发布时间：
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。
这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.
去创新医学网一定能找到的，上面24科室的论文都有，而且全部免费，自己去找找吧！
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
英语医学科研论文的格式和要求
I.格式
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)
(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分：
7. Acknowledgements
8. References
9. Legends
and Methods 10. Figures
11. Tables
12. Plates and Explanations
II.要求
1.标题
A. 标题的要求
Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)
(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.
The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters
China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words
要求：
(1) Short and concise(简明扼要)：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系
(2)Informative(信息丰富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
(3)Indexing(便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识，是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语，能提供文献检索，尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上
(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词，它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词，要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法，研究对象，研究目的或效果，一般为名词，名词短语，分词短语或动名词短语。
例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术
Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退
美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是：
1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature
2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read
3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)
4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations
5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:
So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”
6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同， 一般有两种形式：
1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases
2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver
标题中冠词的用法:
1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock
2). Carcinoma of the anal canal
Running title
B. 标题的结构
标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型，这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义，有时也用完整句，以陈述句较多，偶尔也用疑问句。例：
Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症
Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥
表示诊断，治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构
这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义，后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例：
Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎
Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法
(药物)治疗：A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)
A in the treatment/management of B;
treatment of B with A;
use of A in the treatment of B;
A therapy/treatment of B;
【关键词】 医学英语论文； 标题写作； 修辞原则； 策略Abstract：As an important component part of a medical research paper，the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles：focuse on subject，be accurate，be concise，be words： Medical English research paper; Title writing; Rhetorical principle; Strategy人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能［1］。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。1 突出主题原则及修辞策略 题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。 好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略： 在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心；准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association, application, determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2 准确规范原则及修辞策略 准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征［2］。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法： 首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写（首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写）；也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写)；排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式；书名应用斜体表示。 其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”；“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”，而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。 此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitis C virus (HCV)，维甲酸：all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。 语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。 例： The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris （针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响） “影响”为中心词，但它在文中的意思为“疗效”，因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法，“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语，应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”，“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示，译文准确而明晰。［3］3 简明有效原则及修辞策略 好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手： 在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”［4］。 在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式；名词或名词短语+过去分词；现在分词短语；介词短语结构；名词或名词短语+介词短语；以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。 由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children（关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用）宜改为：The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：例1：“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2：“Socioeconomic status，standard of living，and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目；例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4 得体原则及修辞策略 一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。［5］如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。 英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。 汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases （输血后肝炎60例报告）。 由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。 名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo；心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease；严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。 总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
中国药理学报英文版《中华临床医学杂志》英文版、《免疫学杂志》、《遗传学和分子生物学医学期刊》、《实验医学杂志》、《美国医学杂志》、 《加拿大医疗协会学报》、给你一个网址，基础医学与生物医学工程栏目里的都是发英文文章的杂志。 如果需要英文医学论文润色.可以看这个网址 医学编辑是美国人,可以提供地道的英文医学论文润色修改服务.
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
建议去网上搜搜相关杂志，一定有的。就输medical magazine,或者health magazine
药学论文参考文献
[1]周自永，王世祥.新编常用药物手册，第3版.北京：金盾出版社，2000，248-249.
[2]竺新影.药理学[M].第3版.北京:人民卫生出版社, .
[3]王荣耕,牛新华,刘梅;美洛西林[J];精细与专用化学品; 2001年15期.
文献基本步骤与方法
1、选择合适的题材;
2 、广泛搜集和阅读资料;
3、构思和拟定写作提纲。
(三)注意事项
1、文献综述
(1)文题，一般由文献引用、时限、综述主题加文体标志性词语组成。如《十年来消化性溃疡治疗进展综述》，“十年来”为综述时限，“消化性溃疡治疗进展”为综述主题，“综述”为文体标志性词语。但有时可省去标志性词语和时限，采用“近况”、“进展”、“概况”等模糊词语，多属研究历史不长的课题或泛指近几年的情况。
(2)贵在资料详实，如遗漏太多尤其是权威性资料，则降低了综述的价值。因此，详尽占有文献资料是先决条件。
(3)尽可能引用一次文献，经过加工的二、三次文献往往带有加工者的主观倾向，可靠性大大降低。
(4)篇幅不宜太长，一般3000-5000字。
2、专题述评
(1)文题拟法基本是课题主词语(学术专题)加文体标志性词语。如《近十年中风病研究述评》，《血证研究述评》、《中医内科急症的治疗和研究》。也可省略标志性词语，而以“展望”、“现状”、“未来预测”等词语与主词语搭配而成。
(2)正文写法视内容而定，没有固定格式。一般可分为研究(发展)概况、现存问题、展望和建议三部分。
(3)以概述和评论为主，引文不宜太长，也没有必要列出所有参考文献。
药学专业毕业论文格式要求：
1.题目：题目应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字(不同院校可能要求不同)。本专科毕业论文一般无需单独的题目页，硕博士毕业论文一般需要单独的题目页，展示院校、指导教师、答辩时间等信息。英文部分一般需要使用Times New Roman字体。
2.版权声明：一般而言，硕士与博士研究生毕业论文内均需在正文前附版权声明，独立成页。个别本科毕业论文也有此项。
3.摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100—200字(不同院校可能要求不同)。
4.关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个(不同院校可能要求不同)最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。
5.目录：写出目录，标明页码。正文各一级二级标题(根据实际情况，也可以标注更低级标题)、参考文献、附录、致谢等。
6.正文：专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在5000字以上，本科文学学士毕业论文通常要求8000字以上，硕士论文可能要求在3万字以上(不同院校可能要求不同)。
毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言(引言)是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。
本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析(讨论)等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。
结论是毕业论文的`收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。
7.致谢：简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。
8.参考文献：在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的所有专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献可以按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列，也可以按照音序排列(正文中则采用相应的哈佛式参考文献标注而不出现序号)。
9.注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。
10.附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。有时也常将个人简介附于文后。
中国药理学报英文版《中华临床医学杂志》英文版、《免疫学杂志》、《遗传学和分子生物学医学期刊》、《实验医学杂志》、《美国医学杂志》、 《加拿大医疗协会学报》、给你一个网址，基础医学与生物医学工程栏目里的都是发英文文章的杂志。 如果需要英文医学论文润色.可以看这个网址 医学编辑是美国人,可以提供地道的英文医学论文润色修改服务.
同志哥，实在太多了，发个链接您自己看吧。这些都是正规期刊，没有野鸡杂志。
医学四大期刊名单：1、新英格兰医学杂志（NEM）。2、柳叶刀（ Lancet）。3、美国医学会杂志（JAMA）。4、英国医学期刊（BMJ）。作为医学界的四大期刊，其医学学术文章享誉全球。 扩展资料 1、新英格兰医学杂志（NEM）。新英格兰医学期刊（ The New England Journal of Medicine；简称NEJM）是由美国麻州医学协会（ Massachusetts Medical Society）所出版的同行评审性质全科医学周刊。其在2015年的影响因子（IF）为55873.期刊内容包含对生物医学科学与临床实践具有重要意义的一系列主题方面的医学研究新成果、综述文章和社论。2、柳叶刀（ Lancet）。《柳叶刀》期刊登载有：原创性的研究文章、评论文章（小组讨论及评论'）、社论、书评、短篇硏究文章、也有其它-些在刊内常登载的'文章诸如：特刊消息、及案例报道等。其在2015年的影响因子（IF）为45217。3、美国医学会杂志（JAMA）。JAMA比较注重其教育职能，利用该杂志的 Continuing Medical Education栏目向临床医师提供基础医学与临床医学方面的继续医学教育服务。该刊2015年影响因子（IF值）为35289。4、英国医学期刊（BMJ）。《英国医学期刊（BMJ）》是英国医学会会刊，全英文为“ British medical journal”，它有着160年的悠久历史，具有深厚的文化积淀和独特的风格特色，在所有综合性医学期刊中最具综合性，该刊2015年影响因子（IF值）为16378分。其栏目丰富多彩，述评、新闻、综述、争鸣等类型的文章为广大医生所欢迎。其内容除了与临床工作密切相关的信息与知识外，还涉及与医学相关的政治、经济、社会、教育、伦理、公共卫生等诸多方面。
Chinese Medical Journal 蜘蛛网
按照如此：序号，主要责任者，题名，其他题名信息，文献类型标志、文献载体标志，出版地，出版者，出版年，更新或修改日期，引用日期，获取和访问路径（网址）。注明：[N/OL]为[文献类型标志、文献载体标志]。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成（例如附录）可有可无。
要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）。
英文论文文献在哪里找分享如下：
1、谷歌学术，一个可以免费搜索学术文章的搜索引擎，内容覆盖的研究领域学科非常全面，除了论文之外还会有一些书籍、专利等其他类型的资料可供参考。支持关键词、分类筛选等高级查找功能。
2、iData，免费使用，但数量有限。可以直接搜索关键词，选在在线/下载。Web of Science，覆盖学科最多的综合性学术信息资源网站，收录了多种世界权威，高影响力的学术资料，在全球范围内有巨大影响力和权威性。
3、Library Genesis，都是英文原版的电子书或者论文。Sci-hup，全能文献下载工具，建议使用DOI搜索下载，直接保证搜索出的文章就是你要找的。免费下载PDF格式。
4、ERIC，包含期刊文章、书籍、研究综合报告、技术报告、论文......很多资源都可以免费获取。Open Access Library，免费提供全面优质的论文，学科领域主要覆盖物理、数学、人文、工程、化学、生物、医学等等。比较方便的是不用下载，可以直接预览主要论文信息，节省时间。
5、Science，免费的一个美国的科学网站，是一个综合性、多学科、核心期刊的文献数据库。爱思唯尔，根据想要搜索的关键词可以找到相关文献和领域内的推荐期刊。
1、SCI-HUB 文献搜索
Sci-Hub的网页非常极简，你只要输入论文题目、PMID、DOI号或URL，就能一键免费获取文献PDF全文。如果你嫌粘贴论文网址或DOI号到Sci-Hub太麻烦，也可以安装它的Chrome插件，在论文界面直接将Pdf保存到本地。
2、Scopus
Scopus是全世界最大的摘要和引文数据库，涵盖了15000种科学、技术及医学方面的期刊。Scopus不仅为用户提供了其收录文章的引文信息，还直接从简单明了的界面整合了网络和专利检索。
直接链接到全文、图书馆资源及其它应用程序如参考文献管理软件，亦使得Scopus比其他任何文献检索工具更为方便、快捷。
3、ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect是全球最著名的科技医学全文数据库之一，其直观友好的使用界面，使研究人员可以迅速链接到Elsevier出版社丰富的电子资源，包括期刊全文、单行本电子书、参考工具书、手册以及图书系列等。用户可在线访问24个学科2,000多种期刊，查看1,100多万篇全文文献。
4、ProQuest
被誉为“文科生不想被人发现的宝藏，涵盖论文、电子书、报纸、期刊、史料等各种资料，约达一千二百五十亿电子页。”
5、OATD
OATD是一个专注于收集毕业论文的网站。它的目标是成为查找世界各地已发表的开放获取研究生论文的最佳资源。它的文章来自1100多家学院，大学和研究机构。OATD目前收录了500万篇论文和论文。
6、Research Gate
Research Gate一直号称是学术界的Facebook。在这个平台你可以跟其他学术者一起交流互动，发表自己的观点，与大家讨论问题，还可以阅读到不同领域的学术者的科学文献，以及关注各种学科专家&学者的最新研究成果，免费提供下载各类学术资源的便利。
查看英文论文常用网站：Web of Science：数据库是一个功能强大的外文文献搜索引擎，是获取全球学术信息的重要数据库。它收录了全球13000多种权威的、高影响力的学术期刊，其中以SCIE、SSCI、A&HCI等引文索引数据库，JCR期刊引证报告和ESI基本科学指标享誉全球科技和教育界。Elsevier（sciencedirect）：是荷兰一家全球著名的学术期刊出版商，每年出版大量的学术图书和期刊，大部分期刊被SCI、SSCI、EI收录，是世界上公认的高品位学术期刊。scienceDirect是爱思唯尔公司的全文数据库平台，是全球最大的科学、技术与医学全文电子资源数据库，提供2500余种学术期刊以及37000余种图书的全文内容。包括全球影响力极高的CELL《细胞杂志》、THE LANCET《柳叶刀杂志》等。SpringerLink：是全球最大的在线科学、技术和医学(STM)领域学术资源平台。Springer 的电子图书数据库包括各种的Springer图书产品，如专著、教科书、手册、地图集、参考工具书、丛书等。PubMed：是一个免费的搜寻引擎，提供生物医学方面的论文搜寻以及摘要的数据库。它的数据库来源为MEDLINE。其核心主题为医学，但亦包括其他与医学相关的领域，像是护理学或者其他健康学科。PubMed 的资讯并不包括期刊论文的全文，但可提供指向全文提供者（付费或免费）的链接。Wiley：作为全球最大、最全面的经同行评审的科学、技术、医学和学术研究的在线多学科资源平台之一，Wiley及旗下的子品牌出版了超过500位诺贝尔奖得主的作品。Wiley Online Library为全学科期刊全文数据库，出版物涵盖学科范围广泛——包括化学、物理学、工程学、农学、兽医学、食品科学、医学、护理学、口腔医学、生命科学、心理学、商业、经济学、社会科学、艺术、人类学等多个学科。ProQuest学位论文全文数据库：是将ProQuest公司PQDD文摘库（现名PQDT）中适合中国科研人员科研和教学使用的论文全文建设而成，并向全国百数家科研教学单位的读者提供全文服务。是目前国内最完备、高质量、唯一的可以综合查询国外学位论文全文的数据库。文献党下载器（wxdown。org）：一个文献资源集成网站，整合汇集了海量文献数据库资源，如：Elsevier（ScienceDirect）、Wiley 、SpringerLink、EI（工程索引）、Web of Science（科学引文索引）、IEEE（电气电子工程师学会）、Taylor & Francis（科技期刊数据库）、ProQuest（国外博士论文库）、PubMed （生物医学）等等。