外研究现状怎么写？呃，国内外的现状一般大多都是弘扬自己的一些传统观念，还有一些传统美德

近代中国的节日在短短的百余年间发生了深刻的变化，其主要原因是受到外来文化的影响，同时我们也应该注意到，尽管中国近代节日的演化与西方文化的传播分不开，但这种变化对中国传统节日的影响呈现出不平衡的特点。同时我们还应该注意到，近代节日的演变，特别是西方节日和生活方式的引入，对中国传统的节日文化造成了较大的冲击，这更应使我们注意在引进外来文化时不能对传统文化一概否定，而应该对其合理成分加以传承和发扬。随着现代社会的日新月异的发展，文化融合在更大范围的地域内扩展开来，受了西方文化理念影响的人们在欢天喜地的过着各式洋节的同时，中华民族的传统节日则受到了不小的忽视，究国人对中国传统节日与西方节日的差异与看法，探讨当今局势与人们庆祝中国传统节日的方式以及重视程度，从而研究出加深文化印记对我们的影响与应对方案。希望以此来使人们加重对传统节日的重视以及传统文化的理解。将这些无法用价值来衡量的精神财富很好的传承下去。时下，西方的圣诞节、情人节、万圣节等节日在中国大面积普遍的盛行起来，但与此同时，中国的如春节、端午节、中秋节等传统节日在我们本国的热度明显不高，年味也不如小时候来的重了，不禁让人感叹。我们在接收外来文化、文明的时候不能把我们自己本身的传统遗弃，而是应该去其糟粕，取其精华，摒弃掉传统节日中糟粕的东西，在传承中国传统节日的前提下，去感受、迎接西方节日的氛围，而不是一味地跟风，追求所谓的时尚。时下流行过“洋节”，研究其流行的原因、背景以及一些现实因素有助于我们更好地发展自己的传统节日。面对西方文化的强势冲击，我国的传统节日文化日益受到人们尤其是青少年的淡忘。西方的圣诞节、万圣节等节日新奇热闹的庆祝方式，更受到年轻人的喜爱，这不利于弘扬我国传统文化的时代要求，不利于更好地将我国文化推向全世界。我们应该加大对我们自己国家的节日文化的认可度和参与，这不仅仅是抵制过度的外来文化的入侵，更是一种中国传统文化的良好传承与发扬。

你自己可以举一些中国的大的节日，有没有禁忌的问题做一下那个，嗯对比，比如说中秋节和那个中国人最大的节日春节，从这块入手。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

祭 灶 我国春节，一般是从祭灶揭开序幕的。民谣中"二十三，糖瓜粘"指的即是每年腊月二十三或二十四日的祭灶，有所谓"官三民四船家五"的说法，也就是官府在腊月二十三日，一般民家在二十四日，水上人家则为二十五日举行祭灶。 祭灶，是一项在我国民间影响很大、流传极广的习俗。旧时，差不多家家灶间都设有"灶王爷"神位。人们称这尊神为"司命菩萨"或"灶君司命"，传说他是玉皇大帝封的"九天东厨司命灶王府君"，负责管理各家的灶火，被作为一家的保护神而受到崇拜。灶王龛大都设在灶房的北面或东面，中间供上灶王爷的神像。没有灶王龛的人家，也有将神像直接贴在墙上的。有的神像只画灶王爷一人，有的则有男女两人，女神被称为"灶王奶奶"。这大概是模仿人间夫妇的形象。灶王爷像上大都还印有这一年的日历，上书"东厨司命主"、"人间监察神"、"一家之主"等文字，以表明灶神的地位。两旁贴上"上天言好事，下界保平安"的对联，以保佑全家老小的平安。 灶王爷自上一年的除夕以来就一直留在家中，以保护和监察一家；到了腊月二十三日灶王爷便要上天，去向天上的玉皇大帝汇报这一家人的善行或恶行，送灶神的仪式称为"送灶"或"辞灶"。玉皇大帝根据灶王爷的汇报，再将这一家在新的一年中应该得到的吉凶祸福的命运交于灶王爷之手。因此，对一家人来说，灶王爷的汇报实在具有重大利害关系。 送灶，多在黄昏入夜之时举行。一家人先到灶房，摆上桌子，向设在灶壁神龛中的灶王爷敬香，并供上用饴糖和面做成的糖瓜等。然后将竹篾扎成的纸马和喂牲口的草料。用饴糖供奉灶王爷，是让他老人家甜甜嘴。有的地方，还将糖涂在灶王爷嘴的四周，边涂边说："好话多说，不好话别说。"这是用糖塞住灶王爷的嘴，让他别说坏话。在唐代著作《辇下岁时记》中，间有"以酒糟涂于灶上使司命(灶王爷)醉酒"的记载。人们用糖涂完灶王爷的嘴后，便将神像揭下，和纸与烟一起上天了。有的地方则是晚上在院子里堆上芝麻秸和松树枝，再将供了一年的灶君像请出神龛，连同纸马和草料，点火焚烧。院子被火照得通明，此时一家人围着火叩头，边烧边祷告： 今年又到二十三， 敬送灶君上西天。 有壮马，有草料， 一路顺风平安到。 供的糖瓜甜又甜， 请对玉皇进好言。 送灶君时，有的地方尚有乞丐数名，乔装打扮，挨家唱送灶君歌，跳送灶君舞，名为"送灶神"，以此换取食物。 送灶习俗在我国南北各地极为普遍，鲁迅先生曾写有《庚子送灶即事》诗： 只鸡胶牙糖，典衣供瓣香。 家中无长物，岂独少黄羊。 他在《送灶日漫笔》一文中说："灶君上天的那日，街上还卖着一种糖，有柑子那么大小，在我们那里也有这东西，然而扁的，像一个厚厚的小烙饼。那就是所谓'胶牙饧'了。本意是在请灶君吃了，粘住他的牙，使他不能调嘴学舌，对玉帝说坏话。"鲁迅诗中提到"黄羊"的典故，出于《后汉书·阴识传》："宣帝时，阴子方者至孝有仁恩。腊日晨炊，而灶神形见，子方再拜受庆；家有黄羊，因以祀之。自是巳后，暴至巨富。至识三世，而遂繁昌，故后常以腊日祀灶而荐黄羊焉。"阴子方看见灶神，杀黄羊祭祀，后来交了好运。从此，杀黄羊祭灶的风俗就流传下来了。 唐宋时祭灶的供品是相当丰富的。宋代诗人范成大的《祭灶词》对当时民间祭灶作了极其生动的描写： 古传腊月二十四，灶君朝天欲言事。 云车风马小留连，家有杯盘丰典祀。 猪头烂熟双鱼鲜，豆沙甘松米饵圆。 男儿酌献女儿避，酹酒烧钱灶君喜。 婢子斗争君莫闻，猫犬触秽君莫嗔。 送君醉饱登天门，勺长勺短勿复云， 乞取利市归来分。 腊月二十三日的祭灶与过年有着密切的关系。因为，在一周后的大年三十晚上，灶王爷便带着一家人应该得到的吉凶祸福，与其他诸神一同来到人间。灶王爷被认为是为天上诸神引路的。 其他诸神在过完年后再度上天，只有灶王爷会长久地留在人家的厨房内。迎接诸神的仪式称为"接神"，对灶王爷来说叫做"接灶"。接灶一般在除夕，仪式要简单得多，到时只要换上新灶灯，在灶龛前燃香就算完事了。 俗语有"男不拜月，女不祭灶"的说法 。有的地方，女人是不祭灶的，据说，灶王爷长得像个小白脸，怕女的祭灶，有"男女之嫌"。对于灶王爷的来历，说起来源远流长。在中国的民间诸神中，灶神的资格算是很老的。早在夏代，他已经是民间所尊奉的一位大神了。据古籍《礼记·礼器》孔颖达疏："颛顼氏有子日黎，为祝融，祀为灶神。"《庄子.达生》记载："灶有髻。"司马彪注释说："髻，灶神，着赤衣，状如美女。"《抱朴子.微旨》中又记载："月晦之夜，灶神亦上天白人罪状。"这些记载，大概是祭灶神的来源吧。还有，或说灶神是钻木取火的"燧人氏"；或说是神农氏的"火官"；或说是"黄帝作灶"的"苏吉利"；或说灶神姓张，名单，字子郭；众说不一。民间则流传着一个颇为有趣的故事。 据说，古代有一户姓张的人家，兄弟俩，哥是泥水匠，弟弟是画师。哥哥拿手的活是盘锅台，东街请，西坊邀，都夸奖他垒灶手艺高。年长月久出了名，方圆千里都尊称他为"张灶王"。说来张灶王也怪，不管到谁家垒灶，如遇别人家有纠纷，他爱管闲事。遇上吵闹的媳妇他要劝，遇上凶婆婆他也要说，好像是个老长辈。以后，左邻右舍有了事都要找他，大家都很尊敬他。张灶王整整活了七十岁，寿终正寝时正好是腊月二十三日深夜。张灶王一去世，张家可乱了套，原来张灶王是一家之主，家里事都听他吩咐，现在大哥离开人间，弟弟只会诗书绘画，虽已花甲，但从未管过家务。几房儿媳妇都吵着要分家，画师被搅得无可奈何，整日愁眉苦脸。有天，他终于想出个好点子。就在腊月二十三日张灶王亡故一周年的祭日，深夜，画师忽然呼叫着把全家人喊醒，说是大哥显灵了。他将儿子媳妇全家老小引到厨房，只见黑漆漆的灶壁上，飘动着的烛光若隐若现显出张灶王和他已故的妻子的容貌，家人都惊呆了。画师说："我寝时梦见大哥和大嫂已成了仙，玉帝封他为'九天东厨司命灶王府君'。你们平素好吃懒做，妯娌不和，不敬不孝，闹得家神不安。大哥知道你们在闹分家，很气恼，准备上天禀告玉帝，年三十晚下界来惩罚你们。"儿女侄媳们听了这番话，惊恐不已，立即跪地连连磕头，忙取来张灶王平日爱吃的甜食供在灶上，恳求灶王爷饶恕。从此后，经常吵闹的叔伯兄弟和媳妇们再也不敢撒泼，全家平安相处，老少安宁度日。这事给街坊邻友知道后，一传十，十传百，都赶来张家打探虚实。其实，腊月二十三日夜灶壁上的灶王，是画师预先绘制的。他是假借大哥显灵来镇吓儿女侄媳，不料此法果真灵验。所以当乡邻来找画师探听情况时，他只得假戏真做，把画好的灶王像分送给邻舍。如些一来，沿乡流传，家家户户的灶房都贴上了灶王像。岁月流逝就形成了腊月二十三给灶王爷上供、祈求合家平安的习俗。祭灶风俗流传后，自周朝开始，皇宫也将它列入祭典，在全国立下祭灶的规矩，成为固定的仪式了。 返回 扫 尘 举行过灶祭后，便正式地开始做迎接过年的准备。每年从农历腊月二十三日起到除夕止，我国民间把这段时间叫做"迎春日"，也叫"扫尘日"。扫尘就是年终大扫除，北方称"扫房"，南方叫"掸尘"。在春节前扫尘，是我国人民素有的传统习惯。每逢春节来临，家家户户都要打扫环境，清洗各种器具，拆洗被褥窗帘，洒扫六闾庭院，掸拂尘垢蛛网，疏浚明渠暗沟。大江南北，到处洋溢着欢欢喜喜搞卫生、干干净净迎新春的气氛。 有趣的是，古时有关扫尘的由来，却有一个颇为诡异的故事。传说，古人认为人的身上都附有一个三尸神，他像影子一样，跟随着人的行踪，形影不离。三尸神是个喜欢阿谀奉承、爱搬弄是非的家伙，他经常在玉帝面前造谣生事，把人间描述得丑陋不堪。久而久之，在玉皇大帝的印象中，人间简直是个充满罪恶的肮脏世界。一次。三尸神密报，人间在诅咒天帝，想谋反天庭。玉皇大帝大怒，降旨迅速察明人间犯乱之事，凡怨忿诸神、亵读神灵的人家，将其罪行书于屋檐下。再让蜘蛛张网遮掩以作记号。玉皇太帝又命王灵官于除夕之夜下界，凡遇作有记号的人家，满门斩杀，一个不留。三尸神见此计即将得逞，乘隙飞下凡界，不管青红皂白，恶狠狠地在每户人家的屋檐墙角做上记号，好让王灵宫来个斩尽杀绝。正当三尸神在作恶时，灶君发觉了他的行踪，大惊失色，急忙找来各家灶王爷商量对策。于是，想出了一个好办法，于腊月二十三日送灶之日起，到除夕接灶前，每户人家必须把房屋打扫得干干净净，哪户不清洁，灶王爷就拒不进宅。大家遵照灶王爷升天前的嘱咐，清扫尘土，掸去蛛网，擦净门窗，把自家的宅院打扫得焕然一新。等到王灵官除夕奉旨下界查看时，发现家家户户窗明几净，灯火辉煌，人们团聚欢乐，人间美好无比。王灵官找不到表明劣迹的记号，心中十分奇怪，便赶回天上，将人间祥和安乐、祈求新年如意的情况禀告玉皇大帝。玉皇大帝听后大为震动，降旨拘押三尸神，下令掌嘴三百，永拘天牢。这次人间劫难多亏灶神搭救，才得幸免。为了感激灶王爷为人们除难消灾、赐福张祥，所以民间扫尘总在送灶后开始，直忙到大年夜。 "腊月二十四，掸尘扫房子"的风俗 ，由来已久。据《吕氏春秋》记载，我国在尧舜时代就有春节扫尘的风俗。按民间的说法：因"尘"与"陈"谐音，新春扫尘有"除陈布新"的涵义，其用意是要把一切"穷运"、"晦气" 统统扫出门。这一习俗寄托着人们破旧立新的愿望和辞旧迎新的祈求。 返回 春 联 春联作为一种独特的文学形式，在我国有着悠久的历史。它从五代十国时开始，明清两代尤为兴盛，发展到今天已经有一千多年了。 早在秦汉以前，我国民间每逢过年，有在大门的左右悬挂桃符的习俗。桃符就是用桃木做的两块大板，上面分别书写上传说中的降鬼大神“神荼(tu)”和“郁垒”的名字，用以驱鬼压邪。这种习俗延续了一千多年。到了五代，人们才开始把联语题在桃木板上代替了降鬼大神的名字。据历史记载，后蜀之主孟昶（chang）在公元964年除夕题于卧室门上的对联“新年纳余庆，嘉节号长春”是我国最早的一副春联。 宋代以后，民间新年悬挂春联已经相当普遍了，所以王安石的《元日》诗中写的“千门万户瞳瞳日，总把新桃换旧符”就是当时春联盛况的真实写照。由于春联的出现和桃符有着密切的关系，所以古人又称春联为“桃符”。 到了明代，明太祖朱元璋大力提倡对联。他在金陵（现在的南京）定都以后，命令大臣、官员和一般老百姓家除夕前都必须书写一副对联贴在门上，他亲自穿便装出巡，挨门挨户观赏取乐。当时的文人也把题联作对当成文雅的乐事，写春联便成为一时的社会风尚。 入清以后，乾隆、嘉庆、道光三朝，对联犹如盛唐的律诗一样兴盛 ，出现了不少脍炙人口的名联佳对。 随着各国文化交流的发展，对联传入越南、朝鲜、日本、新加坡等国。这些国家至今还保留着贴对联的风俗。 返回 年 画 过年，人们除了贴春联，剪窗花外，还喜爱在客厅里、卧室中挂贴年画。一张张新年画给家家户户平添了欢乐的节日气氛。 年画是我国的一种古老的民间艺术，他反映了人民大众的风俗和信仰，寄托着人们对未来的希望。年画，也和春联一样，起源于"门神"。春联由神荼、郁垒的名字而向文字发展，而年画依然沿着绘画方向发展。 随着木板印刷术的兴起，年画的内容已不仅限于门神之类，而渐渐把财神请到家里，进而在一些年画作坊中产生了《福禄寿三星图》、《天官赐福》、《五谷丰登》、《六畜兴旺》、《迎春接福》等彩色年画、以满足人们喜庆祈年的美好愿望。 因明太祖朱元璋提倡春节贴春联，年画也受其影响随之而盛行开来，全国出现了年画三个重要产地：苏州桃花坞，天津杨柳青和山东潍坊；形成了我国年画的三大流派。 我国收藏最早的年画是南宋《随朝窈窕呈倾国之芳容》木刻年画，画的是王昭君、赵飞燕、班姬和绿珠四位古代美人。不过我国民间流传最广的是一幅《老鼠娶亲》的年画。这画描绘了老鼠依照人间的风俗迎娶新娘的有趣场面。其画构图生动活泼，热闹非凡。此画曾给鲁迅先生留下不可磨灭的印象。正如他说的那样，这幅寓教于乐的《老鼠娶亲》，不但唤起成年人的兴趣，对儿童的艺术感染更为强烈。 民间流传新年除夕之夜是老鼠娶亲的吉日良辰，人们要放一些食物在床下、灶间，算是送给鼠新郎的礼物，以祈求来年五谷丰登。有些老奶奶在临睡前常逗孩子说："快把鞋藏好，别让老鼠偷走当花轿了。"此话即源于此。因此，年画《老鼠娶亲》特别能引起孩子们的共鸣。 返回 年夜饭 除夕这一天对华人来说是极为重要的。这一天人们准备除旧迎新，吃团圆饭。在古代的中国，一些监狱官员甚至放囚犯回家与家人团圆过年，由此可见"团年饭"对古代中国人是何等的重要。 一年一度的团年饭充分表现出华族家庭成员的互敬互爱，这种互敬互爱使一家人之间的关系更为紧密。家人的团聚往往令一家之主在精神上得到安慰与满足，老人家眼看儿孙满堂，一家大小共叙天伦，过去的关怀与抚养子女所付出的心血总算没有白费，这是何等的幸福。而年轻一辈，也正可以借此机会向父母的养育之恩表达感激之情。 孩子们在玩耍放爆竹的时候，也正是主妇们在厨房里最忙碌的时刻，年菜都在前几天做好了，而年夜饭总要在年三十当天掌厨做出来。在北方，大年初一的饺子也要在三十晚上包出来。这时家家的砧板都在噔噔噔地忙着剁肉、切菜。此时，家家户户传出的砧板声，大街小巷传出的爆竹声，小店铺子传出的"劈劈啪啪"的算盘声和抑扬顿挫的报帐声，再夹杂着处处的说笑声，此起彼伏，洋洋盈耳，交织成除夕欢快的乐章。 说到除夕的刀砧声，邓云乡撰写的《燕京乡土记》却记载着除夕一个十分凄凉的故事：旧社会穷人生活困难，三十晚上是个关。有户人家，丈夫到三十晚上很晚了尚未拿钱归来，"家中瓶粟早罄，年货毫无。女人在家哄睡了孩子，一筹莫展，听得邻家的砧板声，痛苦到极点，不知丈夫能否拿点钱或东西回来，不知明天这个年如何过，又怕自己家中没有砧板声惹人笑，便拿刀斩空砧板，一边噔噔地斩，一边眼泪潸潸地落……，这个故事让人听了．确实心酸。 吃年夜饭，是春节家家户户最热闹愉快的时候。大年夜．丰盛的年菜摆满一桌，阖家团聚，围坐桌旁，共吃团圆饭，心头的充实感真是难以言喻。人们既是享受满桌的佳肴盛馔，也是享受那份快乐的气氛，桌上有大菜、冷盆、热炒、点心，一般少不了两样东西，一是火锅．一是鱼。火锅沸煮，热气腾腾，温馨撩人，说明红红火火；"鱼"和"余"谐音，是象征"吉庆有余"，也喻示"年年有余"。还有萝卜俗称菜头，祝愿有好彩头；龙虾、爆鱼等煎炸食物，预祝家运兴旺如"烈火烹油"。最后多为一道甜食，祝福往后的日子甜甜蜜蜜，这天，即使不会喝酒的，也多少喝一点。古代，过年喝酒，非常注意酒的品质，有些酒现在已经没有了，只留下许多动人的酒名，如"葡萄醅"、"兰尾酒"、"宜春酒"、"梅花酒"、"桃花酒"、"屠苏酒"等等。在这些酒中间，流传最久、最普遍的，还是屠苏酒。但是屠苏酒的名称是如何来的？又是用什么制作的？从来传说不一。 屠苏是一种草名，也有人说，屠苏是古代的一种房尾因为在这种房子里酿的酒，所以称为屠苏酒。据说屠苏酒是汉末名医华佗创制而成的，其配方为大黄、白术、桂枝、防风、花椒、乌头、附子等中药入酒中浸制而成。这种药具有益气温阳、祛风散寒、避除疫疬之邪的功效。后由唐代名医孙思邈流传开来的。孙思邈每年腊月，总是要分送给众邻乡亲一包药，告诉大家以药泡酒，除夕进饮，可以预防瘟疫。孙思邈还将自己的屋子起名为"屠苏屋"。以后，经过历代相传，饮屠苏酒便成为过年的风俗。古时饮屠苏酒，方法很别致。一般人饮酒，总是从年长者饮起；但是饮屠苏酒却正好相反，是从最年少的饮起。也就是说合家欢聚喝饮屠苏酒时，先从年少的小儿开始，年纪较长的在后，逐人饮少许。宋朝文学家苏辙的《除日》诗道："年年最后饮屠苏，不觉年来七十余。"说的就是这种风俗。有人不明白这种习惯的意义，董勋解释说："少者得岁，故贺之；老者失岁，故罚之。"这种风俗在宋朝仍很盛行，如苏轼在《除夜野宿常州城外》诗中说："但把穷愁博长健，不辞最后饮屠苏。"苏轼晚年虽然穷困潦倒，但精神却很乐观，他认为只要身体健康，虽然年老也不在意，最后罚饮屠苏酒自然不必推辞。这种别开生面的饮酒次序，在古代每每令人产生种种感慨，所以给人留有深刻的印象。直至清代，这一习俗仍不衰。今天人们虽已不再大规模盛行此俗，但在节日或平时饮用这些药酒的习俗仍然存在。 年夜饭的名堂很多，南北各地不同，有饺子、馄饨、长面、元宵等，而且各有讲究。北方人过年习惯吃饺子，是取新旧交替"更岁交子"的意思。又因为白面饺子形状像银元宝，一盆盆端上桌象征着"新年大发财，元宝滚进来"之意。有的包饺子时，还把几枚沸水消毒后的硬币包进去，说是谁先吃着了，就能多挣钱。吃饺子的习俗，是从汉朝传下来的。相传，医圣张仲景在寒冬腊月，看到穷人的耳朵被冻烂了，便制作了一种"祛寒娇耳汤"给穷人治冻伤。他用羊肉、辣椒和一些祛寒温热的药材，用面皮包成耳朵样子的"娇耳"，下锅煮熟，分给穷人吃，人们吃后，觉得浑身变暖，两耳发热。以后，人们仿效着做，一直流传到今天。新年吃馄饨，是取其开初之意。传说世界生成以前是混沌状态，盘古开天辟地，才有了宇宙四方，长面，也叫长寿面。新年吃面，是预祝寿长百年。 返回 守 岁 我国民间在除夕有守岁的习惯。守岁从吃年夜饭开始，这顿年夜饭要慢慢地吃，从掌灯时分入席，有的人家一直要吃到深夜。根据宗懔《荆楚岁时记》的记载，至少在南北朝时已有吃年夜饭的习俗。 守岁的习俗，既有对如水逝去的岁月含惜别留恋之情，又有对来临的新年寄以美好希望之意。古人在一首《守岁》诗中写道："相邀守岁阿戎家，蜡炬传红向碧纱；三十六旬都浪过，偏从此夜惜年华。"珍惜年华是人之常情，故大诗人苏轼写下了《守岁》名句："明年岂无年，心事恐蹉跎；努力尽今夕，少年犹可夸！"由此可见除夕守岁的积极意义。 年三十守岁，俗名"熬年"。为什么称作"熬年"呢？民间世世代代流传着这么一个有趣的故事：相传，在远古的洪荒时代，有一种凶恶的怪兽，人们叫他"年"。每到大年三十晚上，年兽就要从海里爬出来伤害人畜，毁坏田园，降灾于辛苦了一年的人们。人们为了躲避年兽，腊月三十晚上，天不黑就早早关紧大门，不敢睡觉，坐等天亮，为消磨时光，也为壮胆，他们就喝酒。等年初一早晨年兽不再出来，才敢出门。人们见面互相拱手作揖，祝贺道喜，庆幸没被年兽吃掉，这样过了好多年，没出什么事情，人们对年兽放松了警惕。就在有一年三十晚上，年兽突然窜到江南的一个村子里，一村子人几乎被年兽吃光了，只有一家挂红布帘、穿红衣的新婚小两口平安无事。还有几个童稚，在院里点了一堆竹子在玩耍，火光通红，竹子燃烧后"啪啪"地爆响，年兽转到此处，看见火光吓得掉头逃窜。此后，人们知道年兽怕红、怕光、怕响声，每至年末岁首，家家户户就贴红纸、穿红袍、挂红灯、敲锣打鼓、燃放爆竹，这样年兽就不敢再来了。在《诗经·小雅.庭燎》篇中，就有"庭燎之光"的记载。所谓"庭燎"就是用竹竿之类制作的火炬，竹竿燃烧后，竹节里的空气膨胀，竹腔爆裂，发出噼噼啪啪的响声，这也即是"爆竹"的由来。可是有的地方，村民不知年兽怕红，常常被年兽吃掉。这事后来传到天上的紫微星那儿，他为了拯救人们，决心消灭年兽。有一年，他待年兽出来时，就用火球将它击倒，再用粗铁链将它锁在石柱上。从此，每到过年，人们总要烧香，请紫微星下界来保平安。 在这"一夜连双岁，五更分二年"的晚上，家人团圆，欢聚一堂。全家人围坐在一起，茶点瓜果放满一桌。大年摆供，苹果一大盘是少不了的，这叫作"平平安安"。在北方，有的人家还要供一盆饭，年前烧好，要供过年，叫作"隔年饭"，是年年有剩饭，一年到头吃不完，今年还吃昔年粮的意思。这盆隔年饭一般用大米和小米混合起来煮，北京俗话叫"二米子饭"，是为了有黄有白，这叫作"有金有银，金银满盆"的"金银饭"。不少地方在守岁时所备的糕点瓜果， 都是想讨个吉利的口彩：吃枣（春来早），吃柿饼（事事如意）吃杏仁（幸福人），吃长生果（长生不老），吃年糕（一年比一年高）。除夕之夜，一家老小，边吃边乐，谈笑畅叙。也有的俗户人家推牌九，掷骰子，赌梭哈，打麻将，喧哗笑闹之声汇成了除夕欢乐的高潮。 返回 爆 竹 当午夜交正子时，新年钟声敲响，整个中华大地上空，爆竹声震响天宇。在这"岁之元、月之元、时之元"的"三元"时刻，有的地方还在庭院里垒"旺火"，以示旺气通天，兴隆繁盛。在熊熊燃烧的旺火周围，孩子们放爆竹，欢乐地活蹦乱跳，这时，屋内是通明的灯火，庭前是灿烂的火花，屋外是震天的响声，把除夕的热闹气氛推向了最高潮。历代的诗人墨客总是以最美好的诗句，赞颂新年的来临。王安石的《元日》诗： 爆竹声中一岁除，春风送暖人屠苏。千门万户瞳瞳日。总把新桃换旧符。 描绘了我国人民欢度春节盛大的喜庆情景，清代潘荣陛在《帝京岁时纪胜》一书中，对当时除夕爆竹作了如下记载："除夕之次，子夜相交，门外宝炬争辉，玉珂竞响．而爆竹如击浪轰雷，遍乎朝野，彻夜不停。"《红楼梦》中也有描绘："院子内安下屏架，将烟火设吊齐备，这烟火俱系各处进贡之物，虽不甚大．却极精致．各色故事俱全，夹着各色的花炮。说话之间．外面一色色的放了又放。又有许多'满天星'、'九龙入云'、'平地一声雷'、'飞天十响'之类的零星小炮仗。"从这也可以看到旧时新春燃放烟花的盛况。 爆竹声响是辞旧迎新的标志、喜庆心情的流露。经商人家．放爆竹还有另一番意义：他们在除夕之夜大放炮仗是为了新的一年大发大利。 大家放完爆竹回到屋里后的第一件事，就是拜天地、迎神、祭祀祖先。古时，这种礼俗很盛。因各地礼俗的不同，祭祖形式也各异，有的到野外瞻拜祖墓，有的到宗祠拜祖，而大多在家中将祖先牌位依次摆在正厅，陈列供品，然后祭拜者按长幼的顺序上香跪拜。南方人还在祭祖之后，查看历书上所载今年的吉利方向，燃灯笼火把，提壶挈酒，奉香鸣爆竹，开门出行，迎接喜神，称"出天方"或"出行"，浙江叫"出寻"，上海叫"兜喜神方"。此俗为趋吉、祈求神灵保佑一年百事顺遂。 除夕守岁是整夜不睡、通宵达旦的。 春节早晨，开门大吉，先放爆竹，叫做"开门炮仗"。爆竹声后，碎红满地，灿若云锦，称为"满堂红"。这时满街瑞气，喜气洋洋。 春节期间，各街巷通衢里，大户人家悬灯结彩。街头巷尾，乡里材社，到处百艺杂陈，各献高技，热闹非凡乡间多延请戏班剧团演戏，还开展听道情、扭秧歌、唱花鼓及各式品种的娱乐嬉戏，也有舞狮子，耍龙灯等种种文体活动。人们欢天喜地，共庆新春。 返回 拜 年 拜年是中国民间的传统习俗，是人们辞旧迎新、相互表达美好祝愿的一种方式。 古时"拜年"一词原有的含义是为长者拜贺新年，包括向长者叩头施礼、祝贺新年如意、问候生活安好等内容。遇有同辈亲友，也要施礼道贺。 拜年一般从家里开始。初一早晨，晚辈起床后，要先向长辈拜年，祝福长辈健康长寿，万事如意。长辈受拜以后，要将事先准备好的"压岁钱"分给晚辈。在给家中长辈拜完年以后，人们外出相遇时也要笑容满面地恭贺新年，互道"恭喜发财"、"四季如意"、"新年快乐"等吉祥的话语，左右邻居或亲朋好友亦相互登门拜年或相邀饮酒娱乐。 宋人孟元老在《东京梦华录》卷六中描写北宋汴京时云："十月一日年节，开封府放关扑三日，士庶自早相互庆贺。"明中叶陆容在《菽园杂记》卷五中说"京师元旦日，上自朝官，下至庶人，往来交错道路者连日，谓之'拜年'。然士庶人各拜其亲友多出实心。朝官往来，则多泛爱不专……"。清人顾铁卿在《清嘉录》中描写，"男女以次拜家长毕，主者率卑幼，出谒邻族戚友，或止遣子弟代贺，谓之'拜年'。至有终岁不相接者，此时亦互相往拜于门……。" 古时，倘或坊邻亲朋太多，难以登门遍访，就使遣仆人带名片去拜年，称为"飞帖"，各家门前贴一红纸袋，上写"接福"两字，即为承放飞帖之用。此俗始于宋朝上层社会。清人《燕台月令》形容北京年节："是月也，片子飞，空车走。"成为时尚。"大户人家特设"门簿"，以记客人的往来和飞片，门簿的首页多虚拟"亲到者"四人：一曰寿百龄老太爷，住百岁坊巷；一曰富有余老爷，住元宝街；一曰贵无极大人，住大学士牌楼；一曰福照临老爷，住五福楼。以图吉利讨口彩。至今的春节赠送贺年片、贺年卡，便是这种古代互送飞帖的遗风。 上层士大夫有用名帖互相投贺的习俗。宋人周辉在《清波杂志》中说："宋元佑年间，新年贺节，往往使用佣仆持名刺代往"。当时士大夫交游广，若四处登门拜年，既耗费时间，也耗费精力，因此有些关系不大密切的朋友就不亲自前往，而是派仆人拿一种用梅花笺纸裁成的二寸宽、三寸长，上面写有受贺人姓名、住址和恭贺话语的卡片前往代为拜年。明代人们以投谒代替拜年。明朝杰出画家、诗人文征明在《贺年》诗中描述："不求见面惟通谒，名纸朝来满蔽庐；我亦随人投数纸，世憎嫌简不嫌虚"。这里所言的"名刺"和"名谒"即是现今贺年卡的起源。贺年卡用于联络感情和互致问

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

作为历史悠久的文明古国，丰富的民族传统节日是中国文化不可缺少的一个重要组成部分。每一个节日都有它的历史渊源、美妙传说、独特情趣和深广的群众基础。它们反映了民族的传统习惯、道德风尚和宗教观念，寄托着整个民族的憧憬，是千百年来一代代岁月长途中欢乐的盛会。 中国主要的传统节日有春节、元宵、清明、端午、七夕、中秋、重阳、冬至、腊八等等 农历节日： ◆正月初一:春节 ◆正月十五:元宵节 、壮族歌墟节、朝鲜族上元节 、苗族踩山节、达翰尔族卡钦 ◆正月十六至二十:侗族芦笙节 ◆正月二十五:填仓节 ◆正月二十九:送穷日 ◆二月初一:瑶族忌鸟节 ◆二月初二:春龙节、畲族会亲节 ◆二月初八:僳僳族刀杆节 ◆三月十五:佤族播种节 ◆三月十五至二十五:白族三月街 ◆清明节 ◆四月初八:牛王诞 ◆四月十八:锡伯族西迁节 ◆五月初五:端午节、黎族朝花节、苗族龙船年 ◆五月十三:阿昌族泼水节 ◆五月二十二：鄂温克族米阔鲁节 ◆五月二十九:瑶族达努节 ◆六月初六:天贝兄节、姑姑节 、壮族祭田节 、瑶族尝新节 ◆六月二十四:彝族、阿昌族、白族、佤族、纳西族、基诺族火把节 ◆七月初七:女儿节 ◆七月十三:侗族吃新节 ◆七月十五:盂兰盆会、普米族转山会 ◆八月十五: 中秋节、拉祜族尝新节、仡佬族后生节 ◆九月初九:重阳节 ◆十月初一:祭祖节 ◆十月十六:瑶族盘王节 ◆十二月初五：苗族姊妹饭 ◆十二月初八:腊八节 ◆冬至日:冬至节 ◆十二月二十三、二十四:祭灶 ◆十二月三十:除夕。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 中国节假日 2005-4-27 11:19:40 中国法定节假日 元旦 春节 国际妇女节 国际劳动节 青年节 国际儿童节 建军节 国庆节 中国传统节日 春节 元旦 元宵节 龙抬头节 清明节 端午节 中秋节 七夕节 鬼节 芒种节 夏至节 冬至节 祭灶节 中国宗教节日 塔尔寺灯节 肉孜节 古尔邦节 玉皇圣诞节 蟠桃会 开斋节 平安夜 圣诞节 圣纪节 妈祖节 中国民俗节日 国际钱江观潮节 岳阳国际龙舟节 扬州溱潼会船节 保定敬老健身节 洛阳牡丹花节 贵州杜鹃花节 大连赏槐会 军坡节 中国民族节日 那达慕大会 赛马节 转山节 雪顿节 沐浴节 芦笙节 姊妹节 龙船节 吃丑节 火把节 花王节 斗牛节 姑娘节 花儿会 收获节 那尼节 重庆苗族踩山节 中国时令节气 立春 雨水 惊蛰 春分 清明 谷雨 立夏 小满 芒种 夏至 小暑 大暑 立秋 处暑 白露 秋分 寒露 霜降 立冬 小雪 大雪 冬至 小寒 大寒 三伏 小阳春 击鼓催春 消寒图 中国艺术节日 中国艺术节 上海电视节 四川熊猫节 中国戏剧节 中国吴桥杂技节 风筝节 西安古文化节 三峡艺术节 天津国际少儿文化艺术节 冰雪艺术电影节 曲阜国际孔子文化节 天津中国京剧节 中国文化节日 中国西藏文化节 海南国际椰子节 哈尔滨冰雪节 吉林雾凇冰雪节 北京龙庆峡冰雪节 自贡恐龙节 杭州茶文化节 中国丝绸之路节 海南岛欢乐节 湖北三峡文化节 中国经贸节日 旅游节 泰山登山节 青岛啤酒节 青岛海洋节 那达慕草原旅游节 绍兴黄酒节 中国豆腐文化节 广州美食节 重庆火锅节 中国广告节 上海茶文化节 大兴西瓜节 景德镇国际陶瓷节 桂林山水旅游节 重庆万盛旅游河流节 嘉峪关国际滑翔节 五台山国际旅游月 上海黄埔旅游节 苏州丝绸旅游节 张家界国际森林节 郑州国际少林武术节 黄山国际旅游节 大连服装 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 还有: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 美 国 的 传 统 节 日 New Year's Day(January 1) 元旦 Lincoln's Birthday(February 12) 林肯诞辰纪念日 St.Valentine's Day(February 14) 圣瓦伦丁节（也叫情人节） Washington's Birthday(February 22) 华盛顿诞辰纪念日 St.Patrick's Day(March 17) 圣帕特里克 Easter 复活节 April Fool's Day(April 1) 愚人节 Mother's Day 母亲节 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 美国的传统节日 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2005年2月10日20:57 1月1日新年（New Year's Day） 2月12日林肯纪念日（Lincoln's Birthday） 2月14日圣瓦伦丁节（情人节）（St. Valentine's Day） 2月18日华盛顿诞辰日（Washington's Birthday） 3月17日圣帕特里克节（St. Patrick's Day） 4月1日愚人节（All Fools' Day） 4月***日复活节（Easter）（一般指春分月圆后第一个星期日） 5月***日植树节（Arbor Day）（五月的第二个星期五） 5月***日母亲节（Mothers' Day）（五月的第二个星期日） 5月***日阵亡将士纪念日（Memorial Day）（五月的最后一个星期一） 6月14日国旗日（Flag Day） 6月***日父亲节（Fathers' Day）（六月的第三个星期日） 7月4日独立日（Independence Day） 9月***日劳动节（Labor Day）（九月的第一个星期一） 10月12日哥伦布日（Columbus Day） 10月***日退伍军人节（Veteran's Day）（十月的第四个星期一） 11月1日万圣节（Halloween） 11月***日12月25日圣诞节（Christmas）