首页

医学论文

首页 医学论文 问题

药学专业英语论文加翻译

发布时间:

药学专业英语论文加翻译

Oral Administration 口服给药 For oral administration, the most common route, absorption refers to the transport of drugs across membranes of the epithelial cells in the GI tract. Absorption after oral administration is confounded by differences in luminal pH along the GI tract, surface area per luminal volume, blood perfusion, the presence of bile and mucus, and the nature of epithelial membranes. Acids are absorbed faster in the intestine than in the stomach, apparently contradicting the hypothesis that un-ionized drug more readily crosses membranes. However, the apparent contradiction is explained by the larger surface area and greater permeability of the membranes in the small intestine. 口服是最常用的给药途径,其吸收涉及药物通过胃肠道上皮细胞膜的转运。由于给药时相关环境条件的不同,如胃肠道管腔内pH及单位腔道容积的表面积,组织血流灌注情况,胆汁和粘液的存在以及上皮细胞膜的性质等,口服给药的吸收也有差异。酸性药物在肠中的吸收较胃中快,这显然与非解离药物更易透过细胞膜这一假设相矛盾。然而,这种明显的矛盾却可以从小肠具有很大的表面积和小肠细胞膜具有较大的通透性中得到答案。 The oral mucosa has a thin epithelium and a rich vascularity that favors absorption, but contact is usually too brief, even for drugs in solution, for appreciable absorption to occur. A drug placed between the gums and cheek (buccal administration) or under the tongue (sublingual administration) is retained longer so that absorption is more complete. 口腔粘膜上皮很薄,血管丰富,有利于药物吸收。但是,接触的时间太短暂,即使是溶液剂也来不及等到明显的吸收发生。把一种药物置于齿龈和面颊之间(颊部给药)或置于舌下(舌下给药)则可保留较长时间,使吸收更加完全。 The stomach has a relatively large epithelial surface, but because it has a thick mucous layer and the time that the drug remains there is usually relatively short, absorption is limited. Absorption of virtually all drugs is faster from the small intestine than from the stomach. Therefore, gastric emptying is the rate-limiting step. Food, especially fatty foods, slows gastric emptying (and the rate of drug absorption), explaining why some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach when a rapid onset of action is desired. Food may enhance the extent of absorption for poorly soluble drugs (eg, griseofulvin), reduce it for drugs degraded in the stomach (eg, penicillin G), or have little or no effect. Drugs that affect gastric emptying (eg, parasympatholytic drugs) affect the absorption rate of other drugs. 胃具有相对大的上皮表面,但由于它有较厚的粘液层,而且药物在胃内停留的时间相对较短,吸收也较少。事实上,所有药物在小肠中的吸收速度都要比胃中快。因此,胃排空即是一限速性步骤。食物,特别是脂类食物,延缓胃排空速度(从而也延缓药物吸收速度),这也就是为何某些希望迅速奏效的药物宜空腹服用的原因。食物可增强某些溶解性差的药物(如灰黄霉素)的吸收,减少胃内降解药物(如青霉素G)的吸收,食物以裁缝折吸收或无影响,或影响甚少。影响胃排空的药物(如副交感神经阻断剂)可影响其他药物的吸收速度。 The small intestine has the largest surface area for drug absorption in the GI tract. The intraluminal pH is 4 to 5 in the duodenum but becomes progressively more alkaline, approaching 8 in the lower ileum. GI microflora may inactivate certain drugs, reducing their absorption. Decreased blood flow (eg, in shock) may lower the concentration gradient across the intestinal mucosa and decrease absorption by passive diffusion. (Decreased peripheral blood flow also alters drug distribution and metabolism.) 小肠在胃肠道中具有最大的药物吸收表面积。十二脂肠腔内pH值为4~5,管腔内pH值趋碱性逐渐增强,至回肠下部时pH接近8。胃肠道内的菌丛可使某些药物失活,降低药物的吸收。血流量的减少(如休克病人)可以降低跨肠粘膜的浓度梯度,从而减少被动扩散吸收。(外周血流减少也会改变药物的分布和代谢。 Intestinal transit time can influence drug absorption, particularly for drugs that are absorbed by active transport (eg, B vitamins), that dissolve slowly (eg, griseofulvin), or that are too polar (ie, poorly lipid-soluble) to cross membranes readily (eg, many antibiotics). For such drugs, transit may be too rapid for absorption to be complete. 肠道通过时间肠道通过时间能影响药物吸收,特别是经主动转运吸收的药物(如维生素B)、溶解缓慢的药物(如灰黄霉素),或极性太高(即脂溶性差)难以透过细胞膜的药物(如许多抗生素)。这类药物通过太快,致使吸收不全。 For controlled-release dosage forms, absorption may occur primarily in the large intestine, particularly when drug release continues for > 6 h, the time for transit to the large intestine. 对控释剂型来说,吸收主要在大肠内进行,特别是药物释放时间超过6小时,也就是药物运达大肠的时间。 Absorption from solution: A drug given orally in solution is subjected to numerous GI secretions and, to be absorbed, must survive encounters with low pH and potentially degrading enzymes. Usually, even if a drug is stable in the enteral environment, little of it remains to pass into the large intestine. Drugs with low lipophilicity (ie, low membrane permeability), such as aminoglycosides, are absorbed slowly from solution in the stomach and small intestine; for such drugs, absorption in the large intestine is expected to be even slower because the surface area is smaller. Consequently, these drugs are not candidates for controlled release. 溶液剂型的吸收药物吸收受到大量胃肠道内分泌液的影响。药物要想被吸收,就必须要在与低pH环境及潜在的降解酶的接触中生存下来。通常,即使某种药物在肠环境中很稳定,但进入大肠的仍然是极少数。低亲脂性(即膜通透性低)药物,如氨基糖苷类,经胃和小肠溶液被缓慢吸收。而在大肠中,因表面积更小,预期吸收更慢。因此,这些药物不宜制成控释剂型。 Absorption from solid forms: Most drugs are given orally as tablets or capsules primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. These products must disintegrate and dissolve before absorption can occur. Disintegration greatly increases the drug's surface area in contact with GI fluids, thereby promoting drug dissolution and absorption. Disintegrants and other excipients (eg, diluents, lubricants, surfactants, binders, dispersants) are often added during manufacture to facilitate these processes. Surfactants increase the dissolution rate by increasing the wetability, solubility, and dispersibility of the drug. Disintegration of solid forms may be retarded by excessive pressure applied during the tableting procedure or by special coatings applied to protect the tablet from the digestive processes of the gut. Hydrophobic lubricants (eg, magnesium stearate) may bind to the active drug and reduce its bioavailability. 固体剂型的吸收主要是出于方便、经济、药物稳定性、及病人接受性的考虑,大多数药物都以片剂或胶囊剂口服给药。这些制剂必须经过崩解和溶解才能被吸收。崩解大大增加了药物与胃肠液的接触表面积,从而促进药物的溶解和吸收。在制药过程中,为了促进崩解和溶解作用,往往添加一些崩解剂和其他赋形剂(如稀释剂、润滑剂、表面活性剂、粘合剂、分散剂)。表面活性剂通过增加药物的吸湿性、溶解度和分散性来增加其溶解速率。在制片过程中压片压力过大,或为了使药片免受肠道消化作用的影响而使用特殊的包衣,可延缓固体剂型的崩解。忌水性润滑剂(如硬脂酸镁)可与活性药物结合而降低其生物利用度。 Dissolution rate determines the availability of the drug for absorption. When slower than absorption, dissolution becomes the rate-limiting step. Overall absorption can be controlled by manipulating the formulation. For example, reducing the particle size increases the drug's surface area, thus increasing the rate and extent of GI absorption of a drug whose absorption is normally limited by slow dissolution. Dissolution rate is affected by whether the drug is in salt, crystal, or hydrate form. The Na salts of weak acids (eg, barbiturates, salicylates) dissolve faster than their corresponding free acids regardless of the pH of the medium. Certain drugs are polymorphic, existing in amorphous or various crystalline forms. Chloramphenicol palmitate has two forms, but only one sufficiently dissolves and is absorbed to be clinically useful. A hydrate is formed when one or more water molecules combine with a drug molecule in crystal form. The solubility of such a solvate may markedly differ from the nonsolvated form; eg, anhydrous ampicillin has a greater rate of dissolution and absorption than its corresponding trihydrate. 溶解速率溶解速率决定药物吸收时的可用度。当溶解速率低于吸收速率时,溶解就会制约吸收。药物的总体吸收可通过改变配方来加以调控,例如,减小颗粒体积可增加药物的表面积,从而增加那些溶解缓慢吸收受限的药物的胃肠道吸收速率和分量。药物的不同形式,如盐、晶体或水合物等,都可影响溶解速率。不管介质的pH是多少,弱酸的钠盐(如巴比妥酸盐,水杨酸盐)比其相应的游离酸溶解得快。某些药物有多种形态,可以非晶体形或不同晶体形存在。棕榈酸氯霉素有两种存在形态,但只有一种形态能充分溶解吸收,也因而被临床使用。当一个或多个水分子和一个晶体形药物分子相结合时,就构成一种水合物。这种的溶解度可能与非水合物的溶解度有明显的不同。例如,无水氨苄西林的溶解速率和吸收比其它相应水合物的溶解吸收速率都要快得多。

推荐 有道专业翻译

The afferent disease in brain in heart has become the high outbreak, the blood fills the 通 injects the liquid is an afferent paroxysm in brain in heart in clinical treatment in hospital to use the one of the medicines blood fills main composition in通 as 3 7 total soap 苷 , have the live blood spread the 癖 , the vein of 通 limbers up the medicine reason research confirms this article has the to build up hat vein blood measureses and extend blood vessel, lower the artery blood pressure and lower the myocardial consume oxygen measure, repress blood platelets come together, lower the blood glues a for the fat ⅰ in笠 in� in鲅 in艹 in� in full circle in⒛ in ? in疾 in管 in血 in脑 in性 in血 in缺 in性 in急 in括 in包 in afferent disease in brain the ⑻ drive 炯笆 oil �ぞ猜鲎枞�燃膊〉闹瘟啤 Pass the blood that study the 通 fill the medicine injects liquid reason medicine, clinical application, bad reaction and prevention and cure measure etc. aspect, fill for the blood the reasonable that 通 inject liquid use the medicine the offering according to, for clinical use the medicine safety offering guarantee.或Abstract: cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a high incidence, Xuesaitong injection in a hospital clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases one of the main drugs. Xuesaitong major components for the PNS, with Huoxue casual addiction, Tongmai active effectiveness. Pharmacological studies confirm that the goods have increased coronary blood flow, the expansion of blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lower blood viscosity role. For cerebral vascular diseases, including acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, cerebral vascular hemorrhage after-effects, paralysis and diseases such as retinal vein occlusion treatment. Through research Xuesaitong injection of pharmacological properties, clinical applications, adverse reactions and control measures, in order Xuesaitong injection provide a basis for rational drug use for clinical drug safety guarantee. Key words: Xuesaitong injection, clinical application, adverse reactions, control measures或Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a high incidence, Xuesaitong injection in a hospital clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases one of the main drugs. Xuesaitong major components for the PNS, with Huoxue casual addiction, Tongmai active effectiveness. Pharmacological studies confirm that the goods have increased coronary blood flow, the expansion of blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lower blood viscosity role. For cerebral vascular diseases, including acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, cerebral vascular hemorrhage after-effects, paralysis and diseases such as retinal vein occlusion treatment. Through research Xuesaitong injection of pharmacological properties, clinical applications, adverse reactions and control measures, in order Xuesaitong injection provide a basis for rational drug use for clinical drug safety guarantee.

Surfactants may affect drug dissolution in an unpredictable fashion. Low concentrations of surfactants lower the surface tension and increase the rate of drug dissolution, whereas higher concentrations of surfactants tend to form micelles with the drug and thus decrease the dissolution rate.表面活性剂可以影响药物溶出是一种不可预测的方式,低浓度的表面活性剂降低表面张力和提高溶出率,然而高浓度的表面活性剂趋于与药物形成胶团,因此降低药物溶出速率。Introduction of Nucleic acidsNucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are composed of sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is present in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the parent compound pyrimidine. 介绍核酸核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。这些聚合物组成,亚基或核苷酸,使整个通常称为多核苷酸序列。核酸有两种,主要品种核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的。 DNA是主要存在于细胞核内的染色质,而90%的RNA在细胞质现在和10%的核仁。核酸类的两个主要的区别在于对目前的五个戊糖碳原子的糖基础。一般两个种基地发现,在所有核酸。一类是母体化合物嘌呤的衍生物。原理是鸟嘌呤和腺嘌呤的例子。在所有发现核酸碱基第二类是来自母体化合物嘧啶。

药学英语论文翻译

不用非得机械的翻译 你可以多查查文献 把文献中的语句套过来 整合成你自己的摘要 不一定非要自己来翻译

The purpose of Natural Medicinal ChemistryFrom natural medicines in the research and development of new drugs (including the lead compound of structure modification and transformation, the total synthesis), which our study of natural medicines are the main purpose of the chemical. Pure compounds to develop new drugs is very difficult, long cycle and the high cost of chemotherapy side effects, and easy to produce drug resistance, cause injury to human health, and from green plant life of the natural active ingredients often have high security, so to natural medicine as raw materials of drugs and drug extracts in the world is increasingly popular(1) a wide range of natural products, novel structure, pharmacological screening of the hit rate than the high synthetic compounds derived from natural lead compounds promising treatment for difficult cases of new drugs, so drugs from the natural development of new drugs has become a Top research directions. It was predicted that the future of natural drugs and chemical substances will be evenly divided, and biology were the three drugs with a tendency(2) A number of natural active compounds, because there are some defects, such as efficacy is not satisfactory, or side effects must exist, or because the content is too low, shortage of resources, it is difficult to Medium derived from natural raw materials, or because the structure was too complex, synthetic is also very difficult, so there is no direct the development and utilization of their own future. However, the natural active ingredients for the lead compounds, structural modification or structural alteration, and eventually developed into new drugs. For example: synthetic morphine substitutes - is scheduled for piperaquine (meperidine), morphine is retained in the structural parts of an effective (analgesic effect of the same!), And its addictive than morphine decreased. Another example: the active ingredient in coca leaves cocaine has a very strong narcotic effect, but toxic, easy to addiction, through research design and synthesis of local anesthetics such as procaine. Again Example: to extract from the Artemisia annua with the separation of anti-malarial activity of artemisinin, is a heat-labile compounds, such as its hydrogenated, methylated derivatives artemether made after the markedly improved stability, anti - more enhanced malaria activity. 问题补充的翻译:In the 21st century, "return to nature" of the world trend, the traditional medicine once again full of great vitality and show broad prospects for development. Western medicine sector has changed the original opinion, interested in Chinese medicine to Chinese medicine in Japan, Germany, the United States and other Western developed countries has been given scant attention Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1994, set up in Los Angeles, the West has also opened a number of institutions of higher learning professional courses on Chinese medicine or the establishment of a Chinese medicine research center. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have begun to formally accept the traditional Chinese medicine compound products. This trend of Chinese medicine into the world to provide an unprecedented good opportunity. Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the inevitable trend of the modernization of Chinese medicine must be to the world and the benefit of mankind. The development of Chinese medicine is the medicine our country in the competition to win one of the effective ways.

Natural pharmaceutical chemistry purpose From developing the new drug developing in natural medicine (the structure including the guide compound polishes with make over , entire combining),this is that we study natural pharmaceutical chemistry major objective. The degree of difficulty the pure compound new drug is developed is big , the period is long , cost is high, the poisonous chemistry medicine side effect is big , easy to produce resistance to drugs, health brings about to the human body hurt, but the activity component sometimes has higher security from nature that green gets in life plant , medicine and medicine taking natural medicine as raw material extract thing favour accepting people gradually in all the countries in the world therefore.(1) is made by nature a great variety , structure are new and original , the hit rate that the pharmacology sifts is higher than composing compound , originate from natural guide compound having hope very much becoming the new drug curing difficult and complicated cases's , study direction therefore one already becoming a nowadays from the new drug developing in natural medicine is popular. Somebody forecasts , future natural medicine will have equal shares with chemistry medicine, power of assuming a situation of tripartite confrontation together with living things medicine. (2) is not the natural activity compound short, because of existence some defects, existence definitely poisons or a side effect, or resource shortage, is difficult to draw materials from natural raw material middle because contents are very low,or excessively, complicated , compose because of structure if pesticide effect is not ideal, also very difficult , develop the future making use of therefore self is not direct. And but take natural activity component as guide compound, the structure being in progress polishes or structure reforms, ultimate exploitation becomes a new example: The cries of a baby replaces the morphine combining substitution- stablely (dolantin) , (the effect is invariable now that effective in having reserved morphine structure part eases pain)! ,Use whose more obvious than morphine habituation sex lessening. Such as: In Gukeye, active constituent cocain has the very strong anaesthesia effect, but big , easily able addiction of toxicity, by studying the ethocaine designing the anaesthetic having composed waits. No matter how regular: Active Artemisia apiacea is plain from the malaria extracting having parting for in Artemisia apiacea resisting , is one kind of hot unsteady compound, the stability improves obviously after manufacturing the Wormwood A ether derivative if hydrogenate with the person , methylate,resist malaria activity strengthening especially.

上小木虫论坛,花6个虚拟金币发布求助信息,在线就能搞定。

药学论文汉语英语翻译

The acute cerebral hemorrhage, belongs to cerebrovascular diseases, is mainly featured by subsequent repeated headache, vomit, increased blood pressure and consciousness obstacles accompanied by hemiplegia. I've chiefly tried acupuncture adjunanted by Chinese traditional medicine since the outbreak of the acute cerebral hemorrhage till patients'recovering from illness and taking care of themselves and thorough dissipation of encephalon haematoma.

人工翻译,请放心采纳整体来说,药理学涵盖历史、来源、物理和化学性质、混配,生化和生理效果、作用机理、吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄,以及药物治疗及其他用途的知识。因为一种药物大体上被定义为影响生命过程的任何化学制剂,药理学的学科主体显然相当广泛。可是,对于医生和医学学生,药理学的范围并不如上面定义指出的那么宽泛。临床医生主要对预防、诊断和治疗人类疾病有用的药物感兴趣,或对于预防怀孕有用的药物感兴趣。他对这些药物的药理学的研究可以合理地限制在为其合理的临床用途提供基础的那些方面。

无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的,一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话,谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些,不过还是推荐人工来翻译,北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的

Surfactants may affect drug dissolution in an unpredictable fashion. Low concentrations of surfactants lower the surface tension and increase the rate of drug dissolution, whereas higher concentrations of surfactants tend to form micelles with the drug and thus decrease the dissolution rate.表面活性剂可以影响药物溶出是一种不可预测的方式,低浓度的表面活性剂降低表面张力和提高溶出率,然而高浓度的表面活性剂趋于与药物形成胶团,因此降低药物溶出速率。Introduction of Nucleic acidsNucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are composed of sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is present in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the parent compound pyrimidine. 介绍核酸核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。这些聚合物组成,亚基或核苷酸,使整个通常称为多核苷酸序列。核酸有两种,主要品种核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的。 DNA是主要存在于细胞核内的染色质,而90%的RNA在细胞质现在和10%的核仁。核酸类的两个主要的区别在于对目前的五个戊糖碳原子的糖基础。一般两个种基地发现,在所有核酸。一类是母体化合物嘌呤的衍生物。原理是鸟嘌呤和腺嘌呤的例子。在所有发现核酸碱基第二类是来自母体化合物嘧啶。

医学论文专业术语翻译

medical 英[ˈmedɪkl] 美[ˈmɛdɪkəl] adj. 医学的; 医疗的; 医药的; 内科的; n. 体格检查; [例句]Several police officers received medical treatment for cuts and bruises.几名警官因割伤和擦伤而接受了医治。[其他] 复数:medicals

以下是 英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的《医学专业英语词汇-护理诊断术语》,供大家参考。更多内容请看本站 写作翻译 频道。 nanda通过的以人类反应型态(human response patterns)的分类方法。现将人类反应型态分类方法的护理诊断分列如下: (1)交换(exchanging) 营养失调:高于机体需要量(altered nutrition: more than body requirements) 营养失调:低于机体需要量(altered nutrition: less than body requirements) 营养失调:潜在高于机体需要量(altered nutrition: potential for more than body requirements) 有感染的危险(risk for infection) 有体温改变的危险(risk for altered body temperature) 体温过低(hypothermia) 体温过高(hyperthermia) 体温调节无效(ineffective thermoregulation) 便秘(constipation) 感知性便秘(perceived constipation) 结肠性便秘(colonic constipation) 腹泻(diarrhea) 大便失禁(encopresis) 排尿异常(altered urinary elimination) 压迫性尿失禁(sires incontinence) 反射性尿失禁(reflex incontinence) 急迫性尿失禁(urge incontinence) 功能性尿失禁(functional incontinence) 完全性尿失禁(total incontinence) 尿储留(urinary retention) 组织灌注量改变 altered tissue perfusion 体液过多(fluid volume excess) 体液不足(fluid volume deficit) 体液不足的危险(risk for fluid volume deficit) 清理呼吸道无效(ineffective airway clearance) 低效性呼吸型态(ineffective breathing pattern) 不能维持自主呼吸( inability to sustain spontaneous ventilation) 呼吸机依赖( dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response,dvwr) 有受伤的危险(risk for injury) 有窒息的危险(risk for suffocation) 有外伤的危险(risk for trauma) 有误吸的危险(risk for aspiration) 自我防护能力改变(altered protection) 组织完整性受损(impaired tissue integrity) 皮肤完整性受损(impaired skin integrity) 有皮肤完整性受损的危险(risk for impaired skin integrity) 精力困扰(energy field disturbance) (2)沟通(communicating) 语言沟通障碍(impaired verbal communication) (3)关系(relating) 社会障碍(impaired social interaction) 社交孤立(social isolation) 有孤立的危险(risk for loneliness) 角色紊乱(altered role performance) 父母不称职(altered parenting) 有父母不称职的危险(risk for altered parenting) 有父母亲子依恋改变的危险(risk for altered parent/infant/child att8chffi6llt) 性功能障碍(sexual dysfunction) 家庭作用改变(altered family process) 有照顾者角色障碍的危险(risk for caregiver role strain) 家庭作用改变:酗酒(altered family process: alcoholism) 父母角色冲突(parental role conflict) 性生活型态改变(altered sexuality patterns) (4)赋予价值(valuing) 精神困扰(spiritual distress) (5)选择(choosing) 个人应对无效(ineffective individual coping) 调节障碍(impaired adjustment) 防卫性应对(defensive coping) 防卫性否认(ineffective denial) 家庭应对无效:失去能力( ineffective family coping: disabling) 家庭应对无效:妥协性 (ineffective family coping: compromised) 家庭应对:潜能性(family coping: potential for growth) 社区应对:潜能性(potential for enhanced community coping) 社区应对无效(ineffective community coping) 遵守治疗方案无效(个人的)(ineffective management of therapeutic regimen)(individual) 不合作(特定的)(noncompliance)(specify) 遵守治疗方案无效(家庭的)(ineffective management of therapeutic regimen: families) 遵守治疗方案无效(社区的)(ineffective management of therapeutic regimen: community) 遵守治疗方案有效(个人的)(effective management of therapeutic regimen: individual) 抉择冲突(特定的)(decisional conflict)(specify) 寻求健康行为(特定的)(health seeking behaviors)(specify) (6)活动(moving) 躯体移动障碍(impaired physical mobility) 有周围血管神经功能障碍的危险(risk for peripheral neurovascular dysfunction) 活动无耐力(activity intolerance) 疲乏(fatigue) 有活动无耐力的危险(risk for activity intolerance) 睡眠状态紊乱(sleep pattern disturbance) 持家能力障碍(impaired home maintenance management) 保持健康的能力改变(altered health maintenance) 进食自理缺陷(feeding self care deficit) 吞咽障碍(impaired swallowing) 母乳喂养无效(ineffective breast feeding) 母乳喂养有效(effective breast feeding) 婴儿吸吮方式无效(ineffective infant feeding pattern) 沐浴/卫生自理缺陷(bathing/hygiene self care deficit) 穿戴/修饰自理障碍(dressing/grooming self care deficit) 入厕自理缺陷(toileting self care deficit) 生长发育改变(altered growth and development) 环境改变应激综合征(relocation stress syndrome) 有婴幼儿行为紊乱的危险( risk for disorganized infant behavior) 婴幼儿行为紊乱(disorganized infant behavior) (7)感知(perceiving) 自我形象紊乱(body image disturbance) 自尊紊乱(self-esteem disturbance) 长期自我贬低(chronic low self esteem) 情境性自我贬低(situational low self esteem) 自我认同紊乱(personal identity disturbance) 感知改变(特定的)(视、听、运动、味、触、嗅)(sensory/perceptual alterations)(specify)(visual,auditory,kinesthetic,gustatory,tactile,olfactory) 单侧感觉丧失(unilateral neglect) 绝望(hopelessness) 无能为力(powerlessness) (8)认知(knowing) 知识缺乏(特定的)(knowledge deficit)(specify) 定向力障碍(impaired environmental interpretation) 突发性意识模糊(acute confusion) 渐进性意识模糊(chronic confusion) 思维过程改变(altered thought processes) 记忆力障碍(impaired memory) (9)感觉(feeling) 疼痛(pain) 慢性疼痛(chronic pain) 有自伤的危险(risk for self-mutilation) 创伤后反应(post-trauma response) 强*创伤综合征(rape-trauma syndrome) 强*创伤综合征:复合性反应(rape-trauma syndrome: compound reaction) 强*创伤综合征:沉默性反应(rape-trauma syndrome: silent) 焦虑(anxiety) 恐惧(fear)

医学常用专业术语如下:

1、头晕:是一种常见的脑部功能性障碍。为头昏、头胀、头重脚轻、脑内摇晃、眼花等的感觉。引起头晕的原因很多,如发热性疾病、高血压病、贫血、心律失常、心力衰竭、低血压等。

2、干咳:指咳嗽无痰;或痰极少,不易排出的表现。干咳是临床肺部疾病常见症状之一,病因复杂。引起干咳的原因很多,不同部位的病变都可能引起。

3、呕吐:是以胃失和降,气逆于上所致的一种病证,可出现在许多疾病的过程中。临床医学辨证以虚实为纲。治疗以和胃降逆为原则,但须根据虚实不同情况分别处理。

4、干呕:是呕吐的一种,一般以有物有声为呕,有物无声为吐,无物有声为干呕。也就是说干呕是只有呕吐的声音和动作,但并无食物吐出,或仅有涎沫吐出的病症。

5、单思病:因单相思而引起的一种病症。单相思是每一个人都经历过的一种心理状态。单相思原来算不得病 ,但过分的单相思会导致严重的心理失调。

6、网络综合征:网络综合症,就是在网上持续操作的时间过长,随着乐趣的不断增强,而欲罢不能,难以自控,有关网络上的情景反复出现脑际,漠视了现实生活的存在。

医学术语的定义:

医学术语是指医学中用于描述疾病、检查、手术、用药、解剖结构等的术语。医学术语的目的是精确表达医学概念,可用来编码、提取和分析临床数据,支持医学数据的一致性索引、存储、调用、分析和跨专业、跨机构的集成。

医学术语既具有相对稳定性,又随着科学技术的发展不断产生和完善。例如,较早的“血色素”“荷尔蒙”“抗菌素”等,分别被“血红蛋白”“激素”“抗生素”等所替代。医学术语具有单义性、科学性、系统性、纯概念性、国际性等特征。

医学论文翻译专业术语

医学常用专业术语如下:

1、头晕:是一种常见的脑部功能性障碍。为头昏、头胀、头重脚轻、脑内摇晃、眼花等的感觉。引起头晕的原因很多,如发热性疾病、高血压病、贫血、心律失常、心力衰竭、低血压等。

2、干咳:指咳嗽无痰;或痰极少,不易排出的表现。干咳是临床肺部疾病常见症状之一,病因复杂。引起干咳的原因很多,不同部位的病变都可能引起。

3、呕吐:是以胃失和降,气逆于上所致的一种病证,可出现在许多疾病的过程中。临床医学辨证以虚实为纲。治疗以和胃降逆为原则,但须根据虚实不同情况分别处理。

4、干呕:是呕吐的一种,一般以有物有声为呕,有物无声为吐,无物有声为干呕。也就是说干呕是只有呕吐的声音和动作,但并无食物吐出,或仅有涎沫吐出的病症。

5、单思病:因单相思而引起的一种病症。单相思是每一个人都经历过的一种心理状态。单相思原来算不得病 ,但过分的单相思会导致严重的心理失调。

6、网络综合征:网络综合症,就是在网上持续操作的时间过长,随着乐趣的不断增强,而欲罢不能,难以自控,有关网络上的情景反复出现脑际,漠视了现实生活的存在。

医学术语的定义:

医学术语是指医学中用于描述疾病、检查、手术、用药、解剖结构等的术语。医学术语的目的是精确表达医学概念,可用来编码、提取和分析临床数据,支持医学数据的一致性索引、存储、调用、分析和跨专业、跨机构的集成。

医学术语既具有相对稳定性,又随着科学技术的发展不断产生和完善。例如,较早的“血色素”“荷尔蒙”“抗菌素”等,分别被“血红蛋白”“激素”“抗生素”等所替代。医学术语具有单义性、科学性、系统性、纯概念性、国际性等特征。

1、脑神经共有多少对?说明其名称。答:脑神经是与脑相连的周围神经,共有12对。其顺序与名称如下:Ⅰ嗅神经、Ⅱ视神经、Ⅲ动眼神经、Ⅳ滑车神经、Ⅴ三叉神经、Ⅵ外展神经、Ⅶ面神经、Ⅷ听神经、Ⅸ舌咽神经、Ⅹ迷走神经、Ⅺ副神经、Ⅻ舌下神经。2、小肠的起止点在哪里?总长度是多少?包括哪几部分?答:小肠是消化管中最长的部分,起自胃的幽门,止于回盲瓣,成人总长度约5~7米;可分为非系膜部分的十二指肠和系膜部分的空肠和回肠三部分。3、病原微生物分哪几大类?答:病原微生物分八大类:(1)细菌;(2)病毒;(3)立克次氏体;(4)螺旋体;(5)支原体;(6)衣原体;(7)真菌;(8)放线菌。4、什么叫病毒?答:病毒是颗粒很小、以毫微米为测量单位、结构简单、寄生性严格,以复制进行繁殖的一类非细胞型微生物。5、什么叫抗原?什么叫抗体?答:能够刺激机体产生免疫反应,并能受免疫反应排斥的物质叫抗原。机体受抗原刺激后,在体液中出现的特异性免疫球蛋白叫抗体。抗体同样具有特异性,只能和相应的抗原发生反应。没有抗原的刺激不会产生抗体;有了抗体,没有抗原,抗体也就不起作用了。二者是相互依存的关系。6、何谓免疫?答:免疫是指机体识别和排除非己抗原性异物,以维护内部环境平衡和稳定的生理功能。功能包括:防御、自身稳定、免疫监视三种功能。7、何谓疫苗?答:将具有抗原性的物质,减低了毒性的抗原体(如立克次氏体、病毒等)或其代谢产物,接种于人体内,能刺激人体自动产生免疫力,这种物质称为疫苗,如麻疹、脑炎疫苗等。8、血液由哪几部分组成的?各部分都包括什么成分?答:血液是由细胞部分和液体部分组成的。细胞部分包括:红细胞、白细胞和血小板;液体部分称血浆,含有大量水分和多种化学物质如蛋白质、葡萄糖和无机盐等。9、正常人体液总量占体重的多少?答:正常人体液总量占体重的60%,细胞内液占体重的40%、细胞外液占体重的20%,包括血浆和细胞间液等。10、血液有哪些生理功能?答:运输功能、调节功能、防御功能、参与维持内环境的相对恒定。11、什么叫微循环?它的主要功能?答:小动脉与小静脉之间的微细血管中的血液循环称为微循环。它主要是实现物质交换,即向各组织细胞运送氧气、养料和带走组织细胞的代谢废料。12、脑脊液有哪些主要功能?答:脑脊液可以保护和营养脑及脊髓,维持中枢神经细胞的渗透压和酸碱平衡,运走代谢产物等。13、什么叫脑疝?答:当发生颅内血肿、严重脑水肿、脑脓肿及肿瘤等占位性病变时,颅内压不断增高达到一定程度时,就会迫使一部分脑组织通过自然孔隙,向压力较低处移位形成脑疝。14、什么叫梗死?什么叫栓塞?答:内脏器官因血管(主要是动脉)被阻塞而发生的局部组织坏死,称为梗死。在循环血液或淋巴液中的异物栓子等,随血液和淋巴液流动将血管或淋巴管阻塞的过程,称为栓塞。15、何谓血栓形成?何谓血栓?答:在活体的心脏或血管内流动的血液发生凝固的过程,称为血栓形成。所形成的淤血块称为血栓。16、何谓休克?分几种类型?答:是指由于细胞营养物质灌注不足和代谢产物的堆积所致的周围循环衰竭。简言之休克是组织灌注不足所致的代谢障碍和细胞受损的病理过程。共分七类:(1)失血性休克;(2)过敏性休克;(3)失液性休克;(4)感染性休克;(5)心源性休克;(6)创伤性休克;(7)神经源性休克。17、何谓高渗性、等渗性、低渗性脱水?答:高渗性脱水:丢失的水多于盐,细胞外液渗透压高于细胞内液渗透压,因此细胞内液渗出细胞外而致细胞内脱水。常见于急性腹泻伴高热,多汗而饮水不足者。等渗性脱水:体液中水和电解质丢失基本平衡,细胞内、外渗透压无多大差异。常见于急性胃肠炎,婴幼儿腹泻、胃肠减压等大量丢失消化液的患者。低渗性脱水:丢失的盐多于水,细胞外液不仅容量减少,而且渗透压也低于细胞内液,因此细胞外液的水份进入细胞内。常见于长期禁盐而又反复使用利尿剂的患者,如慢性肾炎、慢性充血性心力衰竭的患者。18、何谓脱水?引起脱水的主要原因是什么?答:临床上泛指失水、失盐为脱水,但严格的讲,脱水应指机体有水的丢失和溶质浓度的上升。引起脱水的原因,主要是体液丢失过多(由于呕吐、腹泻、大汗、利尿、胃肠减压、肠瘘、灼伤后创面渗液、腹腔漏出、渗出和肠梗阻等)或摄入液体量不足。19、何谓弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)?答:在休克、感染、创伤、肿瘤等许多疾病发展过程中,微血管内(主要是毛细血管和小静脉内)可发生广泛的纤维蛋白沉积和血小板的聚集.即广泛的形成微血栓,称为弥漫性血管内凝血。20、复苏的定义是什么?包括哪些内容?答:对发生急性循环、呼吸机能障碍的患者采取的急救措施叫做复苏。复苏术主要由两部分组成:(1)心脏复苏:如心前区叩击,胸外心脏按压,心脏复苏药物的应用,室颤的电复律等。其目的在于恢复自主的有效循环。(2)呼吸复苏:如人工呼吸等。主要目的是及早恢复氧的供应,排出二氧化碳,恢复自主呼吸。在复苏过程中,两者不可分割,必须同时进行。21、复苏抢救时应采取哪些紧急措施?答:去枕平卧、头偏向一侧,心前区叩击4~5次,并行胸外心脏按压。同时立即清除呼吸道分泌物,使呼吸通畅进行口对口或其他人工呼吸。心脏仍不复跳,可行心腔内注射药物,电除颤等措施。并迅速建立静脉通路,给予碱性药物,采取头部降温等措施。22、胸外心脏挤压的原理如何?答:利用胸廓的弹性,双手交叉重叠按压胸骨,以间接压迫心脏,使心脏排血;放松时,由于胸廓的弹性,胸骨复原,胸内负压增加,血液回流至心脏,心室充盈,周而复始,以推动血液循环。23、胸外心脏挤压的部位?方向和深度?答:部位:胸骨下端1/3处。方向:有节律和垂直压向脊柱方向。深度:使胸骨下段及其相邻肋骨下陷3~4厘米。24、胸外心脏挤压的注意事项有哪些?答:(1)压迫的部位方向必须准确。用力过猛可造成肋骨骨折、组织损伤、气胸或血胸等;若用力太轻,则往往无效。(2)压迫时应带有一定的冲击力,使心脏受到一定的震荡,以激发心搏。(3)按压与放松的时间应大致相等,每分钟60~80次为宜。以免心脏舒张期过短,回心血量不足,影响挤压效果。(4)新生儿或婴幼儿可用2~3个手指按压,即可达到挤压的目的。25、心搏骤停时,复苏抢救的有效指征是什么?答:能触到周围大动脉的搏动,上肢收缩压在60毫米汞柱(即8KPa)以上,颜面、口唇、甲床及皮肤色泽红润、瞳孔缩小,自主呼吸恢复。26、复苏过程中,为什么要用冰帽?答:为了降低脑组织的代谢率,减少其耗氧量,提高脑细胞对缺氧的耐受性,减慢或抑制其损害的进展,有利于脑细胞的恢复。27、常用的人工呼吸有几种方法?答:有两种方法:(1)—般人工呼吸法:口对口呼法、仰卧压胸法、俯卧压背法、举臂压胸法。(2)加压人工呼吸法:简易呼吸器加压法、面罩加压呼吸法、气管插管加压呼吸法。28、什么叫缺氧?答:机体组织器官的正常生理活动必须由氧化过程供给能量,当组织得不到充分的氧气,或不能充分利用氧以进行正常的代谢活动时,叫做缺氧。29、使用人工呼吸器的适应症有哪些?答:可用于各种原因(疾病、中毒、外伤等)所致的呼吸停止或呼吸衰竭的抢救,以及麻醉期间的呼吸管理。30、哪些患者禁用呼吸机?答:张力性气胸、肺大泡、低血容量性休克及肺纤维化者,禁用呼吸机。31、什么叫呼吸困难?答:呼吸困难为缺氧的主要症状之一,表现为烦躁不安、鼻翼扇动、口唇及指甲发钳、面色苍白、出冷汗等。32、中心静脉压的正常值是多少?其增高或降低的临床意义?答;中心静脉压的正常值是8~12厘米水柱。中心静脉压高于15~20厘米水柱,提示血容量过多或心脏排血量明显减少,有发生肺水肿的危险,应减少输液,酶情给予快速洋地黄制剂等措施。中心静脉压低于5厘米水柱,提示有效循环血不足,应快速补充血容量。33、什么叫意识朦胧?答:患者轻度意识障碍,定向力已有部分障碍,呼之能应,不能准确回答问题,各种深浅反射存在。34、什么叫嗜睡?什么叫昏迷?答:嗜睡是指在足够的睡眠时间之外,仍处于睡眠状态,对环境的区别能力较差,对各种刺激的反应尚属正常,但较迟缓,能唤醒,并能正确回答问话。昏迷指患者意识完全丧失,运动、感觉和反射等功能障碍,不能被任何刺激唤醒。昏迷可分为深度、中度及轻度。深度昏迷时,许多反射活动均消失,如角膜反射和瞳孔对光反射消失;中度昏迷时对各种刺激均无反应,对强烈刺激可出现防御反射,角膜反射减弱,瞳孔对光反应迟钝;轻度昏迷时,呼唤不应,对强烈疼痛刺激可有痛觉表情,上述反射均存在。35、右旋糖酐为什么有扩充血容量的作用?答:右旋糖酐是许多葡萄糖分子脱水聚合而成的,其分子量近似血浆蛋白,故不能透过毛细血管,也不易从肾脏排泄,在血管内停留时间较长,起到提高胶体渗透压的作用,从而增加血容量。36、甘露醇降低颅内压的机理是什么?答:静脉注射高渗溶液(如甘露醇)后,可使血液渗透压迅速升高,使脑组织和脑脊液的部分水份进入血液,而使脑组织脱水,起到降低颅内压的作用。故输甘露醇时应快速输入,一般250毫升应在20~30分钟滴完。口服不能起上述作用,故不能口服。37、快速静脉推注硫酸镁会产生什么后果?如何急救?答:硫酸镁静脉推注速度过快,可使血液中的镁离子浓度增高,抑制中枢神经系统和心脏,并有阻断运动神经肌肉与接头等反应,引起血压下降,肢体瘫痪及呼吸麻痹。发生以上情况,应立即停药,静脉注射10%葡萄糖酸钙或5%氯化钙注射液解救。38、静脉推注氨茶碱时要注意什么?答:静脉推注氨茶碱必须稀释后注射,并严格掌握注射速度和剂量,儿童更要慎用。心肌梗塞伴血压降低的病人忌用。39、全静脉营养的意义是什么?答;是从腔静脉插管输入高渗葡萄糖、蛋白质、电解质及维生素等病人所需的各种营养的一种方法。使热量、氨基酸、电解质与维生素的补充达到较满意的程度,代替胃肠道补充营养,以维持组织的修复与机体生长的需要。40、什么叫心肺复苏A、B、C?答:对心跳呼吸骤停的患者采取迅速有效的方法使之恢复,称为心肺复苏。所谓A、B、C是指确定心跳、呼吸停止,即按A、B、C顺序进行复苏。“A”(Airway)指开放气道,方法是:头后仰、托颈、托下颌,从而使气道开放;“B”(Breathing)指人工呼吸,方法是:口对口或口对鼻将气吹入;“C”(Circula-tion)指人工循环,方法是:用拳猛击病人心前区,即拳击起搏等。41、心搏骤停时临床有哪些表现?答:心搏骤停时临床表现有:1、急性意识丧失及喘息后呼吸停止;2、桡动脉、股动脉或颈动脉搏动消失;3、心音消失;4、急性苍白或紫绀;5、出现痉挛性强直;6、瞳孔急性无力性散大(心脏停搏后30秒开始);7、脑电图波低平;8、心电图改变。42、临床上对休克患者观察的要点是什么?答:意识和表情,皮肤色泽、温度、湿度,周围静脉充盈度,血压及脉压差,脉率,呼吸频率和深度,尿量及尿比重。43、严重休克为什么无尿?答:严重休克患者可发生微循环功能的障碍,引起组织灌流极度不足,此时肾血流量因之明显减少以至造成肾缺血,肾素增多,引起了肾血管进一步收缩,肾小球滤过更为减少甚至停止,造成少尿或无尿。与此同时,休克引起的肾实质损伤,亦造成少尿或无尿的加重。44、为什么要求在清晨留尿标本?答:因清晨排出的尿,尿量及各种成份的含量比较稳定,且没有受到食物的影响,PH值最低。有利于保持有形成份如细胞和管型等完整。45、尿潴留患者一次导尿不能超过多少毫升?为什么?答:尿潴留一次导尿不能超过1,000毫升。因为大量放尿可以导致腹内压力突然降低,大量血液停留于腹腔血管内引起血压突然下降,产生虚脱。另外,膀胱突然减压可引起膀胱粘膜急剧充血,发生血尿。46、昏迷病人容易发生哪些合并症?答:昏迷病人容易发生:(1)褥疮;(2)呼吸道并发症:如吸入性肺炎;(3)角膜干燥、发炎、溃疡或结膜炎;(4)口腔炎。47、为病人选择正确卧位的目的是什么?答:选择正确卧位的目的是使病人:(1)感到舒适,减少疲劳;(2)减轻某些疾病的症状;(3)有利于病人的检查、治疗及手术。48、搬运内脏出血的病人应注意什么?答:内脏出血最常见的有:肺结核大出血、上消化道大出血、肝脾破裂等。内出血发生多为急性,病人常处于严重休克状态,因此必须分秒必争的进行抢救,休克好转后,再行搬运。(1)若为肺结核大出血者,已知咯血病灶位于哪一侧,则应在患侧放置冰袋或沙袋压迫止血,搬运前可给小量输血或静脉注射脑垂体后叶素止血,采取半卧位,头偏向一侧,以防突然咯血发生窒息。(2)若为消化道出血时,应采取头高脚低位,使血液流向腹腔,稳托腰背部,避免抱胸腹部,以免加重出血。(3)若为肝脾破裂出血者,因其出血量大,休克发生快,也应先输血补液,休克好转后再搬运。肝破裂时取右侧卧位,脾破裂时,取左侧卧位以减少出血,若为开放性脾破裂时,应迅速用无菌温水棉垫或止血海绵填塞止血后再搬运。(4)注意输液器的皮管勿折曲,保持输液通畅。49、青霉素过敏反应的原因是什么?答:过敏反应系由抗原、抗体相互作用而引起,青霉素G是一种半抗原,进入人体后与组织蛋白质结合而成为全抗原,刺激机体产生特异性抗体,存在于体内。当过敏体质的人遇有相应抗原进入机体,即发生过敏反应。50、青霉素过敏性休克的抢救要点是什么?答:要点是要迅速及时,就地抢救。(1)立即停药,平卧、保暖、给氧气吸入。(2)即刻皮下注射%盐酸肾上腺素~1毫升,小儿酌减。如症状不缓解,可每20~30分钟皮下或静脉再注射毫升。同时给予地塞米松5毫克静脉注射,或用氢化可地松200~300毫克加入5%~10%葡萄糖溶液中静脉滴注。(3)抗组织胺类药物:如盐酸异丙嗪25~50毫克或苯海拉明40毫克肌肉注射。(4)针刺疗法:如取人中、内关等部位。(5)经上述处理病情不见好转,血压不回升,需扩充血容量,可用右旋糖酐。必要时可用升压药,如多巴胺、阿拉明,去甲肾上腺素等。(6)呼吸受抑制可用呼吸兴奋剂,如尼可刹明、山梗莱碱等。必要时行人工呼吸或行气管切开术。(7)心搏骤停时,心内注射强心剂,并行胸外心脏按压。(8)肌肉张力减低或瘫痪时,皮下注射新斯的明~1毫克。在抢救同时应密切观察病情,如意识状态、血压、体温、脉搏、呼吸、尿量和一般情况等,根据病情变化采取相应的急救措施。51、怎样预防青霉素过敏反应?答:(1)询问有关青霉素过敏史,以后再做过敏试验,凡有过敏史者禁忌做过敏试验。(2)过敏试验阳性者禁用。(3)阳性者,应在其病历上做特殊标记并告之患者及其家属。(4)患者使用过青霉素,已停药三天后如仍需注射膏霉素,应重新做过敏试验。(5)青霉素溶液应现用现配。52、链霉素、破伤风抗毒素及细胞色素C皮试液的浓度各是多少?答:链霉素皮试液每毫升含250单位;破伤风抗毒素每毫升含15国际单位;细胞色素C每毫升含毫克。53、何谓要素饮食?答:要素饮食是可以不经消化而直接吸收的高营养饮食,或称元素饮食,即使在没有消化液的情况下,也可以由小肠完全吸收。其特点是:营养价值高,营养成分全面而平衡,成分明确,无渣滓不含纤维素,有压缩性,排粪少,携带方便,易保存。54、记出入液量的意义?答:(1)记出入液量对危重、昏迷、手术中、手术后及各种严重创伤病人的治疗提供重要依据,以便观察机体需要和消耗是否平衡及治疗反应。(2)调整治疗措施,对液体出入量、水电解质、酸碱平衡和营养供给等,随时进行调整,保证疗效。如果不能准确记录出入液量,将给病情发展造成错误判断,给治疗措施带来不利,使其在生理、病理上发生改变,出现代谢障碍,影响病变的恢复,因此准确记录出入量的意义是十分重要的。55、为什么要加强对高热患者体温骤降时的观察?答:高热患者体温骤降时,常伴有大量出汗,以致造成体液大量丢失、在年老体弱及心血管疾病患者极易出现血压下降,脉搏细速,四肢冰冷等虚脱或休克表现,因此应往意观察。一旦出现上述情况,立即配合医生及时处理。不恰当地使用解热剂,可出现类似情况,故对高热患者应慎用解热剂。56、为什么慢性肺心病患者要采取持续低流量给氧?答:因长期动脉二氧化碳分压增高,呼吸中枢对二氧化碳刺激的敏感性降低,主要依靠缺氧刺激主动脉体和颈动脉窦的化学感受器,通过反射维持呼吸。此时如给患者大流量氧气,使血氧分压骤然升高,而缺氧解除,通过颈动脉窦反射性刺激呼吸的作用减弱或消失,致使呼吸暂停或变浅,反而加重二氧化碳潴留和呼吸性酸中毒,所以要低流量给氧。57、早期发现肿瘤的7种主要信号是什么?答:肿瘤的7种主要信号:(1)大小便习惯的改变;(2)溃疡长期不愈;(3)出血或分泌物异常;(4)乳房或其他部位纤维增生或肿块;(5)消化不良或吞咽困难;(6)疣和痣明显改变;(7)频咳或声音嘶哑。58、左心功能不全病人为什么要取半坐位?答:平卧位时感到呼吸困难。采取高枕位或半坐位,可以使回心血量减少,肺充血减轻、膈肌下降肺活量增加,使呼吸困难减轻。59、什么是心脏性猝死?答:心脏性猝死是指原来健康人或病灶显著改善过程中的病人因心脏原因而突然发生死亡。60、低钾可引起哪些症状?答:低钾可引起恶心、呕吐、肢体无力或麻痹、低血压和心律失常等。61、心肌梗塞病人三大合并症?答:(1)急性心衰:表现呼吸困难、咳粉红色泡沫痰、心率>120次/分。(2)心源性休克:表现血压下降、四肢冰冷、面色苍白。(3)严重心律失常:出现室性早搏多于5次/分,也可出现多源性室早心率过缓40~50次/分和室颤。62、什么是甲亢危象及护理?答:甲亢患者出现高热(体温40℃以上)、心率140~200次/分、烦躁、呕吐、腹泻、谵妄,昏迷等症状。如出现甲亢危象应及时报告医生。护理:吸氧,有脱水休克者应按休克护理,立即补液,观察T、P、R、BP的变化,高热时应降温,血压下降者给予升压,并注意出入量的记录。63、什么是嗜铬细胞瘤,发作时应如何抢救?答:嗜铬细胞瘤是肾上腺髓质内嗜铬组织的肿瘤。其发作时应立即给氧,并急查心电图,注意有无心肌梗塞及心律失常表现,密切观察血压变化。如有阵发性高血压立即报告医生,并采取有效的抢救措施,对症治疗。并注意有无并发症的发生,如心力衰竭、心律失常、高血压脑病、肺部感染及其他异常变化。如有嗜铬细胞瘤危象发生,应立即抽血测定尿素氮、肌酐、血糖等,避免叩压肿瘤部位。64、使用胰岛素治疗糖尿病应注意什么?答:使用胰岛素治疗糖尿病应注意抽药时分量要准确,注射部位要经常更换,以防局部组织硬化、脂肪萎缩,使胰岛素吸收不良而影响治疗效果;另一方面应注意观察病人病情变化,有无胰岛素过量而引起低血糖。如病人出现心慌,出冷汗、面色苍白,脉速甚至抽搐、昏迷,此时应考虑是否有低血糖反应,应立即报告医生,按医嘱给予口服糖水或推注50%葡萄糖液。65、什么叫DIC?应用肝素治疗应注意什么?答:主要由于血液凝固性增高,在微循环内形成血栓,继而导致凝血因子消耗,以及继发性纤维蛋白溶解而产生出血的临床综合症,称为DIC。肝素是存在于机体内的一种生理抗凝物质,应用时 要注意观察凝血酶原时间,超过30秒不凝血时应停药。66、急性白血病的临床症状?答:起病急骤,有发热,贫血、出血倾向及消瘦症状。部分成年人及青少年患者可缓慢起病,表现乏力,咽喉疼痛,纳差,面黄,轻度鼻衄及牙龈出血等。67、什么叫应激性溃疡?答:应激性溃疡又叫胃或十二指肠溃疡。可因创伤、休克、感染、烧伤、药物、某些重症疾病和酒精中毒等多种原因所引起。其发生与粘膜血流障碍、粘膜屏障破坏、H+逆行扩散等有关,应激性溃疡病人常无任何消化道的前驱症状,多为突然腹痛、呕血、黑便甚至出血性休克,多为大小不等的多发表浅性溃疡,溃疡发生在幽门部。68、引起急性上消化道出血的常见原因有哪些?答:①溃疡病;②急性胃粘膜病变;③食管静脉曲张;④胃贲门食道粘膜撕裂综合症;⑤胃癌;⑥其他(包括诊断不明)。69、为什么进高蛋白及高脂肪的食物,易使慢性胰腺炎急性发作?答:由于酸性食糜,蛋白质分解产物和脂肪等,可刺激十二指肠粘膜产生胰泌素,胰泌素经血循环作用于胰腺,使其分泌大量胰液,以加强消化。慢性胰腺炎患者若进高蛋白及高脂肪的食物,就可因胰液大量的分泌,增加胰腺的负担,而引起急性发作。70、肝昏迷的治疗原则?答:卧床休息,增加营养,给于高糖、高维生素饮食,限制蛋白质摄入,调整电解质紊乱,清洁洗肠,谷氨酸钠或精氨酸钠静脉滴注,纠正脑机能紊乱,注意治疗脑水肿,严密观察肾功能,并随时纠正和治疗诱发因素。71、肝硬化为什么会引起呕血?答:当肝硬化出现门脉高压,侧支循环形成,可在食管粘膜和胃底粘膜下形成静脉曲张。当门脉压力增高到一定程度时遇有某些外界刺激使静脉易于破裂而引起上消化道大出血。72、何谓肺性脑病?答:肺性脑病是中度、重度呼吸功能衰竭引起的,以中枢神经系统机能紊乱为主要表现的综合病症。临床上除呼吸功能不全征象外,尚有因呼吸衰竭而引起的神经精神症状。表现意识障碍、血气分析二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)>、PH值<为肺性脑病。73、何谓呼吸衰竭?答:呼吸衰竭就是病人的肺机能损害已超越于肺代偿能力,进而出现低氧血症,或伴有高碳酸血症的临床表现。动脉血氧分压(PaO2)降至8KPa,动脉血PaCO2,升至以上即为呼吸衰竭的标志。74、高压性气胸(张力性气胸)的紧急处理?答:一、立即排出气体,减低胸腔压力。(一)穿刺排气。(二)闭式引流。二、经上述治疗肺仍处于萎陷,应考虑支气管损伤或肺破裂,可开胸检查修补伤肺。三、控制肺内感染。四、对症处理:给氧、防止剧咳可用镇咳药等。75、为什么敌百虫中毒时不能用碱性溶液洗胃?答:因为敌百虫在碱性环境下能转变为毒性更强的敌敌畏,所以在敌百虫中毒时不能用碱性溶液 洗胃,可用清水或淡盐水等。76、胆绞痛发作的病人止痛时,为什么常合用杜冷丁及阿托品,而不单独使用吗啡或杜冷丁?答:因为吗啡和杜冷丁能引起胆囊和俄狄氏括约肌痉挛,增加胆囊和胆道内压力,促使症状加重,如和阿托品同用,则既可止痛又有解痉作用,使止痛效果明显。77、为何胆结石患者晚间症状加重?答:因晚间迷走神经兴奋,使胆囊、胆囊颈管收缩,易产生胆绞痛。另外夜间平卧、特别是右侧卧时,胆石易自胆囊滑进胆囊颈管,发生嵌顿,引起胆绞痛。78、为什么急性胰腺炎患者要禁食?答:为避免进食时,酸性食糜进入十二指肠,促使胰腺分泌旺盛,胰管内压力增高,加重胰腺病变,所以急性胰腺炎的患者早期应禁食。79、有一肠梗阻患者,在使用胃肠减压后六小时,减压液只有40毫升,腹胀症状仍未缓解,你认为是哪些原因造成的?答:可能是由于胃管插入的深度不够,胃管阻塞或不通畅,胃肠减压器漏气。80、某患者因肠坏死,手术切除小肠米后,其生理功能有何影响?答:小肠切除的安全范围是50%(正常人小肠长度平均5~7米),如切除80%以上会严重影响肠道对营养物质的吸收,出现营养不良、消瘦、贫血、腹泻、抽搐及维生素缺乏等,造成机体生理功能障碍,严重危及生命。81、腹膜炎患者采取半卧位的临床意义是什么?答:有利于腹腔引流,使感染局限化,减轻腹部伤口的张力,减轻疼痛;有利于伤口的愈合。82、胃及十二指肠溃疡常见的并发症是什么?答:(1)急性穿孔;(2)幽门梗阻(3)溃疡大出血;(4)胃溃疡恶性变。83、手术后形成肠粘连的原因有几种?答:(1)手术或病变造成的腹膜缺损;(2)腹腔内异物存留;(3)腹腔内残有血肿;(4)腹腔内感染。84、毒血症与败血症的鉴别要点是什么?答:毒血症是细菌仍局限于局部感染病灶,而有大量毒素进入血循环,产生临床症状,血培养为阴性。败血症则为细菌进入血循环,并迅速繁殖产生临床症状,血培养为阳性。85、何谓面部三角区?该部位有疖肿时为什么不能挤压?答:两侧嘴角到鼻根部(内眦)之间的区域为面部三角区。此外静脉网的血液经内眦静脉、眼静脉流到颅内海绵窦,挤压三角区的炎症疖肿时。可使感染沿静脉扩散到颅内。发生海绵窦炎或颅内脓肿。86、脓肿切开引流时要注意哪些事项?答:(1)在波动最明显处切开。(2)切口应有足够的长度,并作在低位,以便引流。(3)切口方向一般要与皮纹平行,不作经关节的纵切口。(4)深部脓肿切开前,先作穿刺抽脓,确定脓肿的部位和深度。(5)切口不要穿过对侧脓腔壁而达到正常组织。(6)脓液排除后,用手指探查脓腔,并将脓腔内的纤维间隔分开。(7)记录放人脓腔的引流物的数目。87

翻译软件仅供参考,不能过分依赖,想要高质量的翻译还是需要专业的翻译人士和平台,个人还是比较信赖北京译顶科技

1、日照性皮炎

日照性皮炎即日光性皮炎,又称日晒伤或晒斑,为正常皮肤经暴晒后产生的一种急性炎症反应,表现为红斑、水肿、水疱和色素沉着、脱屑。

本病春末夏初多见,好发于儿童、妇女、滑雪者及水面工作者,其反应的强度与光线强弱、照射时间、个体肤色、体质、种族等有关。

2、帕金森病

帕金森病(PD)又名震颤麻痹,是一种常见的中老年人神经系统变性疾病。主要病变在黑质和纹状体。震颤、肌强直及运动减少是本病的主要临床特征。帕金森病是老年人中第四位最常见的神经变性疾病。

3、血崩

血崩亦称崩中、暴崩,指妇女不在经期而突然阴道大量出血的急性病证。本病病因颇多,有因劳伤过度,气虚下陷,统摄无权所致;有因暴怒伤肝,肝不藏血,经血妄行而发为血崩;

亦可素体热盛,复感热邪或恣食辛燥之品,积热化火,热迫血行而发病;另有经期产后,余血未尽,或因外感,夹内伤,瘀血内阻。恶血不去,新血不得归经,造成崩中。现代医学中的功能性子宫出血之重症者,与本证相类。

4、秋燥

秋燥是人在秋季感受燥邪而发生的疾病。病邪从口鼻侵入,初起即有津气干燥的症状,如鼻咽干燥、干咳少痰、皮肤干燥等。

燥有两种不同的性质:一偏于寒,一偏于热,秋燥是外感六淫的病因之一,人体极易受燥邪侵袭而伤肺,出现口干咽燥、咳嗽少痰等各种秋燥病症,临床上分为“凉燥”、“温燥”二种类型。

5、早衰症

早衰症(儿童早老症)属遗传病,身体衰老的过程较正常快5至10倍,患者样貌像老人 ,器官亦很快衰退,造成生理机能下降。病征包括身材瘦小、脱发和较晚长牙。

患病儿童一般只能活到7至20岁,大部分都会死于衰老疾病,如心血管病,现未有有效的治疗方法,只靠药物针对治疗。

参考资料来源:百度百科——医学术语

相关百科

热门百科

首页
发表服务