中英文物流研究论文

术语： PROFIT SHARING-------------------利润分成 DOCK CHARGE----------------------码头费 INLAND CHARGE--------------------内陆转运费 MERCHANDISE INSPECTION-----------商检费 TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGE---------THC DRAYAGE--------------------------提箱和还箱费 PEAK SEASON SURCHARGE------------旺季附加费 COMMISSION-----------------------佣金 MAILS FEE------------------------邮寄费 PANAMA CHANNEL CHARGE------------运河费 THE CHARGE OF FREIGHT------------运杂费 TRANSSHIPMENT COSTS -------------中转费 VANNING FEE----------------------装箱费 INSURANCE FEE--------------------保险费 CUSTOM CLEARANCE FEE-------------报关费 CY SURCHARGE---------------------CY交货附加费 EQUIPMENT RETURN CHARGE----------空箱返还费 DIVERSION FEE--------------------改港费 EQUIPMENT CHANGING CHARGE--------改箱费 PORT CONGESTION SURCHARGE--------港口拥挤费 BUNKER ADJUSTIVE FACTOR----------BAF(燃油附加费) CURRENCY ADJUSTMENT FACTOR-------CAF(币值附加费) STORAGE CHARGE-------------------仓储费 CUSTOM INSPECTION FEE------------查验费 DEVANNING CHARGE-----------------拆箱费 DESTINATION DELIVERY CHARGE------DDC(终点码头卸货费) HANDLING CHARGE------------------代理费 REFUND---------------------------反佣 GENERAL RATE INCREASE------------GRI(全面涨价费) OCEAN FREIGHT--------------------海运费 DOCUMENT TRANSFERING FEE---------换单费 EQUIPMENT REPOSITION SURCHARGE---空箱调运费 WAREHOUSE REFUND SHARING---------拼箱退佣 CONTAINER FREIGHT STATION--------CFS(集装箱货运站) 随着社会的发展，行业竞争的日趋激烈，如何提高工作效率、降低管理成本、提高服务水平和企业的竞争能力，是每一个企业管理者最为关注的问题。越来越多的管理者认为实行计算机科学化管理是解决这一问题的关键。 物流运输企业由于行业特点，传统操作过程复杂，文件繁多，竞争日趋激烈。越来越多的信息问题涌现出来，例如：一方面，要不断开发客户市场，对客户的基本资料，货物分布情况、联系人的喜好及联系方式有较为全面的了解，另一方面，要作好财务的收付工作，确保运费能按时的收付，欠款一目了然，及时催缴。以往查阅厚厚的文件资料的做法，显然是不可取的。必须采取更有效的解决办法。同时收集处理信息的速度、信息的准确性、安全性，还影响到公司整体的管理水平和决策层对整体业务的控制和协调。采用计算机软件管理信息是解决上述问题的一个行之有效的办法。 物流管理软件，就是根据物流运输企业业务流程，将企业业务的各类数据联系起来，组成一个有机的系统，使得业务、财务、市场等方面的信息得以方便、快捷地传递，并经过综合处理生成各种报表送交给各个职能部门及决策层。应用物流管理软件系统不仅可以节省大量的人力，减少工作中的失误，对客户的询问可以迅速的从电脑中查询信息答复客户，而且可以帮助决策者及时调整公司经营策略，提高公司在同行业中的知名度，增强公司的竞争力。 过去物流管理着重在企业内部作业与组织的整合，对下游顾客的对应，是以服务与品质为主要重心。因此，评价物流的管理业绩和效果的准则，多半是以处理订单周期时间的速度，供货率及完成质量来量度。 随着物流业的发展，在供应链管理模式上增添新的内容，物流业出现了新的十大趋势。 （一）物流管理从物的处理，提升到物的加值方案设计、解决和管理上。可以为客户提供度身订造式的，并带有个性化的服务，企业逐渐转向强调跨企业界限的整合，使得顾客关系的维护与管理变得越来越重要。 （二）由对立转向联合。传统商业通道中，企业间多半以自我为中心，追求自我利益，因此往往造成企业间对立的局面。然而在追求更大竞争力的驱动下，许多企业开始在各个商业流通机能上整合，通过联合规划与作业，形成高度整合的供应链通道关系，使通道整体成绩和效果大幅提升。 （三）由预测转向终测。传统的流通模式通过预测下游通道的资源来进行各项物流作业活动，不幸的是预测很少会准确的，因而浪费了许多自然及商业资源。新兴的物流管理趋势是强调通道成员的联合机制，成员间愿意互换营运及策略的信息，尤其是内部需求及生产的资料，使得上游的企业无需去预测，流通模式是逐渐由预测基础转向终测基础发展。 （四）由经验积累转向变迁策略。一直以来经验曲线是企业用来分析市场竞争趋势及发展对应策略的方法，并以企业长年积累的经验作为主要竞争武器，然而科技的突飞进步，企业固守既有经验反而成为企业发展的障碍，因此在调度变化的环境下，经验及现存通道基础结构反变为最难克服的障碍，成功的企业要建立对策略方向的嗅觉和持续变迁管理体系才能生存。 （五）由绝对价值转向相对价值。传统财务评价只看一些绝对数值，新的评估方法将着重在相对价值的创造，亦即在通道中提供加值服务，顾客所增加的价值中企业可占多少比例。 （六）由功能整合转向程序整合。在竞争渠道日趋激烈的环境中，企业必须更快响应上、下游顾客的需要，因而必须有效整合各部门的营运，并以程序式的操作系统来动作，物流作业与活动多半具有跨功能，跨企业的特性，故程序式整合是物流管理成功的重点。 （七）由垂直整合转向虚拟整合。在传统渠道中，一些大企业进行通道的垂直整合，以期对通过掌握有更大的力量，事实证明这并不成功，反而分散了企业的资源，并将主业削弱。今日企业经营的趋势是专注核心业务，将非核心业务委托给专业管理公司去做，形成虚拟企业整合体系，使主体企业提供更好的产品及服务。 （八）由信息保留转向信息分享。在供应链管理结构下，供应链内相关企业必须将供应链整合所需的信息与其他企业分享，否则，无法形成有效的供应链体系。 （九）由训练转向知识学习。在可预见的未来，任何物流程序均以人力来完成。然而，物流作业多半需要在各个物流据点和运输网络中进行，大约有90%的时间，物流主管无法亲自加以监控。全球化的发展趋势，也增加了物流人力资源管理的复杂度。物流主管必须将以个别人员技能训练的方式，转向知识基础的学习发展。 （十）由管理会计转向价值管理。未来许多企业愿意投入许多资源建立基本会计系统，着重在提供增值创造，跨企业的管理信息，以期能确认可创造价值的作业，而非仅在于收益增加，成本升降上。 Along with society's development, the profession competition is day by day intense, how enhances the working efficiency, reduces the management cost, the enhancement service level and enterprise's competitive ability, is each enterprise superintendent most matter of concern. More and more many superintendents thought the implementation computer scientific style management solves this question key. The thing flows the transportation enterprise as a result of the profession characteristic, the tradition operating process complex, document many, the competition is day by day intense. The more and more many information question emerges, for example: On the one hand, must develop the customer market unceasingly, to the customer basic document, the cargo distribution situation, the contact person likes and the contact method has a more comprehensive understanding, on the other hand, must finish financial the receipts and disbursements work, guarantees the transport expense to be able on time receipts and disbursements, the debt to be clear, prompt press for payment. Formerly consulted the thick document material the procedure, obviously was cannot be taken. Must adopt more effective solution. At the same time collects the process information the speed, the information accuracy, the security, but also affects the company whole management level and the decision-making strata to the overall service control and the coordination. Uses the computer software management information is solution above question effective means. The thing class manages the software, is flows the transportation enterprise service flow according to the thing, according to relates the enterprise service various class numbers, composes an organic system, causes aspect the and so on service, finance, market information to be able to be convenient, to transmit quickly, and produces each kind of report form after synthesis processing to deliver for each function department and the decision-making strata. The appliance flows the management software system not only to be possible to save the massive manpower, reduces in the work the fault, may be rapid to the customer inquiry inquires the information answer customer from the computer, moreover may help the policy-maker promptly to adjust the company to manage the strategy, enhances company's in same profession well-knownness, the enhancement company's competitive power. In the past flowed the management emphatically in the enterprise interior work and organization's conformity, to the downriver customer's correspondence, was take serves and the quality as the main center of gravity. Therefore, the appraisal flows the management achievement and the effect criterion, is mostly by processes the order form period the speed, supplying goods rate and completes the quality to measure. Along with the thing flowing industry development, increased the new content in the supply chain management pattern, thing flowing industry had the new ten major tendencies. (1) thing flows the management from thing processing, promotes to in the thing Canadian value plan design, the solution and the management. May provides for the customer 度身订造 -like, and has the personalization the service, the enterprise gradually changes emphasized the cross enterprise boundary the conformity, causes the maintenance and the management which the customer relates changes more and more importantly. (2) changes the union by the opposition. In the traditional commercial channel, the enterprise mostly take as the center, pursues the self- benefit, therefore often makes the aspect which the enterprise opposes. However in under the pursue bigger competitive power actuation, many enterprises starts in each commercial circulation function the conformity, through the union plan and the work, forms highly the conformity supply chain channel relations, causes the channel overall result and the effect large promotion. (3) changes the final survey by the forecast. The traditional circulation pattern carries on each thing through the forecast downriver channel resources to flow the work activity, unfortunately forecasts very little can accurate, thus has wasted many natures and the commercial resources. The emerging thing flows the management tendency is emphasized the channel member's union mechanism, between the member is willing to exchange transport business and the strategy information upstream, in particular internal demand and the production material, causes the enterprise not to need to forecast, the circulation pattern changes the final survey foundation development gradually by the forecast foundation. (4) accumulates by the experience changes the vicissitude strategy. The empirical curve has since always been the enterprise uses for to analyze the market competition tendency and the development correspondence strategy method, and the experience which accumulates by the enterprise elders takes the main competition weapon, however the science and technology flies suddenly the progress, the enterprise defends stubbornly already has the experience instead to become the barrier which the enterprise develops, therefore in under the dispatch change environment, the experience and the extant channel foundation structure instead becomes the barrier which most difficult to overcome, the success enterprise must establish to the strategy direction sense of smell and continues the vicissitude management system to be able to survive. (5) changes the relative value by the absolute value. The traditional finance appraisal will look only some absolute values, the new appraisal method emphatically in the relative value creation, that is will provide adds the value service in the channel, in the value which the customer will increase the enterprise may account for how many proportions. (6) changes the procedure conformity by the function conformity. In the competition channel intense environment, the enterprise must day by day in a quicker response, the downriver customer's need, thus must effective conformity various departments' transport business, and acts by the procedure -like operating system, the thing flows the work and the activity has the cross function mostly, cross enterprise's characteristic, therefore the procedure type conformity is the thing class manages the successful key point. (7) changes the hypothesized conformity by the vertical conformity. In the traditional channel, some big enterprises carry on the channel the vertical conformity, to through grasps by the time has a bigger strength, the fact proved this is not successful, instead dispersed enterprise's resources, and weakens the principal work. Today the enterprise manages the tendency is dedicated nucleus □0 □$. The service, makes the non- core business request for the specialized management company, forms the hypothesized enterprise conformity system, causes the main body enterprise to provide a better product and the service. (8) changes the information share by the information retention. Under the supply chain management structure, supplies in the chain to be connected the enterprise to have to supply the information which the chain conformity needs to share with other enterprises, otherwise, is unable to form the effective supply chain system. (9) changes the knowledge study by the training. In future which may foresee, any thing flows the procedure to complete by the manpower. However, the thing flows the work to need to flow the foothold and in mostly the transportation network in each thing carries on, probably some 90% time, the thing flows the manager to be unable to perform to monitor personally. Globalization development tendency, also increased the thing to flow the human resources management the order of complexity. The thing flows the manager to have by the individual personnel skill training way, changes the knowledge foundation the study development. (10) changes the value management by management accounting. Future many enterprises will be willing to invest many resources establishments basic accountant the system, in will provide the increment creation emphatically, the cross enterprise's management information, by the time will be able the true approval creation value work, but must only will lie in the income to increase, in cost fluctuation

逆向物流为何在中国企业遭冷遇近几年来，基于可持续发展的逆向物流引起了国内外专家学者的普遍关注，并对其进行了系统而深入的研究，同时国外一些著名公司已开始逐步实施逆向物流管理。然而在国内，反映绿色和生态思想的逆向物流还未引起人们的足够重视，也鲜有企业着手开展逆向物流活动，这不能不引起我们的忧思。透视逆向物流我们通常所说的物流一般是指“正向物流”，但一个完整的供应链除了包括正向物流之外，还应包括逆向物流。“逆向物流”最早是由Stock在1992年给美国物流管理协会（CLM）的一份研究报告中提出，之后许多研究机构和学者从不同角度对逆向物流进行了不同的诠释。正向物流是货物从生产到消费的实际方向上的物流，与供应链的运作方向一致；而逆向物流则与之相反，它是以市场和顾客为导向，以信息技术为基础，通过渠道成员将物资从消费点返回到原产地的过程，包括退货、不合格品退回、维修与再制造、物料替代、物品循环利用、废弃物回收处理等流程，从而使这些物资重新获得价值并得到正确处置。从微观上看，逆向物流具有提高顾客价值、增强竞争优势、降低物料成本、增加企业效益、改善环境行为、塑造企业形象等显性和隐性作用；从宏观上看，逆向物流有利于社会资源的合理流动、节约资源、改善环境和经济的可持续发展等。因此，实施“逆向物流”顺应了时代发展的要求。逆向物流顺潮流而动迈入21世纪，人类将面临人口膨胀、资源短缺、环境恶化等重大危机，而作为大量消耗能源、原材料，产生许多废弃物的物流业，必然会在发展中遭遇很强的环境制约，因此，“走循环经济道路”将成为物流业承诺和追求的主要目标。这在客观上把逆向物流从黑暗的后台推向了炫目的聚光灯下。同时，在经济一体化的背景下，企业之间的竞争已不再是公司与公司之间的竞争，而是整体供应链之间的竞争，所以企业除了考虑自身的利益外，更需要考虑整体供应链的竞争力和利益，这就要求企业必需建立一个新的运作模式——供应链体系。为了优化供应链体系、提升整体供应链的竞争力，我们不但要重视正向物流运作，而且要搞好逆向物流运作。随着人们环保意识的增强，政府环境立法的加快和法规约束力度的加大，逆向物流正在被社会各界越来越多的人士所认识和重视。而基于人口、资源、环境和谐发展的要求和提升企业竞争优势的目标（如蓝带啤酒通过开展啤酒瓶回收，成本可降低20%－40%），逆向物流必将成为企业运营中的重要一环。目前，一些国际知名企业，如通用汽车、IBM、惠普、西门子、飞利浦、西尔斯等已先行一步进入逆向物流领域，产生了良好的经济效益和社会影响。然而在中国，逆向物流仍然未能引起企业界的普遍重视，绝大多数企业也都对逆向物流退避三舍。中国企业缘何冷落逆向物流对大多数中国企业来讲，在正向物流系统中创造并持续应用最佳业务实践已经是非常艰巨的任务了。因此毫不奇怪，没有几家企业愿意全心全意地应对逆向物流的挑战。那么，是什么原因导致中国企业对逆向物流“横眉冷对”的呢？(1)对逆向物流的认识存在误区。从形成因素来看，逆向物流一般是由对不满意产品的退货，不合格材料和残次品的退（召）回，包装品的循环复用，废弃物的处理，有害物品的回收等引起的。因此，大多数企业认为逆向物流是负面的，把其看作是一件麻烦事，既劳民又伤财，而且成功几率也比较小，导致企业对逆向物流“三缄其口”。(2)企业高层的重视不够。通常企业都乐于在正向物流上投入资金、下大功夫，相比之下，高层领导对逆向物流普遍不够重视，并将其排除在企业经营战略之外。一项针对物流经理的调查显示，40%的人认为导致逆向物流失败的首要因素是管理阶层觉得其相对不重要；35%的人认为是缺乏相关政策和处理系统；其余的则认为是疏忽管理和缺乏人力资源。(3)对逆向物流的操作存在困难。正向物流通常是在人们的计划和掌控之下，基本按照规定的时间和数量从某一点流出，终止于另一点；何时出发、数量多少、从哪里出发、流往何处基本上是已知的和可控的。而对逆向物流，其产生的地点、时间和数量几乎无法预料，人们难以掌控。(4)缺乏相应的技术和管理手段作支撑。正向物流的处理方法一般比较规范，而逆向物流的处理系统与方式则复杂多样，不同的处理手段对恢复资源价值的贡献差异显著。一般的物流管理信息系统都具有对正向物流的管理功能，但是却鲜有对逆向物流的处理与管理功能。(5)企业综合素质差。运作逆向物流对企业的生产能力、物流技术、人员素质、管理水平、组织结构等方面的要求非常高，并且需要投入大量的人力、物力、财力，使得企业对逆向物流的成本控制、经济效益以及成功几率等持怀疑态度。因此，大多数企业对开展逆向物流比较消极。另外，逆向物流业务是由供应链上各个企业共同运作的，因而企业开展逆向物流需要与供应链上其他企业充分合作、协商，并结合整个供应链的业务能力集体做出决策，这对缺乏合作精神和供应链整合能力比较差的中国企业而言是一个不小的挑战。让逆向物流在中国不再沉默当我们还在为挤干正向物流中的水分而费尽心机之时，一些世界著名的大制造商已经开始向逆向物流要效益了。在经济全球化的今天，当供应链管理时代向我们走来的时候，中国作为世界制造业中心和全球供应链的源头，岂能坐失逆向物流孕育的无限商机？诚如零售巨头西尔斯公司的物流副总裁所言：“逆向物流也许是企业在降低成本中的最后一块处女地了”。当前，中国每年因退货、过量生产、不合格品退回、报废和损坏等产生的损失正在以惊人的速度增长，因此开展逆向物流对资源相对贫乏、遭遇巨大的资源和环境制约的中国而言，前景诱人。然而，真正尝到逆向物流之甘甜的中国企业却不多见，在此情况下，如何让逆向物流不再沉默，成为我们思索的主题。(1)学习逆向物流知识，树立现代逆向物流理念。目前，多数中国企业对逆向物流的认识还不够全面，也没有认识到逆向物流潜在的经济价值。在以顾客为导向和绿色主义盛行的市场环境下，企业建立退货、缺陷产品退回或召回、物料循环利用、报废品和有害品回收处理等逆向物流系统，是提高顾客忠诚度、促进技术创新的来源之一，对企业节约资源、降低成本、塑造环保形象、增强显性和隐性竞争优势等具有积极意义。所以，必须通过系统学习逆向物流知识，使企业树立正确的逆向物流思想，同时提高逆向物流业务水平。(2)加大政府环境立法进程和环保执法力度。在工业化世界中，政府的环境立法迫使企业对其所制造产品的整个生命周期负责。目前，在美国，日本、西欧等发达国家大都出台了关于残次品的退回、包装材料的循环利用、废弃物的回收处理等法案，这在很大程度上推动了企业逆向物流的开展。而在中国，立法滞后、执法不严是导致逆向物流遭冷遇的主要原因之一。(3)重视逆向物流通道建设，提高供应链整合能力。一个完整的逆向物流流程是由消费者或其他逆向物流源，通过零售商、批发商、配送中心、生产商和供应商几个节点逐级回溯的过程。由于逆向物流需求量和流程长度的不确定性，我们必须重视逆向物流通道的建设和选择问题，这对合理减少逆向物流量，缩短逆向物流在途时间和流程，为其他渠道成员节约资源、降低成本具有重要影响。因此，要加强企业对供应链上的渠道成员的整合能力。(4)促进企业物流的管理创新和技术进步。鉴于逆向物流的复杂性和不确定性，实现逆向物流运作的规范化，企业必须有先进的信息技术和运营管理系统作支持，采取一系列计划控制手段和措施，以提高资源利用效率和投资回报率。比如，建立具有逆向物流管理功能的新型物流管理信息系统和业务运营模式；制定逆向物流成本管理的会计制度，解决成本可视性问题；实施业务流程再造等。(5)引入第三方逆向物流管理。一般来说，第三方物流公司在专业技术、综合管理和信息等方面具有显著优势，通过把逆向物流业务外包给第三方企业，实现专业分工、提高运作效率。据悉，国际物流巨头如UPS、联邦快递等已经进入逆向物流服务领域，第三方逆向物流将成为逆向物流发展的趋势。另外，我们要重视和发挥工业同盟或行业协会在管理逆向物流中的独特作用，加强这些组织对企业实施逆向物流的管理和引导，将类似的很多企业整合起来共同面对逆向物流的挑战。In recent years, based on the sustainable development of reverse logistics experts and scholars at home and abroad has aroused widespread attention, and its system and in-depth research, while some well-known foreign companies have begun to gradually implement reverse logistics management. But at home, reflecting the green and ecological thinking of the reverse logistics have not yet cause for adequate attention, few companies have embarked on reverse logistics activities, which can not but arouse our Yousi. Perspective reverse logistics We usually say the logistics generally refers to "forward logistics," but a complete supply chain logistics in addition to including the forward, should also include reverse logistics. "Reverse logistics" is the earliest in 1992 by the Stock to the United States Association of Logistics Management (CLM) in a research report that after many research institutions and scholars from different angles on the reverse logistics for a different interpretation. Logistics is positive goods from production to consumption of the actual direction of logistics, supply chain and the operation of the same direction, and reverse logistics, by contrast, it is the market and customer-oriented, with information technology as the foundation, through the channel members Consumer goods will return to the point of origin of the process, including returns, failed to return goods, maintenance and re-manufacturing, material substitution, use of recycled materials, waste recycling, and other processes, so that these materials be re-value and Proper disposal. From the micro perspective, a reverse logistics improve customer value and enhance competitive advantage, reduce material costs and increase enterprise efficiency, improve the environment, shape their images, and other overt and hidden role from the macro perspective, reverse logistics is conducive to social The rational flow of resources, conservation of resources, improve the environment and the sustainable economic development. Therefore, the implementation of "reverse logistics" in line with the development of the times. Reverse Logistics-trend and Entered the 21st century, mankind will face a population explosion, resource shortages and environmental deterioration, and other major crises, and as a large consumption of energy, raw materials, waste generated many of the logistics industry will inevitably encountered in the development of strong environmental constraints, therefore, "Walk the road of economic cycle" will become the logistics industry commitment and the pursuit of key targets. This objective of the reverse logistics from a dark background to a dazzling spotlight. At the same time, in the context of economic integration, competition among enterprises is no longer the company and the competition between the companies, but the overall competition between the supply chain, enterprises, apart from considering their own interests, but also need to consider the overall supply Chain and the competitiveness of interest requires that enterprises must establish a new mode of operation - the supply chain system. In order to optimize the supply chain system, improve the overall supply chain competitiveness, we must not only be positive attention to the logistics operation, but also to do a good job in reverse logistics operation. With the enhancement of environmental awareness among the people, the Government's environmental legislation and regulations to speed up the efforts to increase the binding, reverse logistics community is being more and more people are understanding and attention. And based on population, resources, environment and harmonious development of the enterprises enhance the competitive advantage goals (such as Blue Ribbon beer bottles of beer, through recycling, the cost can be reduced by 20% -40%), reverse logistics enterprises will surely become a key operator in Central. At present, some internationally famous companies such as General Motors, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Siemens, Philips, Sears, etc., have entered the first step in the field of reverse logistics, produce good economic returns and social impact. However, in China, the reverse logistics business has not been caused widespread attention, the vast majority of enterprises are also on the reverse logistics Tuibisanshe. Why cold-shouldered Chinese enterprises reverse logistics Speaking for the majority of Chinese enterprises in the logistics system to create positive and sustained application of Best Practices is a very arduous task. Not surprising, therefore, not a few companies are willing to wholeheartedly respond to the challenges of reverse logistics. So, what are the reasons for Chinese enterprises to reverse logistics "Hengmeilengdui"? » (1) awareness of the existence of reverse logistics errors. From the formation of factors, reverse logistics in general is not satisfied with the products of the return, Canci substandard materials and goods retreat (response) back, the cycle of packaging materials reuse, waste disposal, the recycling of hazardous materials Caused. Therefore, the majority of enterprises believe that the reverse logistics is negative, as one of their troubles, both the people and injured money, but also relatively small chance of success, resulting in business-to-reverse logistics "to remain silent." (2) paid insufficient attention to the high-level enterprises. Often companies are happy to invest in the forward logistics funds, under great efforts, compared with the leaders of the general lack of attention to reverse logistics, and out of the business strategy beyond. A logistics manager for the survey, 40 percent of the people that led to the failure of reverse logistics management of the primary factor is that its relatively unimportant; 35 percent of people think that is the lack of relevant policies and treatment systems; rest are considered to be negligent management And the lack of human resources. (3) the operation of the reverse logistics difficulties. Logistics is usually positive people in the planning and control, in accordance with the basic requirements of the time and the number of outflow from a certain point, another point in the termination; when starting, of the numbers, starting from where, where the flow is basically known to And controllable. And the reverse logistics, the location, time and the number is almost impossible to expect it difficult to control. (4) the lack of appropriate technologies and management tools and support. Positive ways of handling the logistics generally norms, and reverse logistics system and way of dealing with the complicated and diverse, different treatment methods to restore the value of the contribution of resources significantly. General logistics management information systems have to forward logistics management capabilities, but seldom on the treatment and reverse logistics management capabilities. (5) poor overall quality of enterprises. Reverse logistics operation of the production capacity of enterprises, logistics, personnel quality, management, organizational structure and other aspects of the request is very high, and requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources to make business-to-reverse logistics cost control, cost-effective and Success probability, and other skeptical. Therefore, the majority of enterprises to carry out reverse logistics relatively negative. In addition, the reverse logistics supply chain operations by the various co-operation of enterprises, thus enterprises need to reverse logistics and supply chain of other enterprises to cooperate fully, in consultation with the whole supply chain and the operational capacity of collective decision-making, the lack of cooperation Spirit and supply chain integration relatively poor ability of the Chinese enterprises is a big challenge. Let reverse logistics in China is no longer silent When we are Jigan positive for the logistics of water and Feijinxinji the time, some of the world famous big manufacturers have begun to reverse logistics to the benefits. In the economic globalization today, when the supply chain management to the era before us the time, China as a world manufacturing centre and the source of the global supply chain, how can we miss the reverse logistics孕育unlimited business opportunities » Just as retail giant Sears, vice president of the logistics company said: "reverse logistics enterprises may be in lower costs in the last piece of virgin land." At present, China in each of the returns, excessive production, failed to return goods, such as abandoned and damaged the loss is growing at an alarming rate, to reverse logistics for the relative lack of resources, experience tremendous resources and environmental constraints of China, Enticing prospect. However, the real taste of the sweet reverse logistics enterprises in China are rare, in this case, how to reverse logistics is no longer silent, we become the subject of reflection. (1) study and reverse logistics knowledge, establish a modern concept of reverse logistics. At present, most Chinese enterprises to reverse logistics understanding also is not comprehensive enough, and no understanding of reverse logistics to the potential economic value. In customer-oriented and green of the prevailing market environment, the establishment of return, refund or recall defective products, the use of recycled materials, goods and scrap recycling of hazardous materials, such as reverse logistics system is to improve customer loyalty and promote One of the sources of technological innovation, enterprise resource conservation, reduce costs, create environmental image and enhance the dominant and recessive competitive advantage, and so is of positive significance. Therefore, we must reverse logistics through a systematic study of knowledge to enable enterprises to establish a correct ideological and reverse logistics, while increasing the level of reverse logistics business. (2) Increase the process of environmental legislation and environmental law enforcement. In the industrialized world, the Government's environmental legislation by forcing companies to manufacture products in charge of the entire life cycle. At present, the United States, Japan and most Western European and other developed countries issued a refund on Canci goods, packaging materials recycling, waste recycling, and other bills, largely promoted the development of reverse logistics enterprises. In China, legislation lagged behind, leading to lax enforcement reverse logistics Zaoleng Yu is one of the main reasons. (3) to reverse logistics channel construction, improve supply chain integration. A complete reverse logistics process by consumers or other source of reverse logistics, through retailers, wholesalers, distribution centers, manufacturers and suppliers several nodes back step by step process. As demand for reverse logistics and the flow length of the uncertainty, we must reverse logistics channel to the construction and selection, which is a reasonable reduction of reverse logistics, reverse logistics reduce the time and passers-by in the process, as members of other channels to save resources, reduce costs Has an important influence. Therefore, in order to strengthen business-to-supply chain on the ability to integrate members of the channel. (4) promotion of business logistics management innovation and technological progress. Given the complexity of the reverse logistics and uncertainties, and reverse logistics operation of the standardized, enterprises must have advanced information technology and operations management system to support, adopt a series of plans and control methods and measures to improve the efficiency of resource use and return on investment . For example, the establishment of a reverse logistics management capabilities of the new logistics management information systems and operations model developed reverse logistics cost management accounting systems, cost visibility to solve the problem, such as the implementation of business process reengineering. (5) the introduction of third-party reverse logistics management. In general, third-party logistics companies in the professional and technical, management and information has a significant advantage, through to reverse logistics outsourcing to a third party business, and professional division of labor, improve operational efficiency. It is learnt that the international logistics giants such as UPS, Federal Express, and so has entered the field of reverse logistics services, reverse logistics will become the third-party logistics reverse the trend of development. In addition, we must attach importance to and play industrial union or trade association in the management of reverse logistics in the unique role to strengthen these organizations on the implementation of reverse logistics business management and guidance, many enterprises will be similar to the integration of common reverse logistics challenges.

这个有3000吧! 自从二十世纪八十年代开始，现代物流率先出现于欧美等工业国家，并以其独特的魅力受到全球工商界企业的青睐，得到了迅猛的发展，被誉为企业发展的“加速器”和二十一世纪的“黄金产业”，成为新兴的经济增长点。现在，在世界各国，越来越多的企业不惜巨资投向现代物流企业，同时现代物流企业也成为了全球金融投资家关注的重点行业之一。现代物流，炙手可热。 在钢铁产品流通领域内，现代物流意味着包括钢材在内的生产资料和生活资料等所有物质资料从供给者到需求者的物理性活动，是为了满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间库存、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动及存储的计划、实施与控制的过程。现代物流强调的是这个过程的有效流动与存储，以及信息及管理在物流中的作用。 我国钢铁行业物流现状 我国钢材流通领域的物流产业与欧美等发达国家相比，从总体来说，还是处于比较落后的状态，主要是存在以下五个方面的不足： 物流产业起步较晚 各自为战，尚未建立全国范围内的物流体系 基础配套设施等硬件条件差 经营管理理念和方法不先进 现代物流的认识和理论研究还有待提高 在看到我国钢铁流通领域内物流产业的不足之处的同时，我们也要看到经过各个方面不懈努力取得的进步和成绩。现在，我国钢铁行业及钢材流通领域的现代物流基本上是处于良性循环的蓬勃发展趋势之中。 大型钢铁企业纷纷兴办物流公司，利用自身雄厚的人力、物力资源，打造出享誉我国钢铁流通领域内的物流企业品牌。从1982年开始，鞍钢就设计并实施了众多的大型技改项目的物流解决方案，累计运输和管理进出口物资总值高达300多亿元人民币，积累了丰富的现代物流经验。鞍钢物流业的发展是立足在其自身的四大优势基础之上的：一是在许多港口的费率是同类企业中最低的；二是与许多船舶公司、航空公司已经建立了良好的伙伴关系；三是与海关、商检部门有良好的合作，通关能力十分强；四是具有良好的品牌和信誉，这也是鞍钢发展物流业的最大资本。目前，辽宁省内许多企业已表示出浓厚的与鞍钢物流企业合作的愿望，其中三家企业已通过鞍钢国贸国际货运有限公司做成了生意。 中小型钢铁企业也不甘心失去发展现代物流的有利契机，同时希望通过现代物流的强力推动，缩短与大型钢铁企业间的距离。莱钢根据企业物流的现状，在物流优化和整合上大做文章，以便降低企业物流成本，提高企业的综合竞争能力。为此，莱钢专门成立了“现代物流管理部”，负责莱钢物流的优化与整合工作；聘请物流专家对莱钢的物流进行诊断，制定物流优化整合方案，指导企业进行现代物流管理创新；建立物流优化与整合的数字模型，将各个生产企业的原燃料采购、生产过程的半成品转移及产品销售至用户的全过程进行系统优化，以从更大范围内优化企业生产成本，实现莱钢物流管理的整体创新。 网上招标与采购，是钢铁产品与钢材流通领域内迈向现代物流的实质性一步。“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”自2001年10月在国内冶金行业正式推出后，发展势头十分强劲。这一系统可以提供全程进行网上发标、加密投标、截标、网上解密开标的招标采购平台，并且采用了用户IC卡系统和先进的复合数字加密技术。如今，通过“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”已累计实现网上采购额亿元。2002年1月，北京首钢新钢有限责任公司通过“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”网上发布9大类48个标书，采购品种规格共有200多个，价值达到8258万元，之后举行网上开标，实施采购，参加网上投标的供应商有76家。现在，越来越多的供应商以钢铁企业网上招标采购为契机，积极参加网上供应行列，进入这一网上大市场。 相比国外企业差距明显 在我国，钢铁系统物流产业的发展毕竟还才起步，从整体上看，还不能适应钢铁生产和钢材贸易发展的需要，物流企业在规模、效益、物流技术和管理水平等方面与国外物流企业相比，还存在很大的差距，面临着许多亟待解决的问解，主要表现在以下八个方面： 钢铁行业的物流缺乏整体规划，各环节没有理顺，物流布局不合理，物流成本很高，物流方式单一，物流市场无序竞争，导致物流业整体效益不佳。 专业化程度不高，业态发展不平衡，企业“大而全”、“小而全”的现象较为普遍，专业化程度低，物流运输、仓储的现代水平较低，物流中心和配送中心的建设在规模和发展速度上都还不适应现代物流的要求。 物流系统效率低下，物流成本居高不下，主要表现在运输时间、储存时间、基础设施劳动生产率等三个方面。 物流基础设施不匹配，物流技术装备水平低，物流中心和配送中心的建设规模和发展速度都不适应现代物流的要求。我国的钢铁企业多数都是计划经济下的产物，条块分割、多头管理的传统经营管理模式的影响根深蒂固，导致各种物流基础设施的规划和建设缺乏必要的协调，因而配套性、兼容性差，导致系统功能不强。 物流系统一般技术水平低，装备落后。在仓储设施方面，第三方物流企业拥有的仓库70％是普通平房仓库，现代化立体自动化仓储设施比例较低，具有冷藏、保鲜、气调的仓库更少。在使用的搬运工具中，人工搬运车、手推叉车和普通起重设备占到70％以上，而可视屏叉车等现代化的搬运工具却很少采用。第三方物流企业拥有的运输车辆中，普通车辆占到70％以上，现代化的箱式货柜和集装箱拖头及特种运输车辆却很少。 物流专业人才短缺。物流人才是钢铁系统的物流业发展的关键，也是物流企业成长的保障。而我们钢铁企业或钢材流通领域的物流管理和人才培养，都还相当滞后，没有形成适应我国现状的物流理论和现代物流管理体系，物流人才培育比较困难。 标准化建设滞后。物流是跨地区、跨行业的运作系统，标准化程度的高低不仅关系到各种物流功能、要素之间的有效衔接和协调发展，也在很大程度上影响着物流效率的提高。物流器具标准不配套，托盘标准化没有推行，严重影响了物流的效率。 信息化程度低，现代营销和经营水平不高。目前不少从事钢材贸易的经营企业，大多还处于电话联系、手工操作、人工装卸较低层次的运作阶段。而在现代物流系统中，物流信息并不局限于单个企业的内部，需要在相关企业进行广泛的交换。在相关交易者之间进行网络连接，零售企业向批发企业或厂商发出的订货信息会同时发往物流企业，从而实现即时交货。但现在绝大多数的钢材贸易商是依*纸媒体的信息传递，这显然是无法实现钢材的现代物流。 尽管我国刚刚起步的钢铁流通领域内的物流企业还存在诸多问题，然而其发展的前景十分广阔，有着巨大的发展潜力和成长空间。随着我国经济的持续发展、市场经济的逐渐成熟、全球经济结构调整及产业的不断升级，这都将使我国钢铁行业的物流业的地位和作用发生深刻的变化，物流业必须成为促进我国钢铁工业和钢材贸易蓬勃发展的重要载体。 Since the 20th century, the beginning of the 1980s, modern logistics first appeared in Europe and the United States and other industrial countries, and its unique charm by the global business enterprises favored by the rapid development Hailed as the development of enterprises "accelerator" and the 21st century "gold industry," and become a new point of economic growth. Now, the nations of the world, more and more enterprises at Juzidouxiang modern logistics enterprises Meanwhile modern logistics enterprises have become the global financial investors concerned about one of the key sectors. Modern logistics, hot. In the circulation of steel products, Modern logistics means including steel, means of production and means of subsistence all material information from supplier to the demand - Rational activities, in order to meet consumer demand for the right raw materials, intermediate stock, the final product and related information from the consumer to start to the effective flow and storage of the planning, implementation and control of the process. Modern logistics emphasis of this process is efficient, effective flow and storage, and information management and logistics in the role. China's steel industry logistics situation of China's steel domain to the logistics industry and Europe and the United States and other developed nations, Generally speaking, or at a relatively backward state, is primarily the following five aspects of the inadequate : Logistics Industry late start fighting each other, yet to establish a nationwide system of logistics supporting infrastructure such as hardware poor management philosophy and methods are not advanced modern Logistics understanding and theoretical research remains to be seen in the increase in China's steel circulation within the logistics industry shortcomings in the meantime, We have to see that through all aspects of the unremitting efforts made progress and achievements. Now, China's iron and steel industry and steel circulation of modern logistics is basically a benign cycle in the vigorous development trends. Large iron and steel enterprises have set up logistics companies, using its abundant human and material resources, The building of China's steel circulation reputation in the field of logistics enterprises brand. From the beginning in 1982, when the volume on the design and implementation of a large number of major technology projects logistics solutions, total transport and import and export goods and materials management worth more than 300 billion yuan, has accumulated a wealth of experience of modern logistics. Angang development of the logistics industry is based on its own foundation of the four major advantages : First, in many ports rate is the lowest among similar enterprises; Second, with many shipping companies. Airlines have established a good partnership; Third, customs, commodity inspection departments have good cooperation. clearance capacity is very strong; 4 is a good brand and reputation, it is also Angang development of the logistics industry in the largest capital. Currently, many enterprises in Liaoning province have expressed strong with Angang logistics enterprises desire to cooperate these three enterprises have adopted international cargo Angang ITC Ltd. made a business. Small and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises have not reconciled to losing the development of modern logistics of the favorable opportunity, also hope that through modern logistics of promoting strong, with large steel shorten the distance between enterprises. Laigang logistics enterprises under the current situation, the logistics optimization and integration of a big fuss about the logistics enterprises in order to reduce costs, enhance the comprehensive competitiveness. To this end, Laiwu Steel established the "Modern Logistics Management," responsible for the logistics of Laigang optimization and integration; hire experts on the logistics of the logistics Laigang diagnosis, develop integrated logistics optimization program, direct enterprises in modern logistics management innovation; the establishment of logistics optimization and integration of numerical models, all of the original production enterprises fuel procurement, production process and the transfer of semi-finished products to the customer sales process for system optimization, from the greater scope to optimize production costs and achieve Laigang the overall logistics management innovation. Online bidding and procurement, steel products and steel circulation towards modern logistics substantive step. "China's steel joint procurement tender system" since October 2001 in the domestic metallurgical industry following the formal launch of development momentum is very strong. The system can provide full Internet Hair, encryption tender, the tender closing, the online decryption opening a tender for the procurement platform, and the use of IC card system and advanced composite digital encryption technology. Today, the "Chinese steel joint procurement tender system" has realized a total online purchases 450 million yuan. January 2002. Beijing Shougang Steel new limited liability company through "Chinese steel joint procurement tender system," published online September 48 largest category of bids , procurement specifications varieties were more than 200, the value of million yuan, to be held after the opening of the Internet, implementation of the procurement, participate in the online bidding vendors are 76. Now, an increasing number of suppliers to the steel business online bidding for the opportunity to actively participate in the ranks of online suppliers, Internet access to the big market. Compared with foreign enterprises, an obvious gap in our steel logistics system, after all, the development of the industry will also start from the overall perspective, still unable to meet steel production and steel trade development needs of logistics enterprises in terms of scale, efficiency, logistics technology and management standards with respect to foreign logistics enterprises, there is a wide gap between faced many pressing to resolve the question of solutions, mainly in the following eight areas : the iron and steel industry, logistics lack of overall planning, the segment did not straighten out, the logistics of irrational arrangement, the high cost of logistics, logistics means of a single, disordered competition in the logistics market, logistics industry as a whole led to poor efficiency. The degree of specialization is not high, Business uneven development, enterprises, "large and all-embracing", "dumbbell" of a common phenomenon, and Low degree of specialization, transport and logistics, warehousing modern low level. logistics centers and distribution centers in the construction scale and the pace of development has not yet adapted to the demands of modern logistics. Inefficient logistics system, the high cost of logistics, mainly in the transport, storage time, infrastructure such as labor productivity in three aspects. Logistics infrastructure does not match, the logistics technology and equipment, the low level logistics center and distribution center of the scale and speed of development of modern logistics do not meet the requirements. China's iron and steel enterprises are mostly under the planned economy product fragmentation, overlapping management and the traditional management patterns of deep-rooted, led to various logistics infrastructure planning and construction of a lack of the necessary coordination, thus compatibility and coordination poor, lead to the system function is not strong. Logistics systems generally low level of technology, equipment behind. Storage and warehousing facilities, the third party logistics warehouse owned 70% ordinary cottage warehouse, Stereo modern automated storage facilities a lower proportion is frozen, refrigeration, air conditioning fewer warehouses. In the use of the removal tool, manual handling car, pushing a forklift and the general lifting equipment accounted for more than 70%, and can screen forklift handling and other modern tools has been rarely used. Third-party logistics enterprises owned transport vehicles, ordinary vehicles accounted for more than 70%, modern box-type containers and container tractors and special transport vehicles were few. Shortage of logistics professionals. Steel logistics personnel system is the development of the logistics industry is seen as a key logistics enterprises grow protection. Our steel or steel circulation field of logistics management and personnel training, are also considerable lag, not suitable to the status of China's logistics theory and modern logistics management systems, logistics personnel training more difficult. Standardization lag. Logistics is a trans-regional and cross-sectoral operating system, the level of standardization is not only related to various logistics functions, elements of an effective interface between the development and coordination, has also significantly influenced the logistics efficiency. Logistics support equipment standards, standardization tray is not implemented, a serious impact on the efficiency of logistics. A low degree of information technology, modern marketing and operating level is not high. Many in the steel trade enterprises, are still in the telephone links by hand. Artificial handling low-level operational phase. In modern logistics system, the Logistics Information is not confined to a single enterprise's internal, In related businesses need a wide-ranging exchange. In related transactions between network connectivity, Retail enterprises to manufacturers and wholesale enterprises or orders issued by the information will also be sent to the logistics businesses, thereby achieving prompt delivery. But now, the majority of the steel traders according * permits the transmission of information to the media, it is impossible to achieve the steel of modern logistics. Although China has just started the flow of steel in the field of logistics enterprises still have many problems, However, its development prospects are very broad and has tremendous potential for development and growth space. With China's sustained economic development, the market economy gradually mature, the global economic structural adjustment and the industry has been escalating and This will make China's iron and steel industry, the status of the logistics industry and the role undergoing profound changes, logistics industry must be the promotion of China's iron and steel industry and steel trade to flourish the major carriers.