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你要问什么？举例？unbelievable,前缀un词根believe后缀able
1、circum-表示"环绕，周围"circumcise环割（circum+cise切→环切）circumference周长（circum+fer带来→ence→带来一圈→周长）circumnavigate环航世界（circum+navigate航行）circumscribe限制（circum+scribe写→规定范围→限制）circumspect小心谨慎的（circum+stance站→站在周围→环境）circumvent回避（circum+vent走→绕圈走→回避）2、co-表示"共同"，通常放在元音词根前Cooperation合作(co+operation操作→共同操作→合作)Coagulate凝结(co+agul凝聚+ate→凝聚起来)Coalesce联合；合作(co+al=ally联盟+esce)Coexist共存(co+exist存在)Cohere附着；粘着(co+here粘→粘在一起)Coincide一致，符合，巧合(co+in进+cide掉下→共同掉进来→巧合)Coordinate协调：同等的(co+ordin顺序+ate→顺序一样→同等的引申为平等；协调)3、col-,cor在同辅音词根前，表示"共同"collaboration协作；合著(col+labor劳动+ation→共同劳动)collocate并置，排列(col+loc地方+ate→放在同一地方→排列)co lingual用同一种语言的(col+lingu语言+al→同语言的)collapse倒塌(col+lapse滑倒→全部滑倒→倒塌)collate校对(col+late放→放到一起→校对)collateral并列的，并行的(col+later边→al→周边的→并列的)colleague同事(col+→league捆绑→捆绑在一起的人→同事)collect收集(col+lect选择→放在一起选择→收集)collegiate学院的； 学生的(col+legi读+ate→共同读书→学院的)colloquial口语的(col+loqu说+ial→两人一起说→口语会话的)collusion共谋，勾结(col+lus玩+ion→共同玩弄→共谋)correct改正，纠正(cor+rect正→全部改正→纠正)correspond通信；符合(cor+respond反应→共同反应→相互通信)corrupt腐败的；变环的(cor+rupt断→全部断→变坏的，腐败的)corrigible能够改正的(cor+rig改正+ible→全部改正的)corroborate证实(cor+robor力量+ate→用力量→证实)4、com-,con-表示"共同"combine联合，结合(com+bine捆→捆在一起→结合)compassion同情(com+passion爱国者→同胞)compatriot同胞(com+patriot动→大家一起动→动乱)commend赞扬；推荐(com+mend信任；命令→大家信任→赞扬；参考；recommend)commemorate纪念(com+memor记住+ate→大家一起记住→纪念)commensurable相等的，相称的(com+mensur测量+able→能放在一起的测量→相等的)comparison比较(com+pari平等+son→一起平等→比较)compact紧密的；合同(com+pact压紧→全部压紧→紧密的)comfort安慰(com+fort加强→[精神]强大→安慰)commodious宽敞的(com+mod动+ious→共同动→有动的地方→宽敞的)compete比赛(com+pete追求→一起追→比赛)component成分(com+pon放+ent→放到一起[的东西]→成分)compress压缩(com+press压→一起压→压缩)concentric同中心的(con+centric中心的)contemporary同时代的(con+tempor时间+ary→同时间的)conclude结束；总结(con+clude关闭→全部关闭→结束)confirm坚定；证实(con+firm坚定)condense凝结；浓缩(con+dense 浓密的)consolidate巩固，加强(con+solid坚固+ate→成为大家的财产→没收)Conflict冲突（con+flict打→一起打斗→冲突）Confluence汇流（con+flu流＋ence→共同流→汇流）Congregate集合的，聚集的（con+greg集合＋ate→集合到一起→聚集的）Console安慰（con+sole安慰→一起安慰）表示"反对，相反"contrary相反的（contra+ary→相反的）contradict反驳；矛盾（contra+dict说→反着说→反驳）contravene违反，违背（contra+vene走→反着走→违反）contraband走私（contra+band命令→违反命令做事→走私；参考：ban禁止）表示"反对，相反"counteract对抗；抵消（counter+act行为→反着行动→对抗）counterbalance平衡（counter+balance平衡→两边一样→达到平衡）countermand撤消（counter+mand命令→反命令→撤消〔命令〕）① 表示"去掉，变坏，离开，变慢，向下"等destruction破坏（de+struct结构；建造＋ion→弄坏结构→破坏）desalt除去盐分（de+salt盐→去掉盐分）deforest砍伐森林（de+forest森林→去掉森林）devalue降低价值（de+value价值→去掉价值）depress压制，压抑（de+press压→向下压→压制）detrain下火车（de+train火车）decelerate减速（de+celer速度＋ate→使速度变慢）decode破译（de+code密码→去掉密码）defame诽谤，中伤（de+fame名声→名声变坏→诽谤）② 表示"使…成为，加强"等delimit 划定界限（de+limit限定→加强限定）depict描绘（de+pict图画→成为图画→描绘）design设计；计划（de+sign做标志→设计）definition定义；清晰（de+fin界限＋ition→划出界限→定义）英语词根词缀记忆大全① 表示"两个，双"dichromatic两色的（di+chrom颜色+atic→两色的）dioxide二氧化物（di+ox氧＋ide→二氧化物） dilemma进退两难（di+lemma争论→二种争论→进退两难）dichotomize分成二，对分（dicho=di+tom切割+ize→切成二分）② 表示"使…变成，分开，离开"dilate膨胀，扩大（di+late放→分开放→扩大）dilute冲淡，稀释(di+lute冲洗→冲洗开→冲淡)digest消化；文摘（di+gest带→带下去→消化→经过消化后的精华→文摘）diminish减少；消失（di+mini小+ish→变小，减少）digress离题（di+gress走→走开→离题）divide分开（di+vide分开→分开）divorce离婚（di+vorce=vert转→从〔丈夫身边〕转开→离婚；参考：divert转开）父，祖－patr(i); part(o); paterpatriarch[patri父，祖arch首脑，长]家长；族长patriarchal[见上，－al…的]家长的；族长的；家长似的patriot[patri祖→祖国，-ot名词字尾，表示人]爱祖国者，爱国主义者patriotic〔见上，-otic形容词字尾，…的〕爱国的patriotism[见上，-ism主义]爱国主义；爱国心unpatriotic〔un-不，见上〕不爱国的patenal〔pater父，-n-,-al…的〕父亲的，父系的paternalism[见上，-ism表示行为，现象]家长式统治，家长作风 母－matr(i); mater; metromatriarch[matri母→女性，arch首脑，长]女族长；女家长matrimony[matri母→婚姻，-mony名词字尾]婚姻，结婚matrimonial〔见上，-al…的〕婚姻的，结婚的matron〔mart母，-on表示人〕主妇，老妇matronage[见上，－age名词字尾]主妇的身份或职责maternal[matr母，-n-,-al…的]母亲的，母性的maternity[见上，－ity名词字尾]母性的，母性的metropolis[metro母，polis城市；"母城" →首城，最大的城]大城市，主要城市，大都会，首府 表示"穿过，二者之间"dialogue对话（dia+logue话→对着说话）diameter直径（dia+meter测量→对着测量〔圆〕直径）diaphanous透明的；精致的（dia+phan显示＋ous→对面显示〔影子〕→透明的） dialectic辩证法（dia+lect讲+ic→二人对讲→辩证法）diagnosis诊断（dia+gnosis知道→穿过〔皮肤〕知道→诊断）diagram图表（dia+gram→交叉对着画→图表）和辅音重复表示"不，否定，分开"differ不同（dif+fer带来→带来不同→不同）difference不同（differ的名词）diffident自卑的（dit+fid相信＋ent→不相信〔自己〕→自卑的）diffuse散布的，散开的（dif+fusc流→分开流→散布的）difficult困难的（dif+fic做＋ult→不好做→困难的）difform不同形式的；不规则的（dif+form形状→形状不同）① 表示"不，消失掉"dislike不喜欢（dis+like喜爱→不喜爱）disorder无秩序（dis+order顺序→没有顺序）dishonest不诚实的（dis+honest诚实的）disappear消失（dis+appear出现→不出现→消失）disproof反证，反驳（dis+proof证实→不证实→反证）discourage使失去勇气（dis+courage勇气）disarm解除武装（dis+arm武装→去掉武装）dispel驱除，消除（dis+pel推→推开→驱除）dispassionate平心静气的（dis+passionate有激情的）discover发现（dis+cover盖→把盖揭开→发现）dismay沮丧（dis+may能够→不能做事→沮丧；参考：五月能种粮食，所以叫May）② 表示"分开，分离"disseminate散布，传播（dis+semin种子＋ate→散布〔种子〕）dispense分配（dis+pense花费→分开花费→分配〔财富等〕）distract分心（dis+tract拉→把〔心〕拉开→分心）distend膨胀（dis+tend拉→分开拉→膨胀）discriminate辨别；歧视（dis+crimin分辨→ate→分辩开）dismiss解散；开除（dis+miss送→送出→解散）disburse支付，支出（dis+burse钱包→从钱包中分出→支出） discard丢弃，抛弃（dis+card扔→扔出去）discuss讨论（dis+cuss敲打→把〔问题〕分开敲→讨论）表示"坏，不良"dyspepsia消化不良（dys+peps消化；胃＋ia病→消化不好）dystrophy营养不良（dys+trophy营养）表示"出，出来"elongate延长，拉长（e+long长＋ate→长出来）elaborate精工细做的（e+labor劳动＋ate→劳动出来→精做的）eject投出，掷出（e+ject掷→掷出）emerge浮现（e+merge投入；淹没→淹没的东西出现→浮现）evade逃出，逃避（e+vade走→走出去→逃避）eradicate根除，灭绝（e+radic根＋ate→把根挖出→根除）effluence流出（ef+flu流＋ence→流出）① 表示"进入…之中，包围"embrace拥抱（em+brace胳膊→进入怀抱）embed安置；嵌于（em+bed范围；床→进入范围→安置）empathy感情相融的（em+pathy感情→进入感情）embarrass使难堪（em+barrass套子→进入套子→难堪）embattle整军备战（em+battle战斗）enroll注册，记入名册（en+roll名单）encage关入笼中（en+cage笼子）enchain束缚（en+chain锁链）② 表示"使…进入状态"empower授权（em+power权力）embitter使痛苦（em+bitter痛苦的）embody体现（em+body身体→〔精神〕进入身体→体现）embellish装饰（em+bell美好＋ish→进入美好→装饰）emboss使凸出（em+boss凸出→使凸出）emphreal天空的（em+pyre火+al→进入火、太阳→天空的）enact制定；颁布（en+act行动→进入行动→颁布〔法令〕）enchant使迷醉（en+chant咒语→被咒语所迷醉）encompass包围，围绕（en+compass包围）endanger使危险（en+danger危险）encourage鼓励（en+courage勇气→使人进入勇气→鼓励）enlighten启发，开导（en+ligh光＋en→给人光明→启发）表示"在….上，在….周围，在….后面"epidemic流行性的（epi+dem人民＋ic→在人民周围→流行的）epigram警句，格言（epi+gram写→写在上面的话→格言）epilogue后记，结尾部分（epi+lougue说→在后面说的话→后记）episode一段经历，片段（epi+sode路→在路上→一段经历；片段）epitome梗概，缩影（epi+tome卷册→〔一卷书后的〕梗概）16、a-① 加在单词或词根前面，表示"不，无，非"acentric 无中心的（a+centric中心的）asocial 不好社交的（a+social好社交的）amoral 非道德性的（a+moral道德的；注意：immoral不道德的）apolitical. 不关政治的（a+political政治的）anemia 反常的（a+nomal正常的+ous）② 加在单词前，表示"在…，…的"asleep 睡着的（a+sleep睡觉）aside 在边上（a+side旁边）ahead 在前地（a+head头）alive 活的（a+live活）awash .泛滥的（a+wash冲洗）17、ab-,abs-加在词根前，表示"相反，变坏，离去"等abnormal 反常的（ab+normal正常的）abuse 滥用（ab+use用→用坏→滥用）absorb 吸收（ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉）absent 缺席的（ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席的）abduct 诱拐（ab+duct引导→引走→诱拐）abject 可怜的（ab+ject抛→抛掉→可怜的）abstract 抽象的；心不在焉的（abs+tract拉→被拉开→心不在焉）abstain 戒绝（abs+tain拿住→不再拿住→戒绝）abscond 潜逃（abs+cond藏→藏起来→潜逃）abscind 废除（abs+cind剪切→切掉→废除）abscise 切除（abs+cise剪→剪掉→切除）abstinence 节制；禁欲（abs+tin拿住+ense→不在拿住→戒除，禁欲）18、ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前，表示"一再"等加强意accelerate陪伴（ac+company伙伴→陪伴）accentuate加速（ac+celer速度→一再增加速度）accomplish强制（ac+cent唱歌→一再唱出→强调）accumulate积累（ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累）accustom使习惯（ac+custom习俗→习惯习俗）addict上瘾，入迷（ad+dict说→一再说起→对……入迷）additive上瘾的（addict的形容词）adduce引证，举例（ad+duce引导→一再引导→举例说明）affable亲切的（af+fable说话→不断可以说话→亲切）afford买得起（af+ford拿出→一再拿出{钱}→买得起）affirm肯定（af+firm坚定→肯定）aggression侵略，进攻（ag+gress走+ion→一再往前走→进攻）aggrandize扩大（ag+grand大→一再大→扩大[权力]等）aggravate恶化（ag+grav重+ate病加重）announce通告（an+nounce通知→通告）appal使震惊（ap+pal白色→[脸]变白→受惊）applause鼓掌（ap+pease赞扬→一再赞扬→鼓掌）appreciate欣赏（ap+reci价值+ate→一再给价→欣赏）appoint指定，任命（ap+point指→指定）arrange安排（ar+range排列→安排）arrest逮捕，阻止（ar+rest休息→不让动→逮捕）arrive到达（ar+rive河→到达河边→达到目标）assault进攻（as+saul跳→跳起来→进攻）assiduous勤奋的（as+sid坐+uous→一再坐着[学习] →勤奋）assist帮助（as+sist站→站过来→帮助）associate联合，结合（as+soci社团+ate→结成团队→联合）assimilate吸收；同化（as+simil相同+ate→成为相同→同化）assure肯定；确信（as+sure确定→一不再确定→肯定）attach附上；依恋（at+tach接角→接触上→附上）attain达到；获得（at+tain拿住→获得）attend（at+tend关心→关心到了→出度）attract吸引（拉→拉过来→吸引）attest证实（at+test试验→一再试验→证实） 19、ad-加在在单词或词根前，表示"做…，加强…"adapt适应（ad+apt能力→有适应能力）adept熟练的（ad+ept能力→有做事能力→熟练的）adopt收养；采纳（ad+opt选择→选出来→采纳）adhere坚持（ad+here粘→粘在一起→坚持）adjacent邻近的（ad+jacent躺→躺在一起→邻近的）adjoin贴近；毗连（ad+join参加→参加在一起→贴近）administrate管理；执行（ad+ministr部长+ate→做部长→管理）admire羡慕（ad+mire惊奇→惊喜；羡慕）adumbrate预示（ad+umbr影子+ate→[将来的]影子出现→预示）adjust调整（ad+just+正确→弄正确→调整） adventure冒险（ad+venture冒险）admonish告诫，警告（ad+mon警告+ish→一再警告）advent来临，来到（ad+vent来→来到）20、amphi-表示"两个，两种"amphibian两栖动物（amphi+bi生命+an→两个生命→两栖动物）amphicar水陆两用车（amphi+car车→两用车） 21、an-在词根前，表示"不，无"anarchism无政府主义（an+arch统治+ism→无统治→无政府主义）anharmonic不和谐的(an+hamonic和谐的→不和谐的)anechoic无回声的（an+echo回声+ic→无回声的）anonymous匿名的（an+onym名字+ous→匿名的）22、ana-表示"错误，在旁边，分开"analogy类比；类似(ana+logy讲话→再旁边讲→讲一样的东西→类似)analogous类似的（analogy的形容词）analysis分析（ana+lysis分开→分开来→分析） 23、ante-表示"前面，先"antedate提前写日期；先于，早于（ante+date日期→提前写日期）anterior前面的（ante+erior[…的] →前面的）antecedent（aute+ced走+ent→走在前面的[事] →前事） 24、anti-表示"反对，相反"antiwar反战的（anti+war战争）antipathy反感（anti+pathy感情）antithesis对立；反论（anti+thesis论文；观点）antibacterial 抗菌的（anti+bacterial细菌的）antibody抗体（anti+body身体）25、人，人类-anthrop(o)anthropology[anthropo人类，-logy…学者]人类学anthropologist[anthropo人类，-logist…学者]人类学者anthropogeography[anthropo人类，gegoraphy地理学]人类地理学anthropomorphous[anthropo人，morph形，-ous…的]有人形的，似人的anthroposociology [anthropo人类，sociology社会学]人类社会学26、人民―（1）populpopulation[popul人民→居民，-ation名词字尾]全体居民，人口populous [popul人民→居民，-ous…的]人口稠密的populate [popul人民，-ate动词字尾，使…,做…]使人民居住于…中，使人口集中在…之中，移民于….Repopulate [re-再，重新，见上]使人民重新居住于…Depopulate [de-除去，去掉，popul人民→人口，-ate使…]使（某地）人口减少，减少人口 Popularity[见上，-ity名词字尾，表示性质]大众性，通俗性Popularize[见上，- ize…化，使…](使)大众化，（使）普及，推广Popularizer[见上，-er者]普及者，推广者Popularization[见上，-ation表示行为]普及，推广，通俗化Populace[popul人民→平民，-ace名词字尾]平民，大众人民－（2）dem(o)democracy[demo人民，cracy统治；"人民统治"→人民做主→]民主；民主政治，民主政体；民主主义democrat[见上，crat主张…统治的人]民主主义者democratism[见上，-ism主义]民主主义democratize[见上，-ize…化]民主化；使民主化democratic[见上，-ic…的]民主的，民主主义的；民主政体的demography[demo人民→人数，人口，graphy写，记录→统计]人口统计学demographic[见上，-ic…的]人口统计的epidemic[epi-在…之间，dem人民，-ic…的；"流行于人民之中的" →]流行的，传染的；流行病，时疫epidemiology[见上，- io-连接字母，-logy…学]流行病学epidemiologist[见上，-logist…学者]流行病学者epidemiological[见上，-logical…学的]流行病学的男－（1）andr(o)androgyne[andro男人，gyn女人]具有男妇两性的人，阴阳人androgynism[andro男，gyn女，-ism表性质状态]半男半女男－（2）virvirile[vir男，ile形容词字尾，…的]男的，男性的，男子的，有男子气概的，有男性生殖力的virilism[见上，-ism表示现象]男性现象virility[见上，-ity表示性质]男子气概，男生殖力，男子的成年女－（1）gyn(o); gynec(o)gynecology[gyneco妇女，-logy…学]妇科学，妇科gynecologist[见上，-ist人]妇科医生gynecian[gynec妇女，-ian…的]妇女的，妇人的女－（2）fem; feminfemale[fem女，妇女]女性的，妇女的；女子feminine[femin女，-ine…的]女性的，妇女的femininity[femin女，-ality表示性质]女性，妇女的特性femininity[feminine(e)女性的，-ity表示性质]女子的气质，女人气，妇女总称feminism[femin女，-ism主义]男女平等主义；[-ism表示行为]争取女权运动femme妇女；妻子27、be-① 构成动词，表示"使…成为"beguile欺（be+guile欺）belie掩盖（be+lie说慌）bequeath遗留给，传下（be+queath要求→要求给某人→遗留给）besiege围攻(be+siege包围→包围起来)beware注意（be+ware注意）befriend友好对待（be+friend朋友）befool欺（be+fool笨蛋→使人成笨蛋→欺别人）befall降临；发生（be+fall掉下→掉下来→发生）belittle小看(be+little小→小看人)bewilder使…迷惑（be+wilder迷惑）② 构成一些介词 before在前面（be+fore前面）beneath在下面（be+neath下面）28、bene- 表示"善，好"benewolent好意的（bene+vol意愿+ent→好意的）benefaction好事；恩惠（bene+fact做+ion→好事）benefit好处，利益（bene+fit做→做事后的好处→利益）benediction祝福（bene+dict说+ion→说好话）beneficent仁慈的，善行的（bene+fic做+ent→做好事的）29、bi-表示"两个，两"biweekly双周刊（bi+week星期+ly→两星期）bilingual双语种的（bi+lingu语言+al→双语的）biennial两年一次的（bi+enn年+ial→两年〔一次〕的）biannual一年两次的（bi+ann[年]+ual→一年两次的）30、by-表示"在旁边，副的"byproduct副产品（by+product产品）byroad辅路（by+road路）byway小道（by+way小路）bygone过时的（by+gone过去的）bypass旁路；忽略（by+pass通过→从旁边通过→忽略）by work副业（by+work工作）虽然顺序打乱了，但是词例很充足，我觉得是很好的材料，希望与你分享,共同进步。尽力回答了，希望您能满意。^0^
So what are the risks of smoking? Here's what tobacco's critics say: CANCER The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says cigarette smoking is responsible for 151,322 cancer deaths annually in the United States. Most of those--116,920--are from lung cancer. The CDC says men who smoke are 22 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers. Women who smoke are 12 times more likely to die from the disease. Statistical studies have long shown that people who don't smoke live longer than people who do and scientists have seen statistically the correlation between smoking and incidences of lung cancer since the 1950s. But a study earlier this year by Gerd Pfeifer of the Beckman Research Institute pinpointed specific carcinogens in cigarette smoke that target parts of a gene already known to be prominent in some cancers. Pfeifer wrote in Science that cigarette smoke causes changes in the gene p53, which protects against cancer when normal but promotes cancer growth when mutated . Another study, published by the American Cancer Society, said that low-tar cigarettes offered no relief from the potential of cancer, and in fact were responsible for a type of cancer that reaches deeper into lung tissue. Other cancers are also affected by cigarette smoke. An American Cancer Society researcher reported earlier this year that smoking increased men's risk of dying of prostate cancer, while other studies have linked tobacco use to increased risk of other cancers, including throat, breast and bowel cancer. 那么吸烟究竟有什么危害呢?还是听听烟草批评家们的说法： 癌症 疾病防治中心说，吸烟是导致美国每年151322位癌症患者死亡的罪魁祸首。这些死亡者中的大多数——116990人是死于肺癌。疾病防治中心认为，男性烟民死于肺癌的可能性是非吸烟者的22倍。女性烟民死于肺癌的可能性是非吸烟者的12倍。 统计数据研究早就表明，不吸烟的人比烟民长寿，而且自20世纪50年代以来，科学家们通过统计资料，已经发现了吸烟和肺癌发病率之间的相互关系。 而今年早些时候，贝克曼研究所的格尔德·普法伊费尔所作的一项研究确切地指出了卷烟烟雾中固有的致癌物，这些致癌物袭击的目标是一种基因的某些部分，人们已经发现，这种基因在一些癌症中很突出。 普法伊费尔在《科学》杂志上写道，吸烟使p53基因发生改变，这种基因在正常情况下起着防癌的作用，但在发生突变时，就会加快癌症的发展。 美国癌症协会发表的另一份研究报告说，尼古丁含量低的卷烟并不能减少患癌症的可能性，它们实际上是引起一种进入到肺组织深层的癌症的罪魁祸首。 而其他的癌症也受吸烟的影响。今年年初，美国癌症协会的一份研究报告表明，吸烟使男性死于前列腺癌的危险增加了，而其他的一些研究把吸烟同患上其他癌症（包括喉癌、乳腺癌和结肠癌）的危险的增加联系到了一起。 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES [13] Smoking also has been linked time and again to cardiovascular diseases. Among these, the biggest killer is heart disease: according to the CDC, smoking triples the risk of dying from heart disease among middle-aged men and women. [14] Studies also show an increased risk of death from stroke, aneurysms, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular illnesses. RESPIRATORY DISEASES [15] Smoking is cited as a risk for dying of pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. The CDC says people who smoke increase their risk of death from bronchitis and emphysema by nearly 10 times. OTHER ILLNESSES [16] A report recently published in the American Journal of Epidemiology suggested that smoking increased the risk of developing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by more than three times. [17] Studies have pointed to smoking as a risk in vision loss among older people, mental impairment later in life, Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. EFFECT ON PREGNANCY [18] Pregnant women who smoke can pass nicotine and carbon monoxide to their baby through the placenta. Research indicates this can prevent the baby from getting the oxygen and nutrients it needs to grow--potentially leading to fetal injury, premature birth, or low birth weight. According to the American Lung Association, smoking during pregnancy accounts for an estimated 20 to 30 percent of low birthweight babies, up to 14 percent of premature deliveries, and about 10 percent of all infant deaths. 心血管疾病 [13]吸烟还被一再地和心血管疾病联系在一起，其中最大的杀手是心脏病。根据疾病防治中心的说法，吸烟使中年男女烟民死于心脏病的危险增至3倍。 [14]研究还表明，死于中风、动脉瘤、高血压和其他心血管疾病的危险也有所增加。 呼吸系统疾病 [15]吸烟被引证为导致死于肺炎、慢性气管炎或肺气肿的一种隐患。疾病防治中心说，吸烟的人死于支气管炎和肺气肿的危险比不吸烟的人高出将近10倍。 其他疾病 [16]美国《流行病学杂志》最近发表的一份报告表明，吸烟使人们患非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的危险增加了3倍多。 [17]研究指出，吸烟有导致老年人中的失明、晚年大脑损伤、早老性痴呆病和其他类型的痴呆病的危险。 吸烟对妊娠的影响 [18]抽烟的怀孕女性会通过胎盘把尼古丁和一氧化碳传给胎儿。研究表明，这会妨碍胎儿获得发育所需要的氧气和营养物质，这可能对胎儿造成伤害，引起早产或胎儿体重不足。根据美国肺器官协会的说法，估计有20％至30％的体重不足的婴儿，多达14％的早产以及约10％的婴儿死亡都是由于女性在孕期吸烟引起的。吸烟的母亲还有可能通过喂母乳把尼古丁传给婴儿。 SECONDHAND SMOKE [19] The studies didn't just point to the ill effects of smoking on those who smoke--non-smokers, too, are apparently affected by the smoke from their friends, family members and strangers who light up in their presence. [20] A steady stream of reports documented the statistical risks of contracting cancer or suffering from heart disease, even if you've never put a cigarette to your lips. [21] The American Heart Association last fall released a seven-year study showing that never-smoking spouses of smokers have more than a 20 percent greater chance of death from coronary heart disease than those who have never smoked who live with non-smokers. That study gave more impetus to the drive to make workplaces and other public areas smoke-free. [22] The effects of smoking are hard on the children of smokers as well, the studies say. Dr. Claude Hanet of the St. Luc University Hospital in Brussels, Belgium, said earlier this year that a baby born to a smoking mother "should be considered an ex-smoker", [23] Hanet's study cautioned that cigarette smoke was more detrimental with decreasing age. [24] And a University of Birmingham, England, study, published in the British Journal of Cancer showed a possible link between fathers who smoked and an increased incidence of cancels in their children, while studies in the . showed a possible link between smoking and DNA damage. 被动吸烟 [19)研究不光指出了吸烟给烟民自己造成的危害，还指出了非吸烟者显然也会受到他们吸烟的朋友、家人或在他们面前吸烟的陌生人的伤害。 [20]持续不断的报告通过统计数字证明，即使你从来就没有吸过烟，也有患癌症或心脏病的危险。 [21]去年秋季，美国心脏协会发表丁一份历时7年的研究报告，该报告指出，烟民的配偶虽然从不吸烟，但是和那些与非吸烟者生活的配偶相比，他们死于冠心病的危险要高出20％。这项调查进一步推动了在工作场所和公共场所禁烟活动的开展。 [22]调查还表明，烟民的孩子也深受吸烟之害。今年年初，比利时布鲁塞尔圣·卢卡大学医院的克劳德·哈内特博士说，吸烟的母亲生下的孩于“应被看作是有吸烟史的人”。 [23]哈内特的研究提请人们注意：年龄越小，吸烟的危害越大。 [24]《英国癌症杂志》发表的一份英格兰伯明翰大学的报告显示，吸烟的父亲与其孩子患癌症比率的增加可能有联系；同时美国的研究则显示吸烟和脱氧核糖核酸受损可能有关系。 SECONDHAND SMOKE ADDICTION [25] Of all the diseases associated with smoking, addiction is perhaps the one that receives the least attention. But President Clinton declared nicotine an addictive drug last August. In March, the Liggett Group, makers of Chesterfield and Lark brand cigarettes, admitted that cigarettes were addictive and cause cancer and agreed to pay about $750 million total to 22 states that had filed suit to force tobacco companies to pay for Medicaid for smoking-related illnesses. [26] Scott Harshbarger, the Massachusetts attorney general and president of the National Association of Attorneys General, told reporters that the Liggett deal "will produce information that indicates major tobacco companies were fully aware that the product they were selling is addictive, that the product they were selling had great impact on public health". [27] Other tobacco companies are clearly none too keen on the Liggett deal. For them, nicotine remains what they call a harmless flavor enhancement. 烟瘾 [25]在所有和吸烟有关的疾病中，也许人们最容易忽略的就是吸烟上瘾。然而，去年8月，克林顿总统宣布尼古丁为使人上瘾的麻醉药物。今年（指2000--编者注）3月，生产切斯特菲尔德和云雀牌香烟的利格特集团承认吸烟使人上瘾并会引发癌症，并且同意向22个州支付总额为7．5亿美元的赔偿金，这22个州提起了诉讼，要求烟草公司向治疗与吸烟有关的疾病的医疗补助制度进行赔偿。 [26]马萨诸塞州首席检察官、全美首席检察官协会会长斯哥特·哈什伯杰对记者说，对利格特集团的处理“将带来这样一个信息，那就是，大烟草公司充分意识到了他们出售的产品会使人上瘾，他们出售的产品对大众的健康影响极大”。 [27]很显然，其他烟草公司中没有一家对利格特集团的处理感兴趣。对他们来说，尼古丁仍然是他们所称的无害的提味剂。 回记得采纳啊
China realize and research strategy of measles elimination goal of maintaining摘 要 目的 探索我国麻疹发病的流行病学特征，分析麻疹发生和流行的主要影响因素，总结实现消除麻疹目标的成功经验，为制定实现并维持消除麻疹目标策略提供参考依据。方法 通过文献复习并结合工作实践，进行综述。结果 目前我国麻疹疫情普遍呈现局部高发和高度散发状态；发病年龄出现0岁小年龄组和15岁以上大年龄组发病明显增多的双向移位现象；无免疫史和免疫史不详的散居儿童及流动人口是麻疹病例高发人群；医院内感染成为主要传染因素之一。结论 全面实施以提高含麻疹成分疫苗及时、全程接种率，加强麻疹病例监测工作，预防医院内感染和适时开展重点人群麻疹疫苗补充免疫及应急免疫等综合性防控策略是最终消除麻疹的关键。Abstract Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics of measles in China, and the main factors affecting the analysis of measles epidemic occurred, summarize the successful experience of measles elimination goal, for the achievement and maintenance of eliminate measles strategy to provide the reference for the. Methods through literature review and connecting with the work practice, review. Results at present, the measles epidemic generally local high and highly sporadic; age of onset of bidirectional shift phenomenon little 0 year old age group and over 15 year age group the incidence increased significantly; no / unknown history of immunity in children and the floating population is high risk population of measles cases in Hospital; infection has become one of the main infectious factors. Conclusions improving measles containing vaccine timely, full course vaccination rate, strengthen measles surveillance, prevention of nosocomial infection and timely carry out the key crowd measles supplementary immunization and emergency immunization and comprehensive prevention and control strategies is the ultimate elimination of measles in the key.关键词 麻疹；流行病学特征；消除；策略Keywords measles; epidemiological characteristics; elimination; strategy
瑞典的放射线保护研究学会的一项行动电话的研究还没有发现行动电话用法的癌的危险增加的 " 一致的证据 " 。研究不一致在是否当他们变得逐渐流行时，行动电话的使用增加癌的危险之上。政治的学会问约翰 D. Boice 二世博士和约瑟 K. McLaughlin 博士，马里兰，美国，估定在主题上公开 epidemiological 研究。1996 以来，检讨审查九项研究哪一包含因素，像是使用和脑瘤位置的电话、期间和频率的类型。" 没有一致的证据为脑癌 （或者其他表格）的危险增加被观察 " ，科学家在检讨说，星期三发表。代理商承认民众关于议题的担心而且说许多研究是打与行动电话用法相连的任何可能的致癌效果是不可或缺的被运行而且继续追踪的 stillbeing。"你不能说某事没有危险是，但是至少我们能为行动电话的使用和癌之间的原因的协会说没有科学的证据， " Lars 说－－－－Erik Pauison，与代理商的一个放射线专家。检讨根据瑞典的科学家 Lennart Hardell 选出研究，这说旧的形成类比行动电话的长期使用者至少是 30% 更有可能的超过非 usersto 发展脑瘤。新的数传电话被研究的种类送的放射线比较旧的类比模型少。研究最近在巨蟹座预防的欧洲日记中被公开的 Hardell，被学习的 1,617位病人用脑瘤而且在没有肿瘤下把他们与相似大小一群人们作比较。这检讨说有相似的调查结果的 Hardeli 的研究和一些美国研究是" 非情报的，或因为追踪太短，癌的数量太小的，或因为研究方法的严重限制． "它用美国的三项研究和芬兰和丹麦的研究对比了那些，哪 Paulson 说用了更可靠的抽取样品方法而且以医生报告，而非与病人的面谈为基础。那些研究发现”一张一致的照片．．．．那似乎免除，藉由一个确定的合理程度，行动电话和癌之间的直接、不可避免的协会，”代理商说。
甲研究所研究由瑞典手机辐射保护研究没有发现任何“手机使用一致的证据，癌症从”增加风险。研究是否有不同的移动电话的使用增加了癌症的风险，因为他们已经越来越受欢迎。政府学院的博士问小约翰D博士和约瑟夫博伊斯光麦克劳克林，马里兰，美国，评估这个问题发表的流行病学研究。检讨类型看作是自1996年9项研究，其中包括等因素的电话，时间和地点使用频率和脑肿瘤。“没有一致的证据是观察形式）患脑癌的风险增加（或其他，”科学家说，在审查，星期三公布。该机构承认，公众对这个问题关注并表示，许多研究是stillbeing完成，并继续采取后续行动usage需要对任何可能的致癌作用与手机移动。“你绝不能说是没有什么风险，但至少我们可以说，没有科学的证据手机和癌症之间的因果关联的使用电池，说：“拉尔斯----埃里克Pauison，一个专家，该机构辐射。检讨挑出说，研究由瑞典科学家约翰松哈德尔，这是老式的模拟长期使用手机至少有30％以上的非usersto脑肿瘤的可能发展。较新的数字手机发送这类辐射较少，比旧型号的模拟研究。哈德尔，防止其研究结果发表在最近的欧洲癌症杂志，研究脑肿瘤1617例，并与他们相比，肿瘤的大小组没有一个类似的人。这份报告指出Hardeli的研究，并与类似的调查结果一些美国的研究，是“非知识性，或者是因为后续的时间太短，癌症数目太少，或方法，因为在研究的严重限制。”这对比研究那些有三个在美国和病人的研究在芬兰和丹麦，其中保尔森说，使用更可靠的取样方法和与被采访的基础上，而不是医疗报告。这些研究发现“一致的图片....这似乎摆脱一个与合理程度的确定性，手机和癌症之间的直接的和必然的关联，“该机构说。
有没有大纲啊，有的话就好说！
Motivation:Epidemiological studies is a crowd of diseases and health status and influence factors, this paper explores how to prevent disease control, promoting public health science, it is an important branch of preventive medicine. Along with the change of medical model and several people's health concept also changed, epidemiology and clinical medicine has become a closely integrated disciplines and draws more and more attention. I hope very much in epidemiological studies aspects. First, it's research is not only related to infections, such as influenza pandemic, research H1N1 SARS, tuberculosis and some chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and smoking, obesity, and may even become its research. In addition, epidemiological studies for public health significance, is a door to direct of public service. Through the study of epidemiological studies, I can understand disease in time and space distribution of the population (through the statistics and grasp the crowd support) for health, provide clues for disease control, to provide reference for health my 5 years professional medical study practice to grasp the solid foundation of medical knowledge. Especially in preventive medicine, infectious diseases, mathematics, statistics, the related subjects I have achieved good results. This makes me for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment and imaging findings have a preliminary understanding and clear. I've been to participate in the school team, the topic of discussion in the northeast region has iodine intake and thyroid disease epidemic studies of relationship between college ", "the heart pressure and chronic fatigue syndrome relations. Through the investigation and analysis of consulting case-control study, I understand the disease and its influence factors, obtained the relationship between research experience, such as the use of computer analyzes the data. The most important is to cultivate themselves in put medical epidemiology (interest). In addition, I from 2009 September in heilongjiang university of traditional Chinese medicine clinical practice, during the accumulated valuable clinical experience, consolidate the medical theory knowledge, by the guide teacher's praise. These are in the field of study for pandemic made of the correlation factors affecting its diseases such as diabetes and dietary habit, the correlation between. In addition to the spread of the disease, the scope of the prediction and control and speed, such as how to effectively for people to avoid certain immune to the spread of the parents are in hospitals and health departments, I received their influence, and hope in the health care work. So I'm going to come back from abroad, in the hospital or the centers for disease control and prevention. In addition, the administrative department of statistics in cases of epidemic disease prevention work or is my ideal career direction.
大学英语四级作文一直是考生重点关注的部分，也是考试的重难点，在平时复习备考的时候，建议同学们多掌握一些英语四级作文范文，考试的时候可以帮助自己提高作文水平，预祝同学们考试顺利通过。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Epidemics. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1)流行病在我们的生活中随处可见2)流行病会带来哪些危害3)对此我们应采取哪些措施 【思路点拨】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求描述目前社会上出现的一种问题，提纲第2点要求说明这一问题会带来哪些危害，提纲第3点则要求提供解决方法，由此可判断本文应为问题解决型作文。根据所给提纲，本文应包含以下内容：描述流行病在我们的生活中随处可见的现象;阐述流行病会带来哪些危害;说明我们对此应该采取哪些措施。 【参考范文】Epidemics Epidemics are rampant throughout the whole human history, and they have caused the most devastating impacts on us. Each year, numerous epidemics break out on earth and they have such characteristics as fast spreading and infectious。 Epidemics are harmful in many ways. For one thing, it will make people and animals seriously ill or dead, which is a great loss to the country. For example, the outbreak of SARS once killed lots of people and brought great economic loss to the whole country. For another, there is no cure for many kinds of epidemic diseases. Once we are infected by one of them, it is difficult to be cured。 To avoid the outbreak of some kind of epidemics as possible as we can, we should first change some unhealthy habits or customs. For example, meals served individually should be encouraged, which would reduce the possibility of the spread of germs. On the other hand, the government should learn how to deal with emergencies when an epidemic broke out. I believe as long as we treat and prevent epidemics in the right way, we will finally conquer them。
英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的关于h7n9的英语作文翻译：人感染H7N9禽流感诊疗方案，供大家参考! H7N9来势汹汹，人感染H7N9禽流感是由H7N9亚型禽流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。现在我们需要了解H7N9的根本然后来做出相对应的预防措施，下面让我们来了解一下吧。 H7N9 break in in full fury, human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza is an acute respiratory tract caused by avian influenza H7N9 virus infection. Now we need to understand the H7N9 fundamental and then make the corresponding preventive measures, let us to know about it. 一、病原学 A, etiology 禽流感病毒属正粘病毒科甲型流感病毒属。禽甲型流感病毒颗粒呈多形性，其中球形直径80～120nm，有囊膜。基因组为分节段单股负链RNA。依据其外膜血凝素(H)和神经氨酸酶(N)蛋白抗原性不同，目前可分为16个H亚型(H1～H16)和9个N亚型(N1～N9)。禽甲型流感病毒除感染禽外，还可感染人、猪、马、水貂和海洋哺乳动物。可感染人的禽流感病毒亚型为H5N1、H9N2、H7N7、H7N2、H7N3，此次报道的为人感染H7N9禽流感病毒。该病毒为新型重配病毒，其内部基因来自于H9N2禽流感病毒。 Avian influenza virus belonging to Orthomyxoviridae influenza a virus. Avian influenza A virus particles were polymorphic, the spherical diameter of 80 ~ 120nm, capsule. Genome is segmented negative-stranded RNA. On the basis of the outer membrane of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins are antigenically different, can be divided into 16 subtypes of H (H1 to H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1 ~ N9). Avian influenza A virus in avian, can also be infected people, pigs, horses, mink and marine mammals. Infection of human avian influenza virus subtype H5N1, H9N2, H7N7, H7N2, H7N3, the reported human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza virus. This virus was a new reassortant virus, its internal genes from H9N2 avian influenza virus. 禽流感病毒普遍对热敏感，对低温抵抗力较强，65℃加热30分钟或煮沸(100℃)2分钟以上可灭活。病毒在较低温度粪便中可存活1周，在4℃水中可存活1个月，对酸性环境有一定抵抗力，在的条件下也具有一定的存活能力。在有甘油存在的情况下可保持活力1年以上。 Avian influenza virus is sensitive to heat, strong resistance of low temperature, 65 ℃ for 30 minutes or boiling (100 ℃) for more than 2 minutes can be inactivated. The virus in the lower temperature in feces can survive for 1 weeks, in 4 ℃ water can survive for 1 months, have a certain resistance to the acidic environment, but also has a certain ability to survive under the conditions of . In the presence of glycerol can keep the activity of 1 years. 二、流行病学 Two, epidemiology (一)传染源。目前尚不明确，根据以往经验及本次病例流行病学调查，推测可能为携带H7N9禽流感病毒的禽类及其分泌物或排泄物。 (a) the source of infection. It is not clear, according to a survey of past experience and the epidemiological, presumably to carry the H7N9 avian influenza virus in poultry and its secretion or excretion. (二)传播途径。经呼吸道传播，也可通过密切接触感染的禽类分泌物或排泄物等被感染，直接接触病毒也可被感染。现尚无人与人之间传播的确切证据。 (two) transmission. Spread through the respiratory tract, and also can be infected through close contact with infected birds secretion or excretion, direct contact with the virus can also be infected. There is no evidence of communication between now and the. (三)易感人群。目前尚无确切证据显示人类对H7N9禽流感病毒易感。现有确诊病例均为成人。 (three) the susceptible population. At present there is no conclusive evidence of human H7N9 avian influenza virus susceptibility. The confirmed cases were adult. (四)高危人群 。现阶段主要是从事禽类养殖、销售、宰杀、加工业者，以及在发病前1周内接触过禽类者。 (four) high risk population. At the present stage is mainly engaged in poultry breeding, slaughter, processing, sales, as well as in the 1 week prior to the onset of contact with poultry. 三、临床表现 Three, clinical manifestation 根据流感的潜伏期及现有H7N9禽流感病毒感染病例的调查结果，潜伏期一般为7天以内。 Based on the results of the investigation during the incubation period and the existing H7N9 avian influenza virus infection, incubation period is generally 7 days. (一) 一般表现。 (a) the general performance. 患者一般表现为流感样症状，如发热，咳嗽，少痰，可伴有头痛、肌肉酸痛和全身不适。重症患者病情发展迅速，表现为重症肺炎，体温大多持续在39℃以上，出现呼吸困难，可伴有咯血痰;可快速进展出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征、纵隔气肿、脓毒症、休克、意识障碍及急性肾损伤等。 Patients typically present with flu-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, less sputum, accompanied by headache, muscle pain and malaise. Patients with severe illness development is rapid, manifested as severe pneumonia, mostly persistent temperature over 39 ℃, difficulty in breathing, may be accompanied by hemoptysis sputum; rapid progress in acute respiratory distress syndrome, mediastinal emphysema, sepsis, shock, disturbance of consciousness and acute kidney injury. (二)实验室检查。 (two) laboratory. 1.血常规。白细胞总数一般不高或降低。重症患者多有白细胞总数及淋巴细胞减少，并有血小板降低。 1 blood. Total white cell count in general is not high or lower. Many patients with severe and the total number of lymphocytes decreased white blood cells, and platelets. 2.血生化检查。多有肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶升高，C反应蛋白升高，肌红蛋白可升高。 2 blood biochemical examination. There are many creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase elevated C, elevated C-reactive protein, myoglobin can increase. 3.病原学检测。 Study 3 pathogen detection. (1)核酸检测。对患者呼吸道标本(如鼻咽分泌物、口腔含漱液、气管吸出物或呼吸道上皮细胞)采用real time PCR(或RT-PCR)检测到H7N9禽流感病毒核酸。 (1) nucleic acid detection. In patients with respiratory specimens (such as nasopharyngeal secretions, oral gargle, tracheal aspirate or respiratory epithelial cells) using real time PCR (or RT-PCR) to the H7N9 avian influenza virus nucleic acid detection. (2)病毒分离。从患者呼吸道标本中分离H7N9禽流感病毒。 (2) virus isolation. The separation of H7N9 avian influenza virus from patients with respiratory tract specimens. (三)胸部影像学检查。发生肺炎的患者肺内出现片状影像。重症患者病变进展迅速，呈双肺多发磨玻璃影及肺实变影像，可合并少量胸腔积液。发生ARDS时，病变分布广泛。 (three) the chest imaging. Pneumonia patients of lung lamellar image. In patients with severe lesions rapidly, a double multiple pulmonary ground-glass opacity and consolidation of lung image, with a small amount of pleural effusion. The occurrence of ARDS, lesions are widely distributed. (四)预后。人感染H7N9禽流感重症患者预后差。影响预后的因素可能包括患者年龄、基础疾病、合并症等。 (four) the prognosis. Of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza patients with poor prognosis. Prognostic factors may include patient age, underlying diseases, complications. 四、诊断与鉴别诊断 Four, diagnosis and differential diagnosis (一)诊断。根据流行病学接触史、临床表现及实验室检查结果，可作出人感染H7N9禽流感的诊断。在流行病学史不详的情况下，根据临床表现、辅助检查和实验室检测结果，特别是从患者呼吸道分泌物标本中分离出H7N9禽流感病毒，或H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测阳性，可以诊断。 (a) diagnosis. According to the epidemiological contact history, clinical manifestations and laboratory test results, can make the diagnosis of human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza. In the history of epidemiology of unknown circumstances, according to the detection results of clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination and laboratory, especially H7N9 avian influenza viruses isolated from patients with respiratory tract secretion samples, or nucleic acid of H7N9 avian influenza virus detection, diagnosis. 1.流行病学史。发病前1周内与禽类及其分泌物、排泄物等有接触史。 1 epidemiological history. 1 week prior to the onset of poultry and its secretion and excretion, contact history. 2.诊断标准。 2 diagnostic standards. (1)疑似病例：符合上述临床症状及血常规、生化及胸部影像学特征，甲型流感病毒通用引物阳性并排除了季节性流感，可以有流行病学接触史。 (1) cases of suspected: meet the characteristics of the clinical symptoms and blood routine, biochemical and imaging of the chest, influenza virus a universal primer positive and eliminate the seasonal flu, can have the epidemiological contact history. (2)确诊病例：符合疑似病例诊断标准，并且呼吸道分泌物标本中分离出H7N9禽流感病毒或H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测阳性。 (2) cases with suspected cases: diagnostic criteria, and respiratory secretion were isolated from H7N9 avian influenza virus or avian H7N9 influenza virus nucleic acid detection positive. 重症病例：肺炎合并呼吸功能衰竭或其他器官功能衰竭者为重症病例。 Severe cases: pneumonia complicated with respiratory failure or other organ failure in severe cases. (二)鉴别诊断。应注意与人感染高致病性H5N1禽流感、季节性流感(含甲型H1N1流感)、细菌性肺炎、传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)、新型冠状病毒肺炎、腺病毒肺炎、衣原体肺炎、支原体肺炎等疾病进行鉴别诊断。鉴别诊断主要依靠病原学检查。 (two) the differential diagnosis. Attention should be paid to the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza, seasonal flu and human infection (including the influenza a H1N1 influenza), bacterial pneumonia, infectious atypical pneumonia (SARS), a novel coronavirus pneumonia disease, adenovirus pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumonia, differential diagnosis. Differential diagnosis should mainly rely on the etiological examination. 五、治疗 Five, treatment (一)对临床诊断和确诊患者应进行隔离治疗。 (a) for clinical diagnosis and diagnosed patients should be treated in isolation. (二)对症治疗。可吸氧、应用解热药、止咳祛痰药等。 (two) for symptomatic treatment. Application of oxygen, can be antipyretic, cough expectorant. (三)抗病毒治疗。应尽早应用抗流感病毒药物。 (three) antiviral treatment. Early application of antiviral drugs. 1.神经氨酸酶抑制剂：可选用奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)或扎那米韦(Zanamivir)，临床应用表明对禽流感病毒H5N1和H1N1感染等有效，推测对人感染H7N9禽流感病毒应有效。奥司他韦成人剂量75mg每日两次，重症者剂量可加倍，疗程5-7天。扎那米韦成人剂量10mg，每日两次吸入。 1 neuraminidase inhibitors: use oseltamivir or zanamivir (Oseltamivir) (Zanamivir), clinical application shows that effective against avian influenza virus H5N1 and H1N1 infection, speculated that the effective of human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza virus. Oseltamivir adult dose of 75mg two times a day, severe dose may be doubled, treatment 5-7 days. Zana Mi Vee adult dose 10mg, two times daily intake. 2.离子通道M2阻滞剂：目前实验室资料提示金刚烷胺(Amantadine)和金刚乙胺(Rimantadine)耐药，不建议单独使用。 2 M2 ion channel blocker: the laboratory data suggest that amantadine and rimantadine (Amantadine) (Rimantadine) resistance, is not recommended to use alone. (四)中医药治疗。 (four) treated with traditional Chinese medicine. 1.疫毒犯肺，肺失宣降 1 disease drug lung, lung loses Xuan drop 症状：发热，咳嗽，少痰，头痛，肌肉关节疼痛。 Symptoms: fever, cough, less sputum, headache, muscle and joint pain. 治法：清热宣肺 Method: heat Xuanfei 参考处方： Reference prescription: 桑叶 金银花 连翘 炒杏仁 生石膏 知母 芦根 青蒿 黄芩 生甘草 Mulberry leaf honeysuckle and Forsythia Chao Xingren Anemarrhenae Rhizoma Phragmitis gypsum Artemisia Scutellaria Radix Glycyrrhizae 水煎服，每日1—2剂，每4—6小时口服一次。 Shuijianbi, daily 1 - 2, every 4 - 6 hours once oral. 加减：咳嗽甚者加枇杷叶、浙贝母。 Addition and subtraction: cough worse add loquat leaf, Zhejiang fritillaria. 中成药：可选择疏风解毒胶囊、连花清瘟胶囊、清开灵注射液。 Proprietary Chinese medicine: can choose Shufengjiedu capsule, Lianhua Qingwen capsule, Qingkailing injection. 2.疫毒壅肺，内闭外脱 The 2 epidemic disease in the lung, unconsciousness and collapse 症状：高热，咳嗽，痰少难咯，憋气，喘促，咯血，四末不温，冷汗淋漓，躁扰不安，甚则神昏谵语。 Symptoms: fever, cough, sputum less difficult to argue, shortness of breath, dyspnea, hemoptysis, four end not warm, cold sweat, manic disturbed, even Shenhun delirium. 治法：清肺解毒，扶正固脱 Treatment: the Qingfei detoxification, strengthening the body resistance 参考处方： Reference prescription: 炙麻黄 炒杏仁 生石膏 知母 鱼腥草 黄芩 Chinese ephedra Chao Xingren gypsum Anemarrhena Houttuynia Scutellaria 炒栀子 虎杖 山萸肉 太子参 Fried Gardenia Polygonum cuspidatum Cornus heterophylla 水煎服，每日1—2剂，每4—6小时口服或鼻饲一次。 Shuijianbi, daily 1 - 2, every 4 - 6 hours of oral or nasal feeding time. 加减：高热、神志恍惚、甚至神昏谵语者，上方送服安宫牛黄丸;肢冷、汗出淋漓者加人参、炮附子、煅龙骨、煅牡蛎;咯血者加赤芍、仙鹤草、侧柏叶;口唇紫绀者加三七、益母草、黄芪、当归尾。 Addition and subtraction: high fever, trance, and even coma, above take of Angong Niuhuang Pill; cold limbs, sweating profusely with ginseng, Cyperus rotundus, calcined keel, calcined oyster; hemoptysis and radix paeoniae rubra, agrimony, Oriental Arborvitae; cyanosis plus three seven, motherwort, astragalus, angelica tail. 中成药：可选择参麦注射液、生脉注射液。 Proprietary Chinese medicine: choice of Shenmai injection, Shengmai injection. (五)加强支持治疗和预防并发症。注意休息、多饮水、增加营养，给易于消化的饮食。密切观察，监测并预防并发症。抗菌药物应在明确继发细菌感染时或有充分证据提示继发细菌感染时使用。 (five) to strengthen support for the treatment and prevention of complications. Pay attention to rest, more water, increase nutrition, to easily digestible diet. Close observation, monitoring and prevention of complications. Antimicrobial agents should be sufficient evidence of secondary bacterial infection in clear secondary bacterial infection or. (六)重症患者的治疗。重症患者应入院治疗，对出现呼吸功能障碍者给予吸氧及其他相应呼吸支持，发生其它并发症的患者应积极采取相应治疗。 (six) in treatment of severe patients. Patients should be hospitalized, support oxygen and other relevant respiration to respiratory dysfunction, patients with other complications should actively take corresponding treatment. 1.呼吸功能支持： 1 respiratory support: (1)机械通气：重症患者病情进展迅速，可较快发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)。在需要机械通气的重症病例，可参照ARDS机械通气的原则进行。 (1) mechanical ventilation: the progression of severe patients rapidly, which can rapidly developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In need of mechanical ventilation in severe cases, can consult ARDS mechanical ventilation principle. ①无创正压通气：出现呼吸窘迫和(或)低氧血症患者，早期可尝试使用无创通气。但重症病例无创通气疗效欠佳，需及早考虑实施有创通气。 The noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: respiratory distress and (or) hypoxemia in patients with early, can try to use noninvasive ventilation. But severe cases of noninvasive ventilation poor efficacy, they should consider implementing invasive mechanical ventilation. ②有创正压通气：鉴于部分患者较易发生气压伤，应当采用ARDS保护性通气策略。 ② invasive positive pressure ventilation: given that some patients are more prone to barotrauma, should adopt the ARDS protective ventilation strategies. (2)体外膜氧合(ECMO)：传统机械通气无法维持满意氧合和(或)通气时，有条件时，推荐使用ECMO。 (2) the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): conventional mechanical ventilation is unable to maintain satisfactory oxygenation and (or) ventilation, conditional, recommend the use of ECMO. (3)其他：传统机械通气无法维持满意氧合时，可以考虑俯卧位通气或高频振荡通气(HFOV)。 (3) other: conventional mechanical ventilation is unable to maintain satisfactory oxygenation, can consider the prone position ventilation or high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). 2.其他治疗：在呼吸功能支持治疗的同时，应当重视其他器官功能状态的监测及治疗;预防并及时治疗各种并发症尤其是医院获得性感染。 2 other treatment: in the respiratory support therapy at the same time, should pay attention to monitoring and treatment of other organs of state; prevention and timely treatment of complications especially hospital acquired infection. 六、其它 Six, other 严格规范收治人感染H7N9禽流感患者医疗机构的医院感染控制措施。遵照标准预防的原则，根据疾病传播途径采取防控措施。具体措施依据《人感染H7N9禽流感医院感染预防与控制技术指南(2013年版)》的相关规定。 Strictly regulate the patients medical H7N9 avian influenza were hospital infection control measures. In accordance with the standards of the precautionary principle, control measures according to the disease transmission. "Specific measures on the basis of human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza prevention and control of hospital infection technical guide (2013 Edition)" the relevant provisions. 看完了以上的措施和规定，不知你是否已经明白了呢?快去告诉身边的人吧，预防禽流感，人人有责! After reading the above measures and regulations, I do not know whether you understand? Go and tell the people around it, to prevent bird flu, is everyone's responsibility!
英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的关于h7n9的英语作文翻译：人感染H7N9禽流感诊疗方案，供大家参考! H7N9来势汹汹，人感染H7N9禽流感是由H7N9亚型禽流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。现在我们需要了解H7N9的根本然后来做出相对应的预防措施，下面让我们来了解一下吧。 H7N9 break in in full fury, human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza is an acute respiratory tract caused by avian influenza H7N9 virus infection. Now we need to understand the H7N9 fundamental and then make the corresponding preventive measures, let us to know about it. 一、病原学 A, etiology 禽流感病毒属正粘病毒科甲型流感病毒属。禽甲型流感病毒颗粒呈多形性，其中球形直径80～120nm，有囊膜。基因组为分节段单股负链RNA。依据其外膜血凝素(H)和神经氨酸酶(N)蛋白抗原性不同，目前可分为16个H亚型(H1～H16)和9个N亚型(N1～N9)。禽甲型流感病毒除感染禽外，还可感染人、猪、马、水貂和海洋哺乳动物。可感染人的禽流感病毒亚型为H5N1、H9N2、H7N7、H7N2、H7N3，此次报道的为人感染H7N9禽流感病毒。该病毒为新型重配病毒，其内部基因来自于H9N2禽流感病毒。 Avian influenza virus belonging to Orthomyxoviridae influenza a virus. Avian influenza A virus particles were polymorphic, the spherical diameter of 80 ~ 120nm, capsule. Genome is segmented negative-stranded RNA. On the basis of the outer membrane of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins are antigenically different, can be divided into 16 subtypes of H (H1 to H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1 ~ N9). Avian influenza A virus in avian, can also be infected people, pigs, horses, mink and marine mammals. Infection of human avian influenza virus subtype H5N1, H9N2, H7N7, H7N2, H7N3, the reported human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza virus. This virus was a new reassortant virus, its internal genes from H9N2 avian influenza virus. 禽流感病毒普遍对热敏感，对低温抵抗力较强，65℃加热30分钟或煮沸(100℃)2分钟以上可灭活。病毒在较低温度粪便中可存活1周，在4℃水中可存活1个月，对酸性环境有一定抵抗力，在的条件下也具有一定的存活能力。在有甘油存在的情况下可保持活力1年以上。 Avian influenza virus is sensitive to heat, strong resistance of low temperature, 65 ℃ for 30 minutes or boiling (100 ℃) for more than 2 minutes can be inactivated. The virus in the lower temperature in feces can survive for 1 weeks, in 4 ℃ water can survive for 1 months, have a certain resistance to the acidic environment, but also has a certain ability to survive under the conditions of . In the presence of glycerol can keep the activity of 1 years. 二、流行病学 Two, epidemiology (一)传染源。目前尚不明确，根据以往经验及本次病例流行病学调查，推测可能为携带H7N9禽流感病毒的禽类及其分泌物或排泄物。 (a) the source of infection. It is not clear, according to a survey of past experience and the epidemiological, presumably to carry the H7N9 avian influenza virus in poultry and its secretion or excretion. (二)传播途径。经呼吸道传播，也可通过密切接触感染的禽类分泌物或排泄物等被感染，直接接触病毒也可被感染。现尚无人与人之间传播的确切证据。 (two) transmission. Spread through the respiratory tract, and also can be infected through close contact with infected birds secretion or excretion, direct contact with the virus can also be infected. There is no evidence of communication between now and the. (三)易感人群。目前尚无确切证据显示人类对H7N9禽流感病毒易感。现有确诊病例均为成人。 (three) the susceptible population. At present there is no conclusive evidence of human H7N9 avian influenza virus susceptibility. The confirmed cases were adult. (四)高危人群 。现阶段主要是从事禽类养殖、销售、宰杀、加工业者，以及在发病前1周内接触过禽类者。 (four) high risk population. At the present stage is mainly engaged in poultry breeding, slaughter, processing, sales, as well as in the 1 week prior to the onset of contact with poultry. 三、临床表现 Three, clinical manifestation 根据流感的潜伏期及现有H7N9禽流感病毒感染病例的调查结果，潜伏期一般为7天以内。 Based on the results of the investigation during the incubation period and the existing H7N9 avian influenza virus infection, incubation period is generally 7 days. (一) 一般表现。 (a) the general performance. 患者一般表现为流感样症状，如发热，咳嗽，少痰，可伴有头痛、肌肉酸痛和全身不适。重症患者病情发展迅速，表现为重症肺炎，体温大多持续在39℃以上，出现呼吸困难，可伴有咯血痰;可快速进展出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征、纵隔气肿、脓毒症、休克、意识障碍及急性肾损伤等。 Patients typically present with flu-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, less sputum, accompanied by headache, muscle pain and malaise. Patients with severe illness development is rapid, manifested as severe pneumonia, mostly persistent temperature over 39 ℃, difficulty in breathing, may be accompanied by hemoptysis sputum; rapid progress in acute respiratory distress syndrome, mediastinal emphysema, sepsis, shock, disturbance of consciousness and acute kidney injury. (二)实验室检查。 (two) laboratory. 1.血常规。白细胞总数一般不高或降低。重症患者多有白细胞总数及淋巴细胞减少，并有血小板降低。 1 blood. Total white cell count in general is not high or lower. Many patients with severe and the total number of lymphocytes decreased white blood cells, and platelets. 2.血生化检查。多有肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶升高，C反应蛋白升高，肌红蛋白可升高。 2 blood biochemical examination. There are many creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase elevated C, elevated C-reactive protein, myoglobin can increase. 3.病原学检测。 Study 3 pathogen detection. (1)核酸检测。对患者呼吸道标本(如鼻咽分泌物、口腔含漱液、气管吸出物或呼吸道上皮细胞)采用real time PCR(或RT-PCR)检测到H7N9禽流感病毒核酸。 (1) nucleic acid detection. In patients with respiratory specimens (such as nasopharyngeal secretions, oral gargle, tracheal aspirate or respiratory epithelial cells) using real time PCR (or RT-PCR) to the H7N9 avian influenza virus nucleic acid detection. (2)病毒分离。从患者呼吸道标本中分离H7N9禽流感病毒。 (2) virus isolation. The separation of H7N9 avian influenza virus from patients with respiratory tract specimens. (三)胸部影像学检查。发生肺炎的患者肺内出现片状影像。重症患者病变进展迅速，呈双肺多发磨玻璃影及肺实变影像，可合并少量胸腔积液。发生ARDS时，病变分布广泛。 (three) the chest imaging. Pneumonia patients of lung lamellar image. In patients with severe lesions rapidly, a double multiple pulmonary ground-glass opacity and consolidation of lung image, with a small amount of pleural effusion. The occurrence of ARDS, lesions are widely distributed. (四)预后。人感染H7N9禽流感重症患者预后差。影响预后的因素可能包括患者年龄、基础疾病、合并症等。 (four) the prognosis. Of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza patients with poor prognosis. Prognostic factors may include patient age, underlying diseases, complications. 四、诊断与鉴别诊断 Four, diagnosis and differential diagnosis (一)诊断。根据流行病学接触史、临床表现及实验室检查结果，可作出人感染H7N9禽流感的诊断。在流行病学史不详的情况下，根据临床表现、辅助检查和实验室检测结果，特别是从患者呼吸道分泌物标本中分离出H7N9禽流感病毒，或H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测阳性，可以诊断。 (a) diagnosis. According to the epidemiological contact history, clinical manifestations and laboratory test results, can make the diagnosis of human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza. In the history of epidemiology of unknown circumstances, according to the detection results of clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination and laboratory, especially H7N9 avian influenza viruses isolated from patients with respiratory tract secretion samples, or nucleic acid of H7N9 avian influenza virus detection, diagnosis. 1.流行病学史。发病前1周内与禽类及其分泌物、排泄物等有接触史。 1 epidemiological history. 1 week prior to the onset of poultry and its secretion and excretion, contact history. 2.诊断标准。 2 diagnostic standards. (1)疑似病例：符合上述临床症状及血常规、生化及胸部影像学特征，甲型流感病毒通用引物阳性并排除了季节性流感，可以有流行病学接触史。 (1) cases of suspected: meet the characteristics of the clinical symptoms and blood routine, biochemical and imaging of the chest, influenza virus a universal primer positive and eliminate the seasonal flu, can have the epidemiological contact history. (2)确诊病例：符合疑似病例诊断标准，并且呼吸道分泌物标本中分离出H7N9禽流感病毒或H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测阳性。 (2) cases with suspected cases: diagnostic criteria, and respiratory secretion were isolated from H7N9 avian influenza virus or avian H7N9 influenza virus nucleic acid detection positive. 重症病例：肺炎合并呼吸功能衰竭或其他器官功能衰竭者为重症病例。 Severe cases: pneumonia complicated with respiratory failure or other organ failure in severe cases. (二)鉴别诊断。应注意与人感染高致病性H5N1禽流感、季节性流感(含甲型H1N1流感)、细菌性肺炎、传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)、新型冠状病毒肺炎、腺病毒肺炎、衣原体肺炎、支原体肺炎等疾病进行鉴别诊断。鉴别诊断主要依靠病原学检查。 (two) the differential diagnosis. Attention should be paid to the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza, seasonal flu and human infection (including the influenza a H1N1 influenza), bacterial pneumonia, infectious atypical pneumonia (SARS), a novel coronavirus pneumonia disease, adenovirus pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumonia, differential diagnosis. Differential diagnosis should mainly rely on the etiological examination. 五、治疗 Five, treatment (一)对临床诊断和确诊患者应进行隔离治疗。 (a) for clinical diagnosis and diagnosed patients should be treated in isolation. (二)对症治疗。可吸氧、应用解热药、止咳祛痰药等。 (two) for symptomatic treatment. Application of oxygen, can be antipyretic, cough expectorant. (三)抗病毒治疗。应尽早应用抗流感病毒药物。 (three) antiviral treatment. Early application of antiviral drugs. 1.神经氨酸酶抑制剂：可选用奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)或扎那米韦(Zanamivir)，临床应用表明对禽流感病毒H5N1和H1N1感染等有效，推测对人感染H7N9禽流感病毒应有效。奥司他韦成人剂量75mg每日两次，重症者剂量可加倍，疗程5-7天。扎那米韦成人剂量10mg，每日两次吸入。 1 neuraminidase inhibitors: use oseltamivir or zanamivir (Oseltamivir) (Zanamivir), clinical application shows that effective against avian influenza virus H5N1 and H1N1 infection, speculated that the effective of human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza virus. Oseltamivir adult dose of 75mg two times a day, severe dose may be doubled, treatment 5-7 days. Zana Mi Vee adult dose 10mg, two times daily intake. 2.离子通道M2阻滞剂：目前实验室资料提示金刚烷胺(Amantadine)和金刚乙胺(Rimantadine)耐药，不建议单独使用。 2 M2 ion channel blocker: the laboratory data suggest that amantadine and rimantadine (Amantadine) (Rimantadine) resistance, is not recommended to use alone. (四)中医药治疗。 (four) treated with traditional Chinese medicine. 1.疫毒犯肺，肺失宣降 1 disease drug lung, lung loses Xuan drop 症状：发热，咳嗽，少痰，头痛，肌肉关节疼痛。 Symptoms: fever, cough, less sputum, headache, muscle and joint pain. 治法：清热宣肺 Method: heat Xuanfei 参考处方： Reference prescription: 桑叶 金银花 连翘 炒杏仁 生石膏 知母 芦根 青蒿 黄芩 生甘草 Mulberry leaf honeysuckle and Forsythia Chao Xingren Anemarrhenae Rhizoma Phragmitis gypsum Artemisia Scutellaria Radix Glycyrrhizae 水煎服，每日1—2剂，每4—6小时口服一次。 Shuijianbi, daily 1 - 2, every 4 - 6 hours once oral. 加减：咳嗽甚者加枇杷叶、浙贝母。 Addition and subtraction: cough worse add loquat leaf, Zhejiang fritillaria. 中成药：可选择疏风解毒胶囊、连花清瘟胶囊、清开灵注射液。 Proprietary Chinese medicine: can choose Shufengjiedu capsule, Lianhua Qingwen capsule, Qingkailing injection. 2.疫毒壅肺，内闭外脱 The 2 epidemic disease in the lung, unconsciousness and collapse 症状：高热，咳嗽，痰少难咯，憋气，喘促，咯血，四末不温，冷汗淋漓，躁扰不安，甚则神昏谵语。 Symptoms: fever, cough, sputum less difficult to argue, shortness of breath, dyspnea, hemoptysis, four end not warm, cold sweat, manic disturbed, even Shenhun delirium. 治法：清肺解毒，扶正固脱 Treatment: the Qingfei detoxification, strengthening the body resistance 参考处方： Reference prescription: 炙麻黄 炒杏仁 生石膏 知母 鱼腥草 黄芩 Chinese ephedra Chao Xingren gypsum Anemarrhena Houttuynia Scutellaria 炒栀子 虎杖 山萸肉 太子参 Fried Gardenia Polygonum cuspidatum Cornus heterophylla 水煎服，每日1—2剂，每4—6小时口服或鼻饲一次。 Shuijianbi, daily 1 - 2, every 4 - 6 hours of oral or nasal feeding time. 加减：高热、神志恍惚、甚至神昏谵语者，上方送服安宫牛黄丸;肢冷、汗出淋漓者加人参、炮附子、煅龙骨、煅牡蛎;咯血者加赤芍、仙鹤草、侧柏叶;口唇紫绀者加三七、益母草、黄芪、当归尾。 Addition and subtraction: high fever, trance, and even coma, above take of Angong Niuhuang Pill; cold limbs, sweating profusely with ginseng, Cyperus rotundus, calcined keel, calcined oyster; hemoptysis and radix paeoniae rubra, agrimony, Oriental Arborvitae; cyanosis plus three seven, motherwort, astragalus, angelica tail. 中成药：可选择参麦注射液、生脉注射液。 Proprietary Chinese medicine: choice of Shenmai injection, Shengmai injection. (五)加强支持治疗和预防并发症。注意休息、多饮水、增加营养，给易于消化的饮食。密切观察，监测并预防并发症。抗菌药物应在明确继发细菌感染时或有充分证据提示继发细菌感染时使用。 (five) to strengthen support for the treatment and prevention of complications. Pay attention to rest, more water, increase nutrition, to easily digestible diet. Close observation, monitoring and prevention of complications. Antimicrobial agents should be sufficient evidence of secondary bacterial infection in clear secondary bacterial infection or. (六)重症患者的治疗。重症患者应入院治疗，对出现呼吸功能障碍者给予吸氧及其他相应呼吸支持，发生其它并发症的患者应积极采取相应治疗。 (six) in treatment of severe patients. Patients should be hospitalized, support oxygen and other relevant respiration to respiratory dysfunction, patients with other complications should actively take corresponding treatment. 1.呼吸功能支持： 1 respiratory support: (1)机械通气：重症患者病情进展迅速，可较快发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)。在需要机械通气的重症病例，可参照ARDS机械通气的原则进行。 (1) mechanical ventilation: the progression of severe patients rapidly, which can rapidly developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In need of mechanical ventilation in severe cases, can consult ARDS mechanical ventilation principle. ①无创正压通气：出现呼吸窘迫和(或)低氧血症患者，早期可尝试使用无创通气。但重症病例无创通气疗效欠佳，需及早考虑实施有创通气。 The noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: respiratory distress and (or) hypoxemia in patients with early, can try to use noninvasive ventilation. But severe cases of noninvasive ventilation poor efficacy, they should consider implementing invasive mechanical ventilation. ②有创正压通气：鉴于部分患者较易发生气压伤，应当采用ARDS保护性通气策略。 ② invasive positive pressure ventilation: given that some patients are more prone to barotrauma, should adopt the ARDS protective ventilation strategies. (2)体外膜氧合(ECMO)：传统机械通气无法维持满意氧合和(或)通气时，有条件时，推荐使用ECMO。 (2) the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): conventional mechanical ventilation is unable to maintain satisfactory oxygenation and (or) ventilation, conditional, recommend the use of ECMO. (3)其他：传统机械通气无法维持满意氧合时，可以考虑俯卧位通气或高频振荡通气(HFOV)。 (3) other: conventional mechanical ventilation is unable to maintain satisfactory oxygenation, can consider the prone position ventilation or high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). 2.其他治疗：在呼吸功能支持治疗的同时，应当重视其他器官功能状态的监测及治疗;预防并及时治疗各种并发症尤其是医院获得性感染。 2 other treatment: in the respiratory support therapy at the same time, should pay attention to monitoring and treatment of other organs of state; prevention and timely treatment of complications especially hospital acquired infection. 六、其它 Six, other 严格规范收治人感染H7N9禽流感患者医疗机构的医院感染控制措施。遵照标准预防的原则，根据疾病传播途径采取防控措施。具体措施依据《人感染H7N9禽流感医院感染预防与控制技术指南(2013年版)》的相关规定。 Strictly regulate the patients medical H7N9 avian influenza were hospital infection control measures. In accordance with the standards of the precautionary principle, control measures according to the disease transmission. "Specific measures on the basis of human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza prevention and control of hospital infection technical guide (2013 Edition)" the relevant provisions. 看完了以上的措施和规定，不知你是否已经明白了呢?快去告诉身边的人吧，预防禽流感，人人有责! After reading the above measures and regulations, I do not know whether you understand? Go and tell the people around it, to prevent bird flu, is everyone's responsibility!
我帮你找了一下相关素材 你可以看看：希望对你有所帮助！祝你中考顺利！
Evidence is increasing that common influence influenza viruses are becoming resistant to the may main drug used to treat them. The drug is oseltamivir, also known as tamifluTamiflu. 越来越多的证据表明，普通的流感病毒正开始对其主要的治疗药物产生抗药性。这种药是oseltamiviu,，也就是人们常说的Tamilur. The most common seasonal flu virus found in the United States this year is type AH1N1A(H1N1). During the last flu season, 12% of H1N1 viruses tested in the United States were resisten resistant to tamifluTamiflu. This year, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say , resistance is close to 100%. Still, they say early reports show that flu activity has been low so far this year. 今年在美国发现的最常见的季节性流感病毒是A(H1N1),在上一个流感季节，在美国被检测流感病毒有12%对Tamiflu有抗药性。今年，疾病控制和防治中心的研究人员称，这种抗药性已接近100%。而且，他们还指出，早期的报告显示今年的流感活动下降了很多。 The research team is reporting its findings in the Journal of The the American Medical Association. Alicia Fry led the team. Doctor Fry says , it is better to prevent the flu than to have to treat it, and . And the best form of prevention, she says, is getting vaccinated each year against influenceinfluenza. Viruses change, or mutate, so flu vaccines must be reformulated each year to target the most common threats. 研究小组在《美国医药协会》杂志上发表了他们的研究结果。Alicia Fry领导该小组。Fry博士称，比起治疗流感，想办法预防它会更好。同时，她说，预防的最好办法是每年接种一次流感役苗。病毒会转变会变异，因此流感役苗也需要每年变换以应对最常见的威胁。
让我们预防艾滋，珍爱生命，下面是由我为大家整理的“艾滋病英语作文”欢迎阅读，仅供参考，希望对你有所帮助。
World AIDS Day, observed December 1 eachyear, is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS caused by the spread of HIV infection. Itis common to hold memorials to honor persons whohave died from HIV/AIDS on this day. Governmentand health officials also observe the event, oftenwith speeches or forums on the AIDS topics. Since 1995, the President of the United Stateshas made an official proclamation on World AIDS Day. Governments of other nations havefollowed suit and issued similar announcements.
AIDS has killed more than 25 million people between 1981 and 2007, and an estimated on people worldwide live with HIV as of 2007, making it one of the most in recorded history. Despite recent, improved access to antiretroviral treatment andcare in many regions of the world, the AIDS epidemic claimed an estimated 2 million lives in2007, of which about 270,000 were children.
Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done.
世界艾滋病日，观察到每年的12月1日，是致力于提高艾滋病毒感染的传播引起的艾滋病的认识。这是共同举行纪念纪念那些死于艾滋病的人在这一天。政府卫生官员也观察事件，经常演讲或论坛对艾滋病的话题。自1995以来，对美国总统在世界艾滋病日的官方公告。政府其他国家按照西装发布类似公告。
1981至2007年间，艾滋病已造成2500万多人死亡，据估计全世界有2007人感染艾滋病毒，这是有史以来记录最多的一次。尽管最近改进的访问，在世界许多地区的抗逆转录病毒治疗和护理，艾滋病夺走200万条生命的2007年，其中约270000是儿童。
从1988开始，世界艾滋病日不仅仅是筹集资金，还涉及教育和消除偏见。世界艾滋病日也很重要，因为艾滋病毒还没有消失，还有许多事情要做。
AIDS, stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a deadly disease. It malfunctions the human body's defence system, making the infected person extremely vulnerable to diseases, and eventually cause death.
AIDS can be spread in many ways, but the main medium is through having unprotected intercourse with an infected person. Apart from that, AIDS can spread from mother to new born baby, or sharing of needles, shaving blades, or any means of blood contact.
Once infected, it may take years for the person to notice, and in these years, the infected person may not know and can infect many more, who in turn go and infect others, just like an exponential growth.
艾滋病是一种致命的疾病，它代表了获得性免疫缺陷综合症。它破坏人体的防御系统，使感染者极易感染疾病，并最终导致死亡。
艾滋病可以通过多种方式传播，但主要媒介是通过与感染者进行无保护的性交。除此之外，艾滋病可以从母亲传染给新生婴儿，或者共用针头、刮胡刀或任何接触血液的方法。
一旦感染，人们可能需要几年才能注意到，在这些年里，受感染的人可能不知道并可能感染更多的人，而这些人又反过来感染其他人，就像一个指数增长。
What is HIV?
HIV is human immunodeficiency virus. It can infect the immune system cells, destroy or damage its function, cause the immune system to undergo progressive decline, and finally appear "immune deficiency", that is, the immune system can not resist infection and disease.
What is AIDS?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a monitoring term defined by the Centers for Disease Control and prevention and the European Center for the epidemiology of AIDS. At the last stage of HIV infection, any infection of more than 20 opportunistic infections, or any tumor associated with HIV, can be defined as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
How does the HIV virus spread?
The AIDS virus infection through unprotected sexual intercourse and oral sex, input by HIV contaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles, HIV needles or other sharp and other means of communication, but also by HIV infected mothers during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation transmitted to the baby.
How long has the virus infected people to develop into AIDS patients?
There is a large individual difference in the time of developing the infected person to the patient. If no corresponding treatment has been obtained, most of the infected people have the signs of HIV related diseases within 5 to 10 years after the infection. Antiretroviral therapy can slow down the progress of the disease by reducing the viral load of the infected person.
Can HIV infection be cured?
HIV infection is not curable, but if adherence to antiretroviral therapy and treatment compliance is good, the progress of the virus in the body can be reduced to a very low level. Infected people can also maintain a good state of life, and maintain the ability to work and prolong life.
What are the care needs of the HIV infected people?
In addition to antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV / AIDS often need to be consulted and psychological support. Good nutrition, safe drinking water and basic sanitary conditions can also help the infected people to keep their normal life.
什么是艾滋病病毒？
艾滋病病毒即人类免疫缺陷病毒，它能够感染免疫系统细胞，破坏或损伤其功能，导致免疫系统发生进行性衰退，最后出现“免疫缺陷”，即免疫系统不能抵抗感染和疾病。
什么是艾滋病？
艾滋病即获得性免疫缺陷综合征，是由美国疾病控制和预防中心、欧洲艾滋病流行病学监测中心定义的一个监测术语。艾滋病病毒感染的最后阶段，出现20余种机会性感染中的任何一种感染，或与艾滋病病毒相关的任何一种肿瘤，即可定义为获得性免疫缺陷综合征。
艾滋病病毒如何传播？
艾滋病病毒可通过与感染者发生未保护的性交和口交、输入受艾滋病病毒污染的血液、共用受艾滋病病毒污染的针头、针具或其他锐器等途径传播，还可通过受艾滋病病毒感染的母亲在妊娠、分娩和哺乳期间传播给婴儿。
病毒感染者多长时间发展为艾滋病患者？
由感染者发展为患者的时间存在很大个体差异。如果没有获得相应治疗，大部分感染者在感染后5年至10年内出现艾滋病病毒相关疾病的体征。抗逆转录病毒治疗可通过降低感染者的病毒载量，减缓其疾病进展。
艾滋病病毒感染可以治愈吗？
艾滋病病毒感染不可治愈，但如果坚持抗逆转录病毒治疗且治疗依从性好，病毒在体内的进展可以降到非常低的水平。感染者也可以保持良好状态，并且保持劳动能力、延长生命。
艾滋病病毒感染者还有哪些关怀需求？
除了抗逆转录病毒治疗外，艾滋病病毒感染者经常需要获得咨询和心理支持。获得良好的营养、安全的饮用水和基本的卫生条件，也可以帮助感染者保持正常生活。
Times New Roman 字体，倍行距，首行缩进2字符，
有没有大纲啊，有的话就好说！
我平时会用到医学翻译，大多数软件都不支持，只能找人工，北京译顶科技还可以，生涩词汇基本上难不到他们，
Morbidity这个词指“患病的状态(the state of being ill)”，在流行病学里特指“患病的严重程度/某疾病对身体的危害程度”。比如小明患了轻度感冒，小刚患了白血病，那么就可以说小刚的Morbidity（患病程度）比小明要高。Morbility这个词英语里不存在，你可能是指Mortality，这个词在流行病学里一般和Morbidity放在一起使用。Mortality是指疾病造成的死亡。比如一个人患癌症去世了，就可以说Mortality due to cancer (因为癌症造成的死亡）。一个相关的词组是Mortality rate （死亡率）注意Morbidity（患病的严重程度）和致死性不一定成正比。例如某人患有类风湿性关节炎这种慢性病，可以病得很重，行动困难，非常痛苦，Morbidity很高，但是却一般不会因为这个病直接导致死亡。而有些病平时表面症状很轻，病人没什么感觉，但是突然发作却致死性很强。流行病学上说，女性相对于男性，女性的生病概率高，Morbidity高（患病程度也高），但是mortality却比男性少，就是这个道理